结合多空间特性的保护区功能分区最优化设计
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摘要
科学合理的自然保护区功能分区有利物种长期生存繁衍和自然保护区的管理。现阶段的自然保护区功能分区方法中没有考虑自然保护区的空间特性和生物多样性的保护效益,尚未形成一套系统的保护区分区模型。为此,本研究基于Maxent模型模拟珍稀物种的分布,提出基于网络流的保护区功能分区模型,划分出一个连续和紧实的自然保护区功能区,同时考虑保护区保护效益最大化。为验证模型的可行性,将泉州湾河口湿地自然保护区划分为5 969个候选单元,以珍稀水生动物为保护对象,选出方格的最优组合作为自然保护区规划结果,并结合原保护区提出保护区优化方案。模型规划核心区和缓冲区具有连续性和紧实性,且核心区被缓冲区所包围,其中,核心区选中491个候选单元,其生境总适宜值远高于原保护区;结合原保护区进行优化,以原保护区为中心,向正东方向拓展,核心区候选单元数拓展至614个,缓冲区候选单元数为184个。研究设计了新的功能分区整数规划模型,结合泉州湾河口湿地自然保护区提出新的优化建议,由原保护区向正东方向拓展,覆盖珍稀水生动物的集中区域,有效保护珍稀水生动物及其生境,为我国自然保护区功能分区理论和实践提供新的思路。
Using scientific and rational methods to design nature reserve functional zoning is useful for the long-term survival and reproduction of species and the management of nature reserves. Currently,the spatial characteristics of nature reserves and the conservation benefits of biodiversity are not considered in the methodologies of functional zoning of nature reserves. Systematic methods to design nature reserve functional zoning have not been established. Therefore,in this study,the Maxent model is applied to simulate the distribution of rare species and is used to design a nature reserve's functional zoning based on the model of network flow to form a continuous and compact nature reserve functional zoning. The network flow model aims to maximize the protection benefits of protected areas. To verify the feasibility of the proposed model,we divided the Quanzhou Bay Estuary Wetland Nature Reserve into 5 969 grids and selected the optimal combination of grids that would result in a nature reserve designed for rare aquatic animals. This process was associated with the original reserve area to create an optimization plan for the reserve. The model generated the core and buffer zones with continuity and compactness and ensured the core area was surrounded by the buffer zone. The model selected 491 grids as the core area,which had high habitat quality compared to the original reserve area. For optimal results,the model associated the selected core area with the original reserve area,taking the original core area as the center and selecting the grids from the east. The number of core grids was extended to 614,along with 184 buffer grids. This study designed a new integer planning model with functional zoning,and it considered the Quanzhou Bay Estuary Wetland Nature Reserve and proposed a new optimal configuration. The reserve was extended from the original reserve to the east,which covered the concentrated area of rare aquatic animals. The designed reserve can efficiently protect the rare aquatic animals and their habitat. The proposed method provides new ideas for the theory and practice of nature reserve functional zoning.
Using scientific and rational methods to design nature reserve functional zoning is useful for the long-term survival and reproduction of species and the management of nature reserves. Currently,the spatial characteristics of nature reserves and the conservation benefits of biodiversity are not considered in the methodologies of functional zoning of nature reserves. Systematic methods to design nature reserve functional zoning have not been established. Therefore,in this study,the Maxent model is applied to simulate the distribution of rare species and is used to design a nature reserve's functional zoning based on the model of network flow to form a continuous and compact nature reserve functional zoning. The network flow model aims to maximize the protection benefits of protected areas. To verify the feasibility of the proposed model,we divided the Quanzhou Bay Estuary Wetland Nature Reserve into 5 969 grids and selected the optimal combination of grids that would result in a nature reserve designed for rare aquatic animals. This process was associated with the original reserve area to create an optimization plan for the reserve. The model generated the core and buffer zones with continuity and compactness and ensured the core area was surrounded by the buffer zone. The model selected 491 grids as the core area,which had high habitat quality compared to the original reserve area. For optimal results,the model associated the selected core area with the original reserve area,taking the original core area as the center and selecting the grids from the east. The number of core grids was extended to 614,along with 184 buffer grids. This study designed a new integer planning model with functional zoning,and it considered the Quanzhou Bay Estuary Wetland Nature Reserve and proposed a new optimal configuration. The reserve was extended from the original reserve to the east,which covered the concentrated area of rare aquatic animals. The designed reserve can efficiently protect the rare aquatic animals and their habitat. The proposed method provides new ideas for the theory and practice of nature reserve functional zoning.
引文
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[3]黄嘉航,刘金福,林志玮,等.基于空间生态集合覆盖模型的自学习禁忌搜索算法在保护区空间选址中的应用:以戴云山为例[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(1):219-230.
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[6]曲艺,栾晓峰.基于最小费用距离模型的东北虎核心栖息地确定与空缺分析[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(9):1 866-1 874.
