天山林区不同类型群落土壤氮素对冻融过程的动态响应
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摘要
季节性冻融过程对北方温带森林土壤氮素的转化与流失具有重要影响,但不同类型群落对冻融过程响应的差异尚不明确。通过在林地、草地、灌丛上设置系列监测样地,采用原位培养的方法,利用林冠遮挡形成的自然雪被厚度差异,监测分析了冻融期天山林区不同群落表层土壤(0—15 cm)的氮素动态及净氮矿化速率间的差异。结果表明:(1)不同类型群落土壤的铵态氮(NH_4~+-N)含量、微生物量氮(MBN)含量基本与土壤(5 cm)温度呈正相关,深冻期林地土壤铵态氮含量低于其他群落类型而硝态氮含量高于其他群落类型;(2)硝态氮(NO_3~--N)为天山林区季节性冻融期间土壤矿质氮的主体,占比达78.4%。灌丛土壤硝态氮流失风险较大,融化末期较融化初期灌丛土壤硝态氮含量下降了64.6%;(3)冻融时期对整体氮素矿化速率影响显著,群落类型对氨化速率影响显著;(4)天山林区土壤氮素在冻结期主要以氮固持为主。通过揭示不同类型群落土壤氮素对冻融格局的响应,能够助益于对北方林区冬季土壤氮素循环的认识。
Seasonal freeze-thaw regimes are the main factors influencing nitrogen(N) transformations in the temperate forests of northern China and are one of the key processes in the soil N cycle. However,the response to freeze-thaw cycles in different cenotypes is unclear. In this study,we conducted experiments to understand the effect of soil freeze-thawing on N transformations in soils(0—15 cm) from different cenotypes(woodland,grassland,and shrubs) in the forests of the Tianshan Mountains by simulating extreme soil freeze-thawing in different natural snow covers formed by canopy shading.The results showed that the content of ammonium nitrogen,NH_4~+-N,and microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN) in the soil of the different cenotypes was positively correlated with soil temperature(at a depth of 5 cm),whereas the content of NH_4~+-N in forest soil was lower than that in the other communities in the deep-freezing period. The content of nitrate nitrogen,NO_3~--N,was higher in forest soil than in the other community types. NO_3~--N was the major form of soil mineral N during the seasonal freeze-thaw period in the forests of the Tianshan Mountains; it accounted for 78. 4% of soil mineral N. NO_3~--Ncontent decreased by 64.6% from the early-thawing to late-thawing period in shrub soil,indicating a high risk of soil NO_3~--N loss. The N mineralization rate was significantly affected by the freeze-thaw period,and the cenotypes significantly influenced the ammonification rate. The main process involving soil N in the forests of the Tianshan Mountains during the freezing period was N immobilization. Investigating the response of soil N to freeze-thaw patterns in different communities would help us understand the soil N cycle in the northern forest regions.
Seasonal freeze-thaw regimes are the main factors influencing nitrogen(N) transformations in the temperate forests of northern China and are one of the key processes in the soil N cycle. However,the response to freeze-thaw cycles in different cenotypes is unclear. In this study,we conducted experiments to understand the effect of soil freeze-thawing on N transformations in soils(0—15 cm) from different cenotypes(woodland,grassland,and shrubs) in the forests of the Tianshan Mountains by simulating extreme soil freeze-thawing in different natural snow covers formed by canopy shading.The results showed that the content of ammonium nitrogen,NH_4~+-N,and microbial biomass nitrogen(MBN) in the soil of the different cenotypes was positively correlated with soil temperature(at a depth of 5 cm),whereas the content of NH_4~+-N in forest soil was lower than that in the other communities in the deep-freezing period. The content of nitrate nitrogen,NO_3~--N,was higher in forest soil than in the other community types. NO_3~--N was the major form of soil mineral N during the seasonal freeze-thaw period in the forests of the Tianshan Mountains; it accounted for 78. 4% of soil mineral N. NO_3~--Ncontent decreased by 64.6% from the early-thawing to late-thawing period in shrub soil,indicating a high risk of soil NO_3~--N loss. The N mineralization rate was significantly affected by the freeze-thaw period,and the cenotypes significantly influenced the ammonification rate. The main process involving soil N in the forests of the Tianshan Mountains during the freezing period was N immobilization. Investigating the response of soil N to freeze-thaw patterns in different communities would help us understand the soil N cycle in the northern forest regions.
