地膜覆盖和施氮对菜地N_2O排放的影响
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摘要
为了探讨地膜覆盖和不同施氮处理对菜地N_2O排放的影响,以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内辣椒-萝卜轮作菜地为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,进行为期2 a的田间原位观测.试验设置8个处理,分别为对照常规(NN0)、对照覆膜(FN0),低N常规(NN1)、低N覆膜(FN1),中N常规(NN2)、中N覆膜(FN2),高N常规(NN3)、高N覆膜(FN3),研究地膜覆盖和施氮对菜地N_2O的排放特征和影响因素.结果表明,覆膜与常规两种种植方式对于菜地N_2O的排放体现出明显差异,表现为辣椒季常规显著大于覆膜(P <0. 05),萝卜季为覆膜显著大于常规(P <0. 05). 2014年5月至2016年4月观测期间,覆膜种植下无氮、低氮、中氮和高氮菜地N_2O年均累积排放量分别为244. 91、730. 49、903. 32和1 867. 45 mg·m-2,常规种植下N_2O年均累积排放量为221. 48、840. 33、1 256. 50和1 469. 67 mg·m-2.不同施氮梯度对于菜地N_2O的排放呈现为随施氮量增加N_2O的排放随之增加.通过计算N_2O排放系数可知,覆膜可以一定程度上降低辣椒季N_2O的排放系数,而萝卜季则没有明显规律. 2014年5月至2015年4月,辣椒季常规和覆膜种植下均为低氮菜地的N_2O排放系数最高,在萝卜季则显示为高氮排放系数最高; 2015年5月至2016年4月,则显示辣椒季为高氮菜地N_2O排放系数最高,而萝卜季低氮菜地最高. N_2O的排放通量和土壤氮素含量以及土壤温度呈显著相关关系,而地膜覆盖可一定程度地增加土壤中氮素的含量,进而影响菜地N_2O的排放通量.
To investigate the effects of plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application on N_2O emissions from a chili-radish rotation system,field observations were conducted in situ from May 2014 to April 2016 in the Key Field Station for Monitoring of EcoEnvironment of Purple Soil of the Ministry of Agriculture of China in the farm of Southwest University in Chongqing. Static opaque and gas chromatography was used to determine emissions. Eight treatments were set up in the field experiment: control routine( no N application and no plastic film mulching; NN0),control mulching( FN0),low N routine( NN1),low N mulching( FN1),conventional N routine( NN2),conventional N mulching( FN2),high N routine( NN3),and high N mulching( FN3). The characteristics and influencing factors of N_2O emissions and the changes of soil carbon and nitrogen composition across all treatments were examined. The results demonstrated significant differences in N_2O emissions from the vegetable fields between mulching and no mulching treatments. The mean N_2O flux under no mulching was significantly greater than that of mulching during the chili growing season( P < 0. 05),but the opposite was true during the radish growing season( P < 0. 05). During the experimental period,the average annual cumulative N_2O emissions from nitrogen-free,low-nitrogen,medium-nitrogen,and high-nitrogen vegetable plots under mulching treatment were 244. 91,730. 49,903. 32,and 1865. 45 mg·m-2,respectively; the average annual cumulative N_2O emissions under no mulching treatment were 221. 48,840. 33,1256. 50,and 1469. 67 mg·m-2,respectively. The N_2O emissions from vegetable plots with different N application gradients showed an increase in N_2O emissions from vegetable plots as N application increased. By calculating the N_2O emissions coefficient,it was determined that the N_2O emissions coefficient was reduced to a certain extent under mulching treatment during the chili season,while there was no obvious trend in the radish season. From May 2014 to April 2015,the N_2O emissions coefficients of low-nitrogen application under two mulching treatments were both the highest under the same mulching levels during the chili growing season,but they were both the highest in the high-nitrogen application under two mulching levels during the radish growing season. From May 2015 to April 2016,the highest N_2O emissions coefficient was observed in the high-nitrogen application under two mulching treatments during the chili season; however,the lowest values were observed in thelow-nitrogen application under two mulching treatments during the radish growing season. Such results may be related to the duration of plastic film mulching and the type of plant. The N_2O fluxes were both significantly positively correlated to the content of soil N and soil temperature. Plastic film mulching can increase the soil N to a certain extent and can therefore can affect N_2O emissions.