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[14]杨弋,顾幸生.物流配送车辆优化调度的综述[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2003,33(S1):105-111.
[15]CLEMENS M A,REVELLE C S,WILLIAMS J C.Reserve design for species preservation[J].European Journal of Operational Research,1999,112(2):273-283.
[16]WILLIAMS J C,REVELLE C S.Reserve assemblage of critical areas:a zero-one programming approach[J].European Journal of Operational Research,1998,104(3):497-509.
[17]HAMAIDE B,WILLIAMS J C,REVELLE C S.Cost-efficient reserve site selection favoring persistence of threatened and endangered species[J].Geographical Analysis,2009,41(1):66-84.
[18]纪剑锋,蔡立哲,陈昕韡,等.泉州湾红树林湿地底栖动物资源现状及其管理策略[J].湿地科学与管理,2015,11(2):37-40.
[19]陈若海,林伟东,黄磊,等.泉州湾河口红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性分析[J].泉州师范学院学报,2017,35(2):13-20.
[20]游惠明,黄思忠,谭芳林,等.福建泉州湾自然保护区生态系统服务价值评估[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2018,38(7):83-88.
[21]叶功富,谭芳林,罗美娟,等.泉州湾河口湿地退化现状及人为影响因素[J].湿地科学,2010,8(4):386-388.
[22]DEGRAER S,VERFAILLIE E,WILLEMS W,et al.Habitat suitability modelling as a mapping tool for macrobenthic communities:an example from the Belgian part of the North Sea[J].Continental Shelf Research,2008,28(3):369-379.
[23]李伟,崔丽娟,张曼胤,等.福建洛阳江口红树林湿地及其周边地区景观变化研究[J].湿地科学,2009,7(1):53-59.
[24]叶翔,王爱军,马牧,等.高强度人类活动对泉州湾滨海湿地环境的影响及其对策[J].海洋科学,2016,40(1):94-100.
[25]赵发桐,关玉贤,等.泉州湾河口湿地省级自然保护区范围和功能区调整(论证报告)[R].福州:福建省林业勘察设计院,2018:61-65.
[26]刘晨舒,陈光.泉州湾河口湿地省级自然保护区综合科学考察报告(范围和功能区调整)[R].福州:福建省林业勘察设计院,2018:1-118.
[27]黄木娇,杨立,唐小平,等.基于生态服务功能和人类足迹的自然保护区分类[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2018,47(1):88-96.
[28]李昊民,喻庆国,王娟,等.云南生物多样性分布格局的梯度分析[J].西部林业科学,2013,42(5):24-31.
[29]马琛林,马素梅.祁连山自然保护区现状及对策[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(7):3 067-3 068.
[30]徐卫华,罗翀.MAXENT模型在秦岭川金丝猴生境评价中的应用[J].森林工程,2010,26(2):1-3,26.
[31]CHEN X J,LI G,FENG B,et al.Habitat suitability index of Chub mackerel(Scomber japonicus)from July to September in the East China Sea[J].Journal of Oceanography,2009,65(1):93-102.
[32]PHILLIPS S J,ANDERSON R P,SCHAPIRE R E.Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions[J].Ecological Modelling,2006,190(3/4):231-259.
[33]罗开华,付小勇,周晓.基于Max Ent和GIS的云南秃杉潜在分布区预测[J].林业调查规划,2017,42(4):7-10,62.
[34]吴良,徐正刚,张婉,等.基于MaxEnt模型的中国构树潜在适生分布研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2018,38(5):40-45.
[35]WANG Y C,ONAL H.Designing a connected nature reserve using a network flow theory approach[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(5):253-259.
[2]郭子良,崔国发.中国自然保护综合地理区划[J].生态学报,2014,34(5):1 284-1 294.
[3]黄嘉航,刘金福,林志玮,等.基于空间生态集合覆盖模型的自学习禁忌搜索算法在保护区空间选址中的应用:以戴云山为例[J].应用生态学报,2017,28(1):219-230.
[4]CHARDON J P,ADRIAENSEN F,MATTHYSEN E.Incorporating landscape elements into a connectivity measure:a case study for the Speckled wood butterfly(Pararge aegeria,L.)[J].Landscape Ecology,2003,18)(6):561-573.
[5]李纪宏,刘雪华.基于最小费用距离模型的自然保护区功能分区[J].自然资源学报,2006,21(2):217-224.
[6]曲艺,栾晓峰.基于最小费用距离模型的东北虎核心栖息地确定与空缺分析[J].生态学杂志,2010,29(9):1 866-1 874.
[7]LI W J,WANG Z J,MA Z J,et al.Designing the core zone in a biosphere reserve based on suitable habitats:Yancheng Biosphere Reserve and the red crowned crane(Grus japonensis)[J].Biological Conservation,1999,90(3):167-173.