引文
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[3] Le Bauer D S,Treseder K K. Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology,2008,89(2):371-379.
[4]殷睿,徐振锋,吴福忠,杨万勤,李志萍,熊莉,肖洒,王滨.雪被斑块对川西亚高山两个森林群落冬季土壤氮转化的影响.生态学报,2014,34(8):2061-2067.
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[6] Song Y,Zou Y C,Wang G P,Yu X F. Altered soil carbon and nitrogen cycles due to the freeze-thaw effect:a meta-analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,109:35-49.
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[9] Durán J,Morse J L,Rodríguez A,Campbell J L,Christenson L M,Driscoll C T,Fahey T J,Fisk M C,Mitchell M J,Templer P H,Groffman P M. Differential sensitivity to climate change of c and n cycling processes across soil horizons in a northern hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,107:77-84.
[10] Liu J L,Wu F Z,Yang W Q,Shi P L,Wang A,Yang Y L,Wu Z C. Effect of seasonal freeze-thaw cycle on net nitrogen mineralization of soil organic layer in the subalpine/alpine forests of western sichuan,China. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(1):32-37.
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[12] Matzner E,Borken W. Do freeze-thaw events enhance c and n losses from soils of different ecosystems? A review. European Journal of Soil Science,2008,59(2):274-284.
[13] Teepe R,Brumme R,Beese F. Nitrous oxide emissions from soil during freezing and thawing periods. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(9):1269-1275.
[14] Christensen S,Tiedje J M. Brief and vigorous N2O production by soil at spring thaw. Journal of Soil Science,1990,41(1):1-4.
[15] Koponen H T,Fl9jt L,Martikainen P J. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils at low temperatures:A laboratory microcosm study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(5):757-766.
[16] Wang G,Jia H L,Tang L,Lu Y L,Guo L,Zhuang J. Standing corn residue effects on soil frost depth,snow depth and soil heat flux in northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research,2017,165:88-94.
[17]陈曦,许文强,罗格平,蔺卿,肖鲁湘.天山北坡不同环境条件下雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)林限土壤属性.生态学报,2008,28(1):53-61.
[18]谢锦,常顺利,张毓涛,王慧杰,宋成程,何平,孙雪娇.天山北坡植物土壤生态化学计量特征的垂直地带性.生态学报,2016,36(14):4363-4372.
[19]仇瑶,常顺利,张毓涛,王文栋,何平,王慧杰,谢锦.天山林区六种灌木生物量的建模及其器官分配的适应性.生态学报,2015,35(23):7842-7851.
[20]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[21] Wei X R,Shao M G,Fu X L,gren G I,Yin X Q. The effects of land use on soil n mineralization during the growing season on the northern loess plateau of china. Geoderma,2011,160(3/4):590-598.
[22] Pajuste K,Frey J. Nitrogen mineralisation in podzol soils under boreal scots pine and norway spruce stands. Plant and Soil,2003,257(1):237-247.
[23] Reinmann A B,Templer P H,Campbell J L. Severe soil frost reduces losses of carbon and nitrogen from the forest floor during simulated snowmelt:a laboratory experiment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,44(1):65-74.
[24]陈哲,杨世琦,张晴雯,周华坤,井新,张爱平,韩瑞芸,杨正礼.冻融对土壤氮素损失及有效性的影响.生态学报,2016,36(4):1083-1094.
[25] Jusselme M D,Saccone P,Zinger L,Faure M,Le Roux X,Guillaumaud N,Bernard L,Clement J C,Poly F. Variations in snow depth modify nrelated soil microbial abundances and functioning during winter in subalpine grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,92:27-37.
