聚脲甲醛缓释肥对太湖稻麦轮作体系氨挥发及产量的影响
|
摘要
【目的】通过研究尿素和聚脲甲醛缓释肥(MU)对太湖地区稻麦轮作体系氨挥发、氮肥利用率及产量的影响,为新型缓释肥料的推广和降低农田氨挥发损失提供理论依据。【方法】田间小区试验在江苏苏州进行,种植制度为水稻小麦轮作,供试聚脲甲醛缓释氮肥有两个,MU70 (含氮量39%)和MU50 (含氮量40%),供试土壤为潜育型水稻土。除对照外,施氮量稻季为N 270 kg/hm~2,麦季为N 190 kg/hm~2。以施用普通尿素为对照,试验共设6个处理,分别为100%MU50 (单施缓释肥)、100%MU70、50%MU50 (缓释肥配施尿素)、50%MU70、当地常规(U)和对照(CK)。各处理中缓释肥全部用于基施,尿素分三次追施。施肥后的第二天采用密闭室间歇通气—稀硫酸吸收法测定田间氨挥发通量。收获期测产,计算各处理的经济收益。【结果】氨挥发主要发生在稻季,稻季施用MU可降低稻田的氨挥发损失,表现为100%MU50≈100%MU70 <50%MU50≈50%MU70 氨挥发和产量均显著低于U处理,50%MU50和U处理的氨挥发和产量无明显差异,而50%MU70处理的氨挥发损失高于U处理。稻季和麦季的MU与尿素配施处理的氮肥利用率均高于U处理的,而单施MU处理的氮肥利用率均显著低于U处理的,其中不同的是,稻季50%MU50处理的氮肥利用率比U处理显著提高了8.1%;麦季50%MU70处理的氮肥利用率比U处理的显著提高3%。【结论】综合考虑农学和环境效益,稻麦轮作体系50%MU50的总净收入是30259元/hm~2,相比U处理(30168元/hm~2)差异不大,但前者显著降低了氨挥发损失,提高了氮肥利用率。因此,MU50和尿素1∶1配施模式值得在太湖地区推广应用。
【Objectives】The aims of this study were to assess the effects of polyurea-formaldehyde slow-release fertilizer(MU) on NH_3 volatilization and grain yield in rice-wheat rotation in Taihu Region. 【Methods】A field trial was conducted under rice-wheat rotation system in Taihu Region.The tested polyurea-formaldehyde were MU70(N 39%) and MU50(N 40%), the soil was gleyed paddy soil. Using urea as control, six treatments were setup as 100%MU50, 100%MU70, 50%MU50, 50%MU70, farmer's N practice(U) and control(CK). Except control, the total N application rate was N 270 kg/hm~2 for rice and 190 kg/hm~2 for wheat in all the treatments. All the fertilizers in MU were basal applied, and the urea was topdressed in three times for both rice and wheat. NH_3 volatilization was measured by a dynamic chamber method. At harvest, the yield and nitrogen uptakes were measured, and the economic profits were calculated. 【Results】NH_3 volatilization occurred primarily during the rice season rather than the wheat season. Application of slow-release fertilizer in the rice season significantly reduced NH_3 volatilization. The daily fluxes of NH_3 volatilization were positively correlated with floodwater ammonium concentrations. Compared to polyurea-formaldehyde, urea significantly increased the floodwater ammonium concentrations. 100%MU50 and 100%MU70 significantly reduced rice yield. However, 50%MU50 and 50%MU70 increased rice yield by 5.7%-3.2% compared with urea. In the wheat reason, 100%MU50 and100%MU70 significantly decreased NH_3 volatilization and yield compared to urea. The NH_3 volatilization difference between 50%MU50 and urea was not significant, but both of them were lower than that of 50%MU70.Compared to the U treatment, 50%MU50 and 50%MU70 increased the NUE but 100%MU50 and 100%MU70 reduced NUE in both rice and wheat seasons. In addition, NUE in 50%MU50 was increased by 8.1% compared to the urea application in rice reason and the 50%MU70 significantly increased the NUE by 3% in wheat reason.【Conclusions】Considering the agronomic, environmental and economic benefits, the total net income of50%MU50 is 30259 yuan/hm~2, which is not significantly different from the treatment of urea(30168 yuan/hm~2).Therefore, the 50%MU50 treatment is a promising option and deserves promotion in Taihu Region.