To investigate the effects of plastic film mulching and nitrogen fertilizer application on N_2O emissions from a chili-radish rotation system,field observations were conducted in situ from May 2014 to April 2016 in the Key Field Station for Monitoring of EcoEnvironment of Purple Soil of the Ministry of Agriculture of China in the farm of Southwest University in Chongqing. Static opaque and gas chromatography was used to determine emissions. Eight treatments were set up in the field experiment: control routine( no N application and no plastic film mulching; NN0),control mulching( FN0),low N routine( NN1),low N mulching( FN1),conventional N routine( NN2),conventional N mulching( FN2),high N routine( NN3),and high N mulching( FN3). The characteristics and influencing factors of N_2O emissions and the changes of soil carbon and nitrogen composition across all treatments were examined. The results demonstrated significant differences in N_2O emissions from the vegetable fields between mulching and no mulching treatments. The mean N_2O flux under no mulching was significantly greater than that of mulching during the chili growing season( P < 0. 05),but the opposite was true during the radish growing season( P < 0. 05). During the experimental period,the average annual cumulative N_2O emissions from nitrogen-free,low-nitrogen,medium-nitrogen,and high-nitrogen vegetable plots under mulching treatment were 244. 91,730. 49,903. 32,and 1865. 45 mg·m-2,respectively; the average annual cumulative N_2O emissions under no mulching treatment were 221. 48,840. 33,1256. 50,and 1469. 67 mg·m-2,respectively. The N_2O emissions from vegetable plots with different N application gradients showed an increase in N_2O emissions from vegetable plots as N application increased. By calculating the N_2O emissions coefficient,it was determined that the N_2O emissions coefficient was reduced to a certain extent under mulching treatment during the chili season,while there was no obvious trend in the radish season. From May 2014 to April 2015,the N_2O emissions coefficients of low-nitrogen application under two mulching treatments were both the highest under the same mulching levels during the chili growing season,but they were both the highest in the high-nitrogen application under two mulching levels during the radish growing season. From May 2015 to April 2016,the highest N_2O emissions coefficient was observed in the high-nitrogen application under two mulching treatments during the chili season; however,the lowest values were observed in thelow-nitrogen application under two mulching treatments during the radish growing season. Such results may be related to the duration of plastic film mulching and the type of plant. The N_2O fluxes were both significantly positively correlated to the content of soil N and soil temperature. Plastic film mulching can increase the soil N to a certain extent and can therefore can affect N_2O emissions.
引文
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[18] Mei B L,Zheng X H,Xie B H,et al. Characteristics of multiple-year nitrous oxide emissions from conventional vegetable fields in southeastern China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2011, 116(D12):D12113, doi:10. 1029/2010JD015059.
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[20]焦燕,黄耀,宗良纲,等.氮肥水平对不同土壤N2O排放的影响[A].见:中国气象学会2008年会论文集[C].北京:中国气象学会,2008.
[21] Ju X T,Christie P. Calculation of theoretical nitrogen rate for simple nitrogen recommendations in intensive cropping systems:a case study on the North China Plain[J]. Field Crops Research,2011,124(3):450-458.
[22]吕佩毓.不同施氮水平对玉米农田生长季CO2、N2O排放通量的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2011.LüP Y. The effects of nitrogen application on CO2and N2O emission flux in the growing season of the maize field[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2011.
[23]徐文彬,刘维屏,刘广深.温度对旱田土壤N2O排放的影响研究[J].土壤学报,2002,39(1):1-8.Xu W B,Liu W P,Liu G S. Effect of temperature on N2O emissions from sub-tropical upland soils[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(1):1-8.
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[2]易琼,逢玉万,杨少海,等.施肥对稻田甲烷与氧化亚氮排放的影响[J].生态环境学报,2013,22(8):1432-1437.Yi Q,Pang Y W,Yang S H,et al. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions in paddy field as influenced by fertilization[J].Ecology and Environment Sciences,2013,22(8):1432-1437.
[3] Rodhe H. Comparison of the contribution of various gases to the greenhouse effect[J]. Science,1990,248(4960):1217-1219.
[4] Smith P,Martino D,Cai Z C,et al. Greenhouse gas mitigation in agriculture[J]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B:Biological Sciences,2006,363(1492):789-813.
[5]郑磊,江长胜,孙丽娟,等.地膜覆盖对菜园紫色土壤环境因子及N2O排放的影响[J].中国农学通报,2011,27(30):82-87.Zheng L,Jiang C S,Sun L J,et al. Effects of plastic film mulching on the environmental factors and nitrous oxide emissions in purple soil of vegetable fields[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2011,27(30):82-87.
[6]冯迪,郝庆菊,张凯莉,等.地膜覆盖对菜地生态系统N2O排放的影响[J].环境科学,2017,38(10):4380-4389.Feng D,Hao Q J,Zhang K L,et al. Effects of plastic film mulching on nitrous oxide emissions from a vegetable field[J].Environmental Science,2017,38(10):4380-4389.
[7] Carreiro M M,Sinsabaugh R L,Repert D A,et al. Microbial enzyme shifts explain litter decay responses to simulated nitrogen deposition[J]. Ecology,2000,81(9):2359-2365.
[8] Cuello J P. Hwang H Y,Gutierrez J,et al. Impact of plastic film mulching on increasing greenhouse gas emissions in temperate upland soil during maize cultivation[J]. Applied Soil Ecology,2015,91:48-57.
[9] Li Z,Zhang R,Wang X,et al. Effects of plastic film mulching with drip irrigation on N2O and CH4emission from cotton fields in arid land[J]. The Journal of Agricultural Science,2014,152(4):534-542.