[26]刘金玲,吴福忠,杨万勤,石培礼,王奥,杨玉莲,武志超.季节性冻融期间川西亚高山/高山森林土壤净氮矿化特征.应用生态学报,2012,23(3):610-616.
[27] Shibata H. Impact of winter climate change on nitrogen biogeochemistry in forest ecosystems:a synthesis from japanese case studies. Ecological Indicators,2016,65:4-9.
[28] Hosokawa N,Isobe K,Urakawa R,Tateno R,Fukuzawa K,Watanabe T,Shibata H. Soil freeze-thaw with root litter alters N transformations during the dormant season in soils under two temperate forests in northern Japan. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,114:270-278.
[29]武启骞,吴福忠,杨万勤,徐振锋,何伟,何敏,赵野逸,朱剑霄.季节性雪被对高山森林凋落物分解的影响.植物生态学报,2013,37(4):296-305.
[30] Wu F Z,Yang W Q,Zhang J,Deng R J. Litter decomposition in two subalpine forests during the freeze-thaw season. Acta Oecologica,2010,36(1):135-140.
[31]胡霞,吴宁,吴彦,左万庆,郭海霞,王金牛.川西高原季节性雪被覆盖对窄叶鲜卑花凋落物分解和养分动态的影响.应用生态学报,2012,23(5):1226-1232.
[32]沈菊培,贺纪正.微生物介导的碳氮循环过程对全球气候变化的响应.生态学报,2011,31(11):2957-2967.
[33]秦璐,吕光辉,何学敏.艾比湖地区冻融作用对土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响.冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1590-1599.
[34]杨思忠,金会军,魏智,吉延峻,何瑞霞.微生物对冻土生境的适应以及对全球变化和寒区工程扰动的响应:进展与展望.冰川冻土,2007,29(2):279-285.
[35]杨思忠,金会军.冻融作用对冻土区微生物生理和生态的影响.生态学报,2008,28(10):5065-5074.
[36]崔晓阳.植物对有机氮源的利用及其在自然生态系统中的意义.生态学报,2007,27(8):3500-3512.
[37]王其兵,李凌浩,白永飞,邢雪荣.气候变化对草甸草原土壤氮素矿化作用影响的实验研究.植物生态学报,2000,24(6):687-692.
[38] Urakawa R,Shibata H,Kuroiwa M,Inagaki Y,Tateno R,Hishi T,Fukuzawa K,Hirai K,Toda H,Oyanagi N,Nakata M,Nakanishi A,Fukushima K,Enoki T,Suwa Y. Effects of freeze-thaw cycles resulting from winter climate change on soil nitrogen cycling in ten temperate forest ecosystems throughout the japanese archipelago. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,74:82-94.
[39]谭波,吴福忠,杨万勤,余胜,刘利,王奥,杨玉莲.川西亚高山/高山森林土壤氧化还原酶活性及其对季节性冻融的响应.生态学报,2012,32(21):6670-6678.
[40]王敬哲,刘志辉,塔西甫拉提獉特依拜,王岚,张波.天山北坡融雪期季节性冻土融化过程分析.干旱区研究,2017,34(2):282-292.
[41]苟小林,吴福忠,杨万勤,谭波,徐振锋,刘金铃,李志萍,黄莉.季节性冻融格局变化对高山森林土壤氮素淋溶损失的影响.环境科学学报,2014,34(2):439-448.
[42]刘欣,黄运湘,袁红,潘复静,何寻阳,张伟,王克林.植被类型与坡位对喀斯特土壤氮转化速率的影响.生态学报,2016,36(9):2578-2587.
[2] Gruber N,Galloway J N. An earth-system perspective of the global nitrogen cycle. Nature,2008,451(7176):293-296.
[3] Le Bauer D S,Treseder K K. Nitrogen limitation of net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems is globally distributed. Ecology,2008,89(2):371-379.