【Objectives】The aims of this study were to assess the effects of polyurea-formaldehyde slow-release fertilizer(MU) on NH_3 volatilization and grain yield in rice-wheat rotation in Taihu Region. 【Methods】A field trial was conducted under rice-wheat rotation system in Taihu Region.The tested polyurea-formaldehyde were MU70(N 39%) and MU50(N 40%), the soil was gleyed paddy soil. Using urea as control, six treatments were setup as 100%MU50, 100%MU70, 50%MU50, 50%MU70, farmer's N practice(U) and control(CK). Except control, the total N application rate was N 270 kg/hm~2 for rice and 190 kg/hm~2 for wheat in all the treatments. All the fertilizers in MU were basal applied, and the urea was topdressed in three times for both rice and wheat. NH_3 volatilization was measured by a dynamic chamber method. At harvest, the yield and nitrogen uptakes were measured, and the economic profits were calculated. 【Results】NH_3 volatilization occurred primarily during the rice season rather than the wheat season. Application of slow-release fertilizer in the rice season significantly reduced NH_3 volatilization. The daily fluxes of NH_3 volatilization were positively correlated with floodwater ammonium concentrations. Compared to polyurea-formaldehyde, urea significantly increased the floodwater ammonium concentrations. 100%MU50 and 100%MU70 significantly reduced rice yield. However, 50%MU50 and 50%MU70 increased rice yield by 5.7%-3.2% compared with urea. In the wheat reason, 100%MU50 and100%MU70 significantly decreased NH_3 volatilization and yield compared to urea. The NH_3 volatilization difference between 50%MU50 and urea was not significant, but both of them were lower than that of 50%MU70.Compared to the U treatment, 50%MU50 and 50%MU70 increased the NUE but 100%MU50 and 100%MU70 reduced NUE in both rice and wheat seasons. In addition, NUE in 50%MU50 was increased by 8.1% compared to the urea application in rice reason and the 50%MU70 significantly increased the NUE by 3% in wheat reason.【Conclusions】Considering the agronomic, environmental and economic benefits, the total net income of50%MU50 is 30259 yuan/hm~2, which is not significantly different from the treatment of urea(30168 yuan/hm~2).Therefore, the 50%MU50 treatment is a promising option and deserves promotion in Taihu Region.
引文
[1]Zhao X, Xie Y X, Xiong Z Q, et al. Nitrogen fate and environmental consequence in paddy soil under rice-wheat rotation in the Taihu lake region, China[J]. Plant and Soil, 2009, 319(1/2):225-234.
[2]宁运旺,张永春.基于土壤氮素平衡的氮肥推荐方法--以水稻为例[J].土壤学报,2015, 52(2):281-292.Ning Y W, Zhang Y C. Soil nitrogen balance basedrecommendation of nitrogen fertilization:a case study of rice[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2015, 52(2):281-292.
[3]范宏翔,徐力刚,赵旭,等.太湖流域典型稻--麦轮作农田区氮素流失过程研究[J].生态环境学报,2015, 24(2):255-262.Fan H X, Xu L G, Zhao X, et al. Study on nitrogen loss in rice-wheat rotation farmland in Taihu Basin[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2015, 24(2):255-262.
[4]Stevens C J, Dise N B, Mountford J O, et al. Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands[J]. Science, 2004,303(5665):1876-1879.