[10]朱咏莉,吴金水,韩建刚.地膜覆盖对土壤中N2O释放的影响[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(3):222-225.Zhu Y L,Wu J S, Han J G. Effects of clear plastic film mulching on soil N2O discharge flux[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2004,20(3):222-225.
[11]王乐.半干旱黄土高原旱作覆膜玉米农田氧化亚氮排放特征[D].兰州:兰州大学,2013. 26-46.Wang L. Nitrous oxide flux characteristics of maize fields with plastic mulching in semiarid Loess Plateau[D]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2013. 26-46.
[12]王旭燕,张仁陟,蔡立群,等.不同施氮处理下旱作农田土壤CH4、N2O气体排放特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(11):3655-3661.Wang X Y,Zhang R Z,Cai L Q,et al. Emission characteristics of CH4and N2O fluxes from dryland field under different nitrogen treatments[J]. Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(11):3655-3661.
[13] Jiang C S,Wang Y S,Hao Q J,et al. Effect of land-use change on CH4and N2O emissions from freshwater marsh in northeast China[J]. Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(21):3305-3309.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[15]时亚文,李宙炜,阳剑,等.农田系统氨挥发与温室气体排放研究进展[J].作物研究,2011,25(4):621-625.Shi Y W,Li Z W,Yang J,et al. Research progress on ammonia volatilization and greenhouse gas emissions in farmland system[J]. Crop Research,2011,25(4):621-625.
[16]王俊,李凤民,宋秋华,等.地膜覆盖对土壤水温和春小麦产量形成的影响[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(2):205-210.Wang J,Li F M,Song Q H,et al. Effects of plastic film mulching on soil temperature and moisture and on yield formation of spring wheat[J]. Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(2):205-210.
[17] Yang L Q,Zhang X J,Ju X T. Linkage between N2O emission and functional gene abundance in an intensively managed calcareous fluvo-aquic soil[J]. Scientific Reports,2017,7:43283,doi:10. 1038/srep43283.
[18] Mei B L,Zheng X H,Xie B H,et al. Characteristics of multiple-year nitrous oxide emissions from conventional vegetable fields in southeastern China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres, 2011, 116(D12):D12113, doi:10. 1029/2010JD015059.
[19]柴雪思.地膜覆盖和氮肥施用对菜地生态系统N2O排放的影响[D].重庆:西南大学,2017.Chai X S. Effect of plastic film mulching and nitrogen application on nitrous oxide emission from a vegetable field[D]. Chongqing:Southwest University,2017.
[20]焦燕,黄耀,宗良纲,等.氮肥水平对不同土壤N2O排放的影响[A].见:中国气象学会2008年会论文集[C].北京:中国气象学会,2008.
[21] Ju X T,Christie P. Calculation of theoretical nitrogen rate for simple nitrogen recommendations in intensive cropping systems:a case study on the North China Plain[J]. Field Crops Research,2011,124(3):450-458.
[22]吕佩毓.不同施氮水平对玉米农田生长季CO2、N2O排放通量的影响[D].兰州:甘肃农业大学,2011.LüP Y. The effects of nitrogen application on CO2and N2O emission flux in the growing season of the maize field[D].Lanzhou:Gansu Agricultural University,2011.
[23]徐文彬,刘维屏,刘广深.温度对旱田土壤N2O排放的影响研究[J].土壤学报,2002,39(1):1-8.Xu W B,Liu W P,Liu G S. Effect of temperature on N2O emissions from sub-tropical upland soils[J]. Acta Pedologica Sinica,2002,39(1):1-8.
[24]王丽媛,孙洁梅,徐荣.植物残体施用对土壤排放N2O的影响[J].新疆农业大学学报,2006,29(3):26-30.Wang L Y,Sun J M,Xu R. Effect of plant residual application on N2O emission[J]. Journal of Xinjiang Agricultural University,2006,29(3):26-30.
[25]李桢,王佳玮,雷利国,等.地膜覆盖对辣椒地土壤氮素的影响[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(21):134-140.Li Z,Wang J W,Lei L G,et al. Effect of plastic film mulching on soil nitrogen in pepper field[J]. Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(21):134-140.
[26]宋文元.地膜覆盖对土壤氮素矿化的影响[D].兰州:兰州大学,2017.Song W Y. Effects of plastic film mulching on soil nitrogen mineralization[D]. Lanzhou:Lanzhou University,2017.
[27]汪景宽,张继宏,须湘成,等.长期地膜覆盖对土壤氮素状况的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1996,2(2):125-130.Wang J K,Zhang J H,Xu X C,et al. Effect of long-term covering with plastic film on characteristics of nitrogen in soil[J]. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer,1996,2(2):125-130.
[28]李凤霞,王长军.土壤氮素转化及相关微生物过程研究[J].宁夏农林科技,2018,59(4):37-40.Li F X,Wang C J. Study on soil nitrogen transformation and the related microbial process[J]. Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2018,59(4):37-40.
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[30] Tu C,Ristaino J B,Hu S J. Soil microbial biomass and activity in organic tomato farming systems-Effects of organic inputs and straw mulching[J]. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2006,38(2):247-555.
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