[4]殷睿,徐振锋,吴福忠,杨万勤,李志萍,熊莉,肖洒,王滨.雪被斑块对川西亚高山两个森林群落冬季土壤氮转化的影响.生态学报,2014,34(8):2061-2067.
[5]胡霞,尹鹏,王智勇,宗华,吴彦.雪被厚度和积雪周期对土壤氮素动态影响的初步研究.生态环境学报,2014,23(4):593-597.
[6] Song Y,Zou Y C,Wang G P,Yu X F. Altered soil carbon and nitrogen cycles due to the freeze-thaw effect:a meta-analysis. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,109:35-49.
[7] Ueda M U,Muller O,Nakamura M,Nakaji T,Hiura T. Soil warming decreases inorganic and dissolved organic nitrogen pools by preventing the soil from freezing in a cool temperate forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2013,61:105-108.
[8] Tan B,Wu F Z,Yang W Q,He X H. Snow removal alters soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity in a tibetan alpine forest. Applied Soil Ecology,2014,76:34-41.
[9] Durán J,Morse J L,Rodríguez A,Campbell J L,Christenson L M,Driscoll C T,Fahey T J,Fisk M C,Mitchell M J,Templer P H,Groffman P M. Differential sensitivity to climate change of c and n cycling processes across soil horizons in a northern hardwood forest. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,107:77-84.
[10] Liu J L,Wu F Z,Yang W Q,Shi P L,Wang A,Yang Y L,Wu Z C. Effect of seasonal freeze-thaw cycle on net nitrogen mineralization of soil organic layer in the subalpine/alpine forests of western sichuan,China. Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(1):32-37.
[11] Herrmann A,Witter E. Sources of c and n contributing to the flush in mineralization upon freeze-thaw cycles in soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2002,34(10):1495-1505.
[12] Matzner E,Borken W. Do freeze-thaw events enhance c and n losses from soils of different ecosystems? A review. European Journal of Soil Science,2008,59(2):274-284.
[13] Teepe R,Brumme R,Beese F. Nitrous oxide emissions from soil during freezing and thawing periods. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2001,33(9):1269-1275.
[14] Christensen S,Tiedje J M. Brief and vigorous N2O production by soil at spring thaw. Journal of Soil Science,1990,41(1):1-4.
[15] Koponen H T,Fl9jt L,Martikainen P J. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural soils at low temperatures:A laboratory microcosm study. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2004,36(5):757-766.
[16] Wang G,Jia H L,Tang L,Lu Y L,Guo L,Zhuang J. Standing corn residue effects on soil frost depth,snow depth and soil heat flux in northeast China. Soil and Tillage Research,2017,165:88-94.
[17]陈曦,许文强,罗格平,蔺卿,肖鲁湘.天山北坡不同环境条件下雪岭云杉(Picea schrenkiana)林限土壤属性.生态学报,2008,28(1):53-61.
[18]谢锦,常顺利,张毓涛,王慧杰,宋成程,何平,孙雪娇.天山北坡植物土壤生态化学计量特征的垂直地带性.生态学报,2016,36(14):4363-4372.
[19]仇瑶,常顺利,张毓涛,王文栋,何平,王慧杰,谢锦.天山林区六种灌木生物量的建模及其器官分配的适应性.生态学报,2015,35(23):7842-7851.
[20]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[21] Wei X R,Shao M G,Fu X L,gren G I,Yin X Q. The effects of land use on soil n mineralization during the growing season on the northern loess plateau of china. Geoderma,2011,160(3/4):590-598.
[22] Pajuste K,Frey J. Nitrogen mineralisation in podzol soils under boreal scots pine and norway spruce stands. Plant and Soil,2003,257(1):237-247.
[23] Reinmann A B,Templer P H,Campbell J L. Severe soil frost reduces losses of carbon and nitrogen from the forest floor during simulated snowmelt:a laboratory experiment. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2012,44(1):65-74.
[24]陈哲,杨世琦,张晴雯,周华坤,井新,张爱平,韩瑞芸,杨正礼.冻融对土壤氮素损失及有效性的影响.生态学报,2016,36(4):1083-1094.