[5]Emmett B A. Nitrogen saturation of terrestrial ecosystems:some recent findings and their implications for our conceptual framework[J]. Water,Air&Soil Pollution:Focus,2007, 7(1):99-109.
[6]Fan X H, Li Y C. Nitrogen release from slow-release fertilizers as affected by soil type and temperature[J]. Soil Science Society ofAmerica, 2010, 74(5):1635-1641.
[7]陈易飞,朱永绥,朱风根,等.脲甲醛肥在稻麦生产上的应用效果初报[J].江苏农业科学,2010,(5):49-51.Chen Y F, Zhu Y S, Zhu F G, et al. Application effect of urea formaldehyde fertilizer on rice and wheat production[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2010,(5):49-51.
[8]周丽平,杨俐苹,自由路,等.不同氮肥缓释化处理对夏玉米田间氨挥发和氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016, 22(6):1449-1457.Zhou L P, Yang L P, Bai Y L, et al. Comparison of several slowreleased nitrogen fertilizers in volatilization and nitrogen utilization in summer maize field[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016, 22(6):1449-1457.
[9]刘铭,钟志仁.脲甲醛缓释复合肥在水稻作物上的应用效果研究[J].农业装备技术,2013, 39(2):43-45.Liu M, Zhong Z R. Effect of urea formaldehyde slow release compound fertilizer on rice crops[J]. Agricultural Equipment&Technology, 2013, 39(2):43-45.
[10]刘彦伶,来庆,徐旱增,等.不同氮肥类型对黄泥田双季稻产量及氮素利用的影响[J].浙江大学学报,2013, 39(4):403-412.Liu Y L, Lai Q, Xu H Z, et al. Effects of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of double-cropping rice in yellow clayey soil[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 2013,39(4):403-112.
[11]崔德杰.新型肥料及其应用技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2016.59-61.Cui D J. New fertilizer and its application technology[M]. Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2015.59-61.
[12]周伟,田玉华,曹彦圣,等.两种氨挥发测定方法的比较研究[J].土壤学报,2011,48(5):1090-1095.Zhou W, Tian Y H, Cao Y S, et al. A comparative study on two metheds for determination of ammonia volatilization[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2011, 48(5):1090-1095.
[13]夏永秋,颜晓元.太湖地区麦季协调农学、环境和经济效益的推荐施肥量[J].土壤学报,2011,48(6):1210-1218.Xia Y Q, Yan X Y. Nitrogen fertilization rate recommendation integrating agronomic, environmental, and economic benefits for wheat season in the Taihu Lake region[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(6):1210-1218.
[14]敖玉琴,张维,田玉华,等.脲胺氮肥对太湖地区稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(2):248-253.Ao Y Q, Zhang W, Tian Y H, et al. Effects of urea-ammonium mixed nitrogen fertilizer on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy field of Taihu Lake Region[J]. Soils,2016, 48(2):248-253.
[15] Xia Y Q, Yan X Y. Ecologically optimal nitrogen application rates for rice cropping in the Taihu Lake region of China[J]. Sustainability Science,2012, 7(1):33-44.
[16]唐良梁,李艳,李恋卿,等.不同施氮量对稻田氨挥发的影响及阈值探究[J].土壤通报,2015, 46(5):1232-1239.Tang L L, Li Y, Li L Q, et al. Effect of different nitrogen application rate on paddy ammonia volatilization and nitrogen threshold[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2015, 46(5):1232-1239.
[17]马青,桑亮亮.不同氮肥管理模式对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].上海交通大学学报,2013, 31(3):77-81.Ma Q, Sang LL. Effect of different nitrogen management methods on ammonia volatilization[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2013,31(3):77-81.
[18]杨士红,彭世彰,徐俊增,等.不同水氮管理下稻田氨挥发损失特征及模拟[J].农业工程学报,2012, 28(11):99-104.Yang S H, Peng S Z, Xu J Z, et al. Characteristics and simulation of ammonia volatilization from paddy fields under different water and nitrogen management[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(11):99-104.