[8]LIU G Y,YANG Z F,CHEN B B,et al.Designing a multi-species spatially explicit nature reserve network construction framework based on extinction probability:a case study of Wuyishan city[J].Ecological Modelling,2015,318:109-117.
[9]闻丞,顾垒,王昊,等.基于最受关注濒危物种分布的国家级自然保护区空缺分析[J].生物多样性,2015,23(5):591-600.
[10]CAMM J D,POLASKY S,SOLOW A,et al.A note on optimal algorithms for reserve site selection[J].Biological Conservation,1996,78(3):353-355.
[11]UNDERHILL L G.Optimal and suboptimal reserve selection algorithms[J].Biological Conservation,1994,70(1):85-87.
[12]GASTON K J,PRESSEY R L,MARGULES C R.Persistence and vulnerability:retaining biodiversity in the landscape and in protected areas[J].Journal of Biosciences,2002,27(4):361-384.
[13]刘金福,薛凡,黄嘉航,等.基于生态值的戴云山保护区地块选择研究[J].森林与环境学报,2017,37(1):1-7.
[14]杨弋,顾幸生.物流配送车辆优化调度的综述[J].东南大学学报(自然科学版),2003,33(S1):105-111.
[15]CLEMENS M A,REVELLE C S,WILLIAMS J C.Reserve design for species preservation[J].European Journal of Operational Research,1999,112(2):273-283.
[16]WILLIAMS J C,REVELLE C S.Reserve assemblage of critical areas:a zero-one programming approach[J].European Journal of Operational Research,1998,104(3):497-509.
[17]HAMAIDE B,WILLIAMS J C,REVELLE C S.Cost-efficient reserve site selection favoring persistence of threatened and endangered species[J].Geographical Analysis,2009,41(1):66-84.
[18]纪剑锋,蔡立哲,陈昕韡,等.泉州湾红树林湿地底栖动物资源现状及其管理策略[J].湿地科学与管理,2015,11(2):37-40.
[19]陈若海,林伟东,黄磊,等.泉州湾河口红树林湿地鸟类群落多样性分析[J].泉州师范学院学报,2017,35(2):13-20.
[20]游惠明,黄思忠,谭芳林,等.福建泉州湾自然保护区生态系统服务价值评估[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2018,38(7):83-88.
[21]叶功富,谭芳林,罗美娟,等.泉州湾河口湿地退化现状及人为影响因素[J].湿地科学,2010,8(4):386-388.
[22]DEGRAER S,VERFAILLIE E,WILLEMS W,et al.Habitat suitability modelling as a mapping tool for macrobenthic communities:an example from the Belgian part of the North Sea[J].Continental Shelf Research,2008,28(3):369-379.
[23]李伟,崔丽娟,张曼胤,等.福建洛阳江口红树林湿地及其周边地区景观变化研究[J].湿地科学,2009,7(1):53-59.
[24]叶翔,王爱军,马牧,等.高强度人类活动对泉州湾滨海湿地环境的影响及其对策[J].海洋科学,2016,40(1):94-100.
[25]赵发桐,关玉贤,等.泉州湾河口湿地省级自然保护区范围和功能区调整(论证报告)[R].福州:福建省林业勘察设计院,2018:61-65.
[26]刘晨舒,陈光.泉州湾河口湿地省级自然保护区综合科学考察报告(范围和功能区调整)[R].福州:福建省林业勘察设计院,2018:1-118.
[27]黄木娇,杨立,唐小平,等.基于生态服务功能和人类足迹的自然保护区分类[J].福建农林大学学报(自然科学版),2018,47(1):88-96.
[28]李昊民,喻庆国,王娟,等.云南生物多样性分布格局的梯度分析[J].西部林业科学,2013,42(5):24-31.
[29]马琛林,马素梅.祁连山自然保护区现状及对策[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(7):3 067-3 068.
[30]徐卫华,罗翀.MAXENT模型在秦岭川金丝猴生境评价中的应用[J].森林工程,2010,26(2):1-3,26.
[31]CHEN X J,LI G,FENG B,et al.Habitat suitability index of Chub mackerel(Scomber japonicus)from July to September in the East China Sea[J].Journal of Oceanography,2009,65(1):93-102.
[32]PHILLIPS S J,ANDERSON R P,SCHAPIRE R E.Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions[J].Ecological Modelling,2006,190(3/4):231-259.
[33]罗开华,付小勇,周晓.基于Max Ent和GIS的云南秃杉潜在分布区预测[J].林业调查规划,2017,42(4):7-10,62.
[34]吴良,徐正刚,张婉,等.基于MaxEnt模型的中国构树潜在适生分布研究[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2018,38(5):40-45.
[35]WANG Y C,ONAL H.Designing a connected nature reserve using a network flow theory approach[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(5):253-259.