[25] Jusselme M D,Saccone P,Zinger L,Faure M,Le Roux X,Guillaumaud N,Bernard L,Clement J C,Poly F. Variations in snow depth modify nrelated soil microbial abundances and functioning during winter in subalpine grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2016,92:27-37.
[26]刘金玲,吴福忠,杨万勤,石培礼,王奥,杨玉莲,武志超.季节性冻融期间川西亚高山/高山森林土壤净氮矿化特征.应用生态学报,2012,23(3):610-616.
[27] Shibata H. Impact of winter climate change on nitrogen biogeochemistry in forest ecosystems:a synthesis from japanese case studies. Ecological Indicators,2016,65:4-9.
[28] Hosokawa N,Isobe K,Urakawa R,Tateno R,Fukuzawa K,Watanabe T,Shibata H. Soil freeze-thaw with root litter alters N transformations during the dormant season in soils under two temperate forests in northern Japan. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2017,114:270-278.
[29]武启骞,吴福忠,杨万勤,徐振锋,何伟,何敏,赵野逸,朱剑霄.季节性雪被对高山森林凋落物分解的影响.植物生态学报,2013,37(4):296-305.
[30] Wu F Z,Yang W Q,Zhang J,Deng R J. Litter decomposition in two subalpine forests during the freeze-thaw season. Acta Oecologica,2010,36(1):135-140.
[31]胡霞,吴宁,吴彦,左万庆,郭海霞,王金牛.川西高原季节性雪被覆盖对窄叶鲜卑花凋落物分解和养分动态的影响.应用生态学报,2012,23(5):1226-1232.
[32]沈菊培,贺纪正.微生物介导的碳氮循环过程对全球气候变化的响应.生态学报,2011,31(11):2957-2967.
[33]秦璐,吕光辉,何学敏.艾比湖地区冻融作用对土壤微生物数量和群落结构的影响.冰川冻土,2013,35(6):1590-1599.
[34]杨思忠,金会军,魏智,吉延峻,何瑞霞.微生物对冻土生境的适应以及对全球变化和寒区工程扰动的响应:进展与展望.冰川冻土,2007,29(2):279-285.
[35]杨思忠,金会军.冻融作用对冻土区微生物生理和生态的影响.生态学报,2008,28(10):5065-5074.
[36]崔晓阳.植物对有机氮源的利用及其在自然生态系统中的意义.生态学报,2007,27(8):3500-3512.
[37]王其兵,李凌浩,白永飞,邢雪荣.气候变化对草甸草原土壤氮素矿化作用影响的实验研究.植物生态学报,2000,24(6):687-692.
[38] Urakawa R,Shibata H,Kuroiwa M,Inagaki Y,Tateno R,Hishi T,Fukuzawa K,Hirai K,Toda H,Oyanagi N,Nakata M,Nakanishi A,Fukushima K,Enoki T,Suwa Y. Effects of freeze-thaw cycles resulting from winter climate change on soil nitrogen cycling in ten temperate forest ecosystems throughout the japanese archipelago. Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2014,74:82-94.
[39]谭波,吴福忠,杨万勤,余胜,刘利,王奥,杨玉莲.川西亚高山/高山森林土壤氧化还原酶活性及其对季节性冻融的响应.生态学报,2012,32(21):6670-6678.
[40]王敬哲,刘志辉,塔西甫拉提獉特依拜,王岚,张波.天山北坡融雪期季节性冻土融化过程分析.干旱区研究,2017,34(2):282-292.
[41]苟小林,吴福忠,杨万勤,谭波,徐振锋,刘金铃,李志萍,黄莉.季节性冻融格局变化对高山森林土壤氮素淋溶损失的影响.环境科学学报,2014,34(2):439-448.
[42]刘欣,黄运湘,袁红,潘复静,何寻阳,张伟,王克林.植被类型与坡位对喀斯特土壤氮转化速率的影响.生态学报,2016,36(9):2578-2587.