[19] Wang X Z, Zhu J G, Gao R, et al. Nitrogen cycling and losses under rice-wheat rotations with coated urea and urea in the Taihu Lake Region[J]. Pedosphere, 2007, 17(1):62-69.
[20]田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,朱兆良.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报,2007, 44(5):893-900.Tian Y H, He F Y, Yin B, Zhu Z L. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu lake region as affected by N and P combination in fertilization[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007, 44(5):893-900.
[21]张博文,赵淼,敖玉琴,等.含氯氮肥对太湖稻麦轮作体系氨挥发及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养肥料学报,2017, 23(3):557-566.Zhang B W, Zhao M, Ao Y Q, et al. Effects of chlorine-containing nitrogen fertilizer on ammonia volatilization and yields under ricewheat rotation system in Taihu Lake Region[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(3):557-566.
[22]俞映惊,薛利红,杨林章.太湖地区稻田不同氮肥管理模式下氨挥发特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013, 32(8):1682-1689.Yu Y L, Xuan L H, Yang L Z. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields under different nitrogen schemes in Tai Lake Region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2013, 32(8):1682-1689.
[23] SzymczakE, Lemaire F.Effect of four ternary fertilizers containing slow-release nitrogen and timing of application on Loliumperenne L.turf[A]. Proceedings of the 5th International Turfgrass Research Conference[M]. Avignon, France, 1985.
[24]李敏,叶舒娅,刘枫,等.稳定氮肥用量和施用方式对水稻产量和氮肥效率的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,2015, 32(6):559-564.Li M, Ye S Y, Liu F, et al. Effects of stabilized nitrogen fertilizer application amount and application methods on yield and nitrogen efficiency of rice[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2015, 32(6):559-564.
[25]段然,汤月丰,王亚男,等.不同施肥方法对双季稻区水稻产量及氮素流失的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,(7):1-8.Duan R, Tang Y F, Wang Y N, et al. Effects of different fertilization modes on rice yield and nitrogen loss in paddy soils under double cropping rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017,(7):1-8.
[26]刘晓伟,王火焰,朱德进,等.氮肥施用方式对水稻产量以及氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2017, 40(2):203-210.Liu X W, Wang H Y, Zhu D J, et al. Effect of N fertilization method on rice yield and N, P and K uptake and use efficiency[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2017, 40(2):203-210.
[27]李殿平,王桂艳.施肥方法对水稻产量及品质的影响[J].现代农业科技,2012,(4):60-61.Li D P, Wang G Y. Effects of fertilizer application methods on yield and quality of rice[J]. Modem Agricultural Science and Technology,2012,(4):60-61.
[28]褚清河,潘根兴,李健英,等.不同施氮量下北方稻田一次与分次施氮对水稻产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2008, 39(1):82-86.Chu Q H, Pan G X, Li J Y, et al. Effect of single or multiple N applications under different total N fertilization on rice yield in a paddy soil of North China[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2008,39(1):82-86.
[2]宁运旺,张永春.基于土壤氮素平衡的氮肥推荐方法--以水稻为例[J].土壤学报,2015, 52(2):281-292.Ning Y W, Zhang Y C. Soil nitrogen balance basedrecommendation of nitrogen fertilization:a case study of rice[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2015, 52(2):281-292.
[3]范宏翔,徐力刚,赵旭,等.太湖流域典型稻--麦轮作农田区氮素流失过程研究[J].生态环境学报,2015, 24(2):255-262.Fan H X, Xu L G, Zhao X, et al. Study on nitrogen loss in rice-wheat rotation farmland in Taihu Basin[J]. Ecology and Environmental Sciences, 2015, 24(2):255-262.
[4]Stevens C J, Dise N B, Mountford J O, et al. Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands[J]. Science, 2004,303(5665):1876-1879.
