塔城盆地地下水“三氮”污染特征及成因
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摘要
地下水氮元素污染是一个全球性的环境问题,其来源和迁移转化特征是国内外研究的热点。文章以新疆塔城盆地80组地下水样品水化学组分测试结果为依据,研究塔城盆地地下水"三氮"污染特征。结果表明:塔城盆地地下水质量总体较好;对比2017年发布的地下水质量标准,深层承压水"三氮"均未超标;浅层地下水"三氮"污染较轻,"三氮"超标点零星分布于地下水的中下游冲洪积平原区,其中,NO3-N超标率最高,超标率为8.8%; NO2-N和NH4-N次之,超标率均为1.3%。沿着地下水流向,从山区到盆地中央的平原区,地下水污染逐渐变重。"三氮"重污染点主要分布在塔城市、额敏县及其周边地区。区内地下水污染点的分布与工矿企业污染源、污水处理厂、垃圾填埋场等大型污染源的分布具有一定的相关性。城市化进程中,生活污水的不合理排放是塔城盆地"三氮"污染的主要来源,而通过排污河流下渗是研究区地下水"三氮"污染的重要途径;氧化还原条件、p H值、包气带岩性结构、补径排条件等是"三氮"迁移转化及其空间分布的主要影响因素。
Eighty shallow groundwater samples were collected from the Tacheng Basin and analyzed for chemical compositions to investigate the nitrogen pollution in groundwater in the basin.The results indicate that the shallow groundwater in the Tacheng Basin is significantly polluted by nitrate.8.8% of the groundwater samples have concentrations of NO3-N exceeding the drinking water standard,and the rate is1.3% for NO2-N and NH4-N.The points with nitrogen exceeding the standard mainly occur in the alluvial plain of the middle and lower reaches along the groundwater flow direction.Heavy nitrogen pollution sites mainly exist near the cities of Tacheng and Yin and their surrounding areas.The occurrence of nitrogenpolluted points are adjacent to the sewage treatment plants,landfill sites and other major pollution sources.In the process of urbanization,the irrational discharge of domestic sewage is the main source of nitrogen pollution in the Tacheng basin,and the infiltration of sewage is an important way to cause nitrogen pollution in the groundwater in the study area.Redox conditions,pH,rock types of the aerated zone and conditions of fillingand discharging are the main factors affecting the transport and transformation of nitrogen pollution in the groundwater.
Eighty shallow groundwater samples were collected from the Tacheng Basin and analyzed for chemical compositions to investigate the nitrogen pollution in groundwater in the basin.The results indicate that the shallow groundwater in the Tacheng Basin is significantly polluted by nitrate.8.8% of the groundwater samples have concentrations of NO3-N exceeding the drinking water standard,and the rate is1.3% for NO2-N and NH4-N.The points with nitrogen exceeding the standard mainly occur in the alluvial plain of the middle and lower reaches along the groundwater flow direction.Heavy nitrogen pollution sites mainly exist near the cities of Tacheng and Yin and their surrounding areas.The occurrence of nitrogenpolluted points are adjacent to the sewage treatment plants,landfill sites and other major pollution sources.In the process of urbanization,the irrational discharge of domestic sewage is the main source of nitrogen pollution in the Tacheng basin,and the infiltration of sewage is an important way to cause nitrogen pollution in the groundwater in the study area.Redox conditions,pH,rock types of the aerated zone and conditions of fillingand discharging are the main factors affecting the transport and transformation of nitrogen pollution in the groundwater.
引文
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[2]SALVADOR P H,MANUEL P V,ANDRES S.Ahydro-economic modeling framework for optima management of groundwater nitrate pollution from agriculture[J].Journal of Hydrology,2009,373(1/2):193-203.
[3]FERNANDEZ E,GRILLI A,ALVAREZ D,et al.Evaluation of nitrate levels in groundwater under agricultural fields in two pilot areas in central Chile:a hydrogeological and geochemical approach[J].Water Resources,2017,31(6):1206-1224.
[4]CHEN J Y,TANG C Y,SAKURA S,et al.Nitrate pollution from agriculture in different hydrogeological zones of the regional groundwater flow system in the North China Plain[J].Hydrogeology Journal,2005,13(3):481-492.
[5]DENK T R A,MOHN J,DECOCK C,et al.The nitrogen cycle:A review of isotope effects and isotope modeling approaches[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,105:121-137.
[6]LOCKHART K,KING A,HARTER T.Identifying sources of groundwater nitrate contamination in a large alluvial groundwater basin with highly diversified intensive agricultural production[J].Journal of Contaminant Hydrology,2013,151(6):140-154.
[7]吕晓立,邵景力,刘景涛,等.某石油化工污染场地地下水中挥发性有机物污染特征及成因分析[J].水文地质工程地质,2012,39(6):97-102.[LYU XL,SHAO J L,LIU J T,et al.Contamination characteristics and causes of volatile organic compounds in the groundwater at a petrochemical contaminated site[J].Hydrogeology&Engineering Geology,2012,39(6):97-102.(in Chinese)]
[8]饮用天然矿泉水检验方法:GB/T8538-1995[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1996.[Method of calibration for natural mineral water for drinking:GB/T8538-1995[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,1996.(in Chinese)]
[9]地表水质量标准:GB 3838-2002[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2002.[Environmental quality standards for surface water:GB 3838-2002[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2002.(in Chinese)]
[10]地下水质量标准:GB/T 14848-2017[S].北京:中国标准出版社,2017.[Environmental quality standards for groundwater:GB/T 14848-2017[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,2017.(in Chinese)]
[11]吴海燕,傅世锋,蔡晓琼,等.东山岛地下水“三氮”空间分布特征[J].环境科学,2015,36(9):3203-3211.[WU H Y,FU S F,CAI X Q,et al.Spatial Variation of Ammonia-N,Nitrate-N and Nitrite-N in Groundwater of Dongshan Island[J].Environmental Science,2015,36(9):3203-3211.(in Chinese)]
[12]马荣欣.福建省沿海主要地区浅层地下水氮污染研究及典型区域地下水脆弱性评价[D].福州:福建师范大学,2009.[MA X R.The research of nitrogen pollution of the rural shallow groundwater of the coastal main areas of Fujian Province and groundwater vulnerability assessment of typical area[D].Fuzhou:Fujian Normal University,2009.(in Chinese)]
[13]梁秀娟,肖长来,盛洪勋,等.吉林市地下水中“三氮”迁移转化规律[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2007,37(2):335-345.[LIANG X J,XIAO CL,SHENG H X,et al.Migration and Transformation of Ammonia-nitrite nitrates in Groundwater in the City of Jilin[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2007,37(2):335-345.(in Chinese)]
[14]沈照理,朱宛华,钟佐燊.水文地球化学基础[M].北京:地质出版社,1993:136-141.[SHEN Z L,ZHU WH,ZHONG Z S.Hydro-geochemical basis[M].Beijing:Geology Press,1993:136-141.(in Chinese)]
[15]CHRISTENSEN T H,BERGE P L,KJELDSEN P.Natural attenuation;a feasible approach to remediation of groundwater pollution at landfill[J].GWMR,2000,20(1):69-77.
[16]陈建平,丁际豫,吴子杰.氮肥对地下水中氮迁转机理研究[J].长江科学院院报,2015,32(2):24-29.[CHEN J P,DING J Y,WU Z J.Mechanism of migration and conversion of nitrogen fertilization in groundwater[J].Journal of Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute,2015,32(2):24-29.(in Chinese)]