[5]Emmett B A. Nitrogen saturation of terrestrial ecosystems:some recent findings and their implications for our conceptual framework[J]. Water,Air&Soil Pollution:Focus,2007, 7(1):99-109.
[6]Fan X H, Li Y C. Nitrogen release from slow-release fertilizers as affected by soil type and temperature[J]. Soil Science Society ofAmerica, 2010, 74(5):1635-1641.
[7]陈易飞,朱永绥,朱风根,等.脲甲醛肥在稻麦生产上的应用效果初报[J].江苏农业科学,2010,(5):49-51.Chen Y F, Zhu Y S, Zhu F G, et al. Application effect of urea formaldehyde fertilizer on rice and wheat production[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences, 2010,(5):49-51.
[8]周丽平,杨俐苹,自由路,等.不同氮肥缓释化处理对夏玉米田间氨挥发和氮素利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2016, 22(6):1449-1457.Zhou L P, Yang L P, Bai Y L, et al. Comparison of several slowreleased nitrogen fertilizers in volatilization and nitrogen utilization in summer maize field[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,2016, 22(6):1449-1457.
[9]刘铭,钟志仁.脲甲醛缓释复合肥在水稻作物上的应用效果研究[J].农业装备技术,2013, 39(2):43-45.Liu M, Zhong Z R. Effect of urea formaldehyde slow release compound fertilizer on rice crops[J]. Agricultural Equipment&Technology, 2013, 39(2):43-45.
[10]刘彦伶,来庆,徐旱增,等.不同氮肥类型对黄泥田双季稻产量及氮素利用的影响[J].浙江大学学报,2013, 39(4):403-412.Liu Y L, Lai Q, Xu H Z, et al. Effects of different types of nitrogen fertilizers on grain yield and nitrogen utilization of double-cropping rice in yellow clayey soil[J]. Journal of Zhejiang University, 2013,39(4):403-112.
[11]崔德杰.新型肥料及其应用技术[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2016.59-61.Cui D J. New fertilizer and its application technology[M]. Beijing:Chemical Industry Press, 2015.59-61.
[12]周伟,田玉华,曹彦圣,等.两种氨挥发测定方法的比较研究[J].土壤学报,2011,48(5):1090-1095.Zhou W, Tian Y H, Cao Y S, et al. A comparative study on two metheds for determination of ammonia volatilization[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2011, 48(5):1090-1095.
[13]夏永秋,颜晓元.太湖地区麦季协调农学、环境和经济效益的推荐施肥量[J].土壤学报,2011,48(6):1210-1218.Xia Y Q, Yan X Y. Nitrogen fertilization rate recommendation integrating agronomic, environmental, and economic benefits for wheat season in the Taihu Lake region[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(6):1210-1218.
[14]敖玉琴,张维,田玉华,等.脲胺氮肥对太湖地区稻田氨挥发及氮肥利用率的影响[J].土壤,2016,48(2):248-253.Ao Y Q, Zhang W, Tian Y H, et al. Effects of urea-ammonium mixed nitrogen fertilizer on ammonia volatilization and nitrogen use efficiency in paddy field of Taihu Lake Region[J]. Soils,2016, 48(2):248-253.
[15] Xia Y Q, Yan X Y. Ecologically optimal nitrogen application rates for rice cropping in the Taihu Lake region of China[J]. Sustainability Science,2012, 7(1):33-44.
[16]唐良梁,李艳,李恋卿,等.不同施氮量对稻田氨挥发的影响及阈值探究[J].土壤通报,2015, 46(5):1232-1239.Tang L L, Li Y, Li L Q, et al. Effect of different nitrogen application rate on paddy ammonia volatilization and nitrogen threshold[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2015, 46(5):1232-1239.
[17]马青,桑亮亮.不同氮肥管理模式对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].上海交通大学学报,2013, 31(3):77-81.Ma Q, Sang LL. Effect of different nitrogen management methods on ammonia volatilization[J]. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University,2013,31(3):77-81.
[18]杨士红,彭世彰,徐俊增,等.不同水氮管理下稻田氨挥发损失特征及模拟[J].农业工程学报,2012, 28(11):99-104.Yang S H, Peng S Z, Xu J Z, et al. Characteristics and simulation of ammonia volatilization from paddy fields under different water and nitrogen management[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 2012, 28(11):99-104.
[19] Wang X Z, Zhu J G, Gao R, et al. Nitrogen cycling and losses under rice-wheat rotations with coated urea and urea in the Taihu Lake Region[J]. Pedosphere, 2007, 17(1):62-69.
[20]田玉华,贺发云,尹斌,朱兆良.太湖地区氮磷肥施用对稻田氨挥发的影响[J].土壤学报,2007, 44(5):893-900.Tian Y H, He F Y, Yin B, Zhu Z L. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields in the Taihu lake region as affected by N and P combination in fertilization[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica, 2007, 44(5):893-900.
[21]张博文,赵淼,敖玉琴,等.含氯氮肥对太湖稻麦轮作体系氨挥发及作物产量的影响[J].植物营养肥料学报,2017, 23(3):557-566.Zhang B W, Zhao M, Ao Y Q, et al. Effects of chlorine-containing nitrogen fertilizer on ammonia volatilization and yields under ricewheat rotation system in Taihu Lake Region[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer, 2017, 23(3):557-566.
[22]俞映惊,薛利红,杨林章.太湖地区稻田不同氮肥管理模式下氨挥发特征研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2013, 32(8):1682-1689.Yu Y L, Xuan L H, Yang L Z. Ammonia volatilization from paddy fields under different nitrogen schemes in Tai Lake Region[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science, 2013, 32(8):1682-1689.
[23] SzymczakE, Lemaire F.Effect of four ternary fertilizers containing slow-release nitrogen and timing of application on Loliumperenne L.turf[A]. Proceedings of the 5th International Turfgrass Research Conference[M]. Avignon, France, 1985.
[24]李敏,叶舒娅,刘枫,等.稳定氮肥用量和施用方式对水稻产量和氮肥效率的影响[J].农业资源与环境学报,2015, 32(6):559-564.Li M, Ye S Y, Liu F, et al. Effects of stabilized nitrogen fertilizer application amount and application methods on yield and nitrogen efficiency of rice[J]. Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment, 2015, 32(6):559-564.
[25]段然,汤月丰,王亚男,等.不同施肥方法对双季稻区水稻产量及氮素流失的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2017,(7):1-8.Duan R, Tang Y F, Wang Y N, et al. Effects of different fertilization modes on rice yield and nitrogen loss in paddy soils under double cropping rice[J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2017,(7):1-8.
[26]刘晓伟,王火焰,朱德进,等.氮肥施用方式对水稻产量以及氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用的影响[J].南京农业大学学报,2017, 40(2):203-210.Liu X W, Wang H Y, Zhu D J, et al. Effect of N fertilization method on rice yield and N, P and K uptake and use efficiency[J]. Journal of Nanjing Agricultural University, 2017, 40(2):203-210.
[27]李殿平,王桂艳.施肥方法对水稻产量及品质的影响[J].现代农业科技,2012,(4):60-61.Li D P, Wang G Y. Effects of fertilizer application methods on yield and quality of rice[J]. Modem Agricultural Science and Technology,2012,(4):60-61.
[28]褚清河,潘根兴,李健英,等.不同施氮量下北方稻田一次与分次施氮对水稻产量的影响[J].土壤通报,2008, 39(1):82-86.Chu Q H, Pan G X, Li J Y, et al. Effect of single or multiple N applications under different total N fertilization on rice yield in a paddy soil of North China[J]. Chinese Journal of Soil Science, 2008,39(1):82-86.