基于GIS技术规划城市节水型绿地系统的研究
|
摘要
为实践海绵城市理念,充分利用雨水资源,为哈尔滨市松北区核心区规划具节水功能的绿地系统,该文利用GIS技术,结合彭曼公式,计算研究区可收集雨水资源量和绿地植物需水量,并定位节水绿地位置和规划节水绿地系统。研究区降水量在485～671 mm间,6—8月降雨量占全年降水量的66.4%;研究区年可利用雨水量512.68万m3,雨水资源潜力巨大;5—10月研究区绿地植物需水总量639.71万m~3,同期可收集雨水总量456.17万m~3,满足植物需水量的71.31%。建立研究区DEM模型,将坡度3°～15°间的绿地确定为渗透绿地,坡度3°以下的绿地确定为集水绿地,确定了研究区节水绿地分布图,可建节水绿地面积1 664.19 hm~2,占研究区总面积的37.10%;以节水绿地为主体,结合了水利科学和地理信息科学理论知识,优先规划了能利用城市雨水资源的节水绿地系统,使远期绿地率达43%。
In city green space planning, plant evapotranspiration(ET) and rainwater supply haven't considered. In this study, city water-saving green space system was planned based on GIS technology by considering the plant ET and rainwater supply. We would take full advantage of rainwater resources and plan ecological green space system with water-saving function for the core area of Songbei in Harbin. The GIS technology was used for extraction of underlying subsurface of collectable rainwater for calculation of utilizable rainwater. Plant ET was calculated by Penman-Monteith formula. The results showed that the rainfall in the study area was concentrated in a range of 485-671 mm. The average rainfall of 30 years was 524.5 mm. The rainfall maximized in the year of 1994(524.5 mm) and minimized in the year of 1989(345.5 mm). The rainfall from June to August accounted for 66.4% of the annual rainfall. Among 5 levels, light and moderate rain were the main levels of rainfall and total of them accounted for 69.3% of the total rainfall. Rainwater resources utilization was annually 5 126 800 m~3. The total of the plant ET was annually 6 397 100 m~3 from May to October while in the same time the total amount of rainwater could be collected 4 561 700 m~3. The rainwater resource could reach 71.31% of plant ET. Water demand of plants was mostly consistent with rainfall period. The rainwater harvesting amount in July and August could fully meet the requirement of water by plants, however, the rainwater was less than the required water by plants in the other months especially in May. The rainwater harvested in May only accounted for 28.35% of plant ET. The distribution map of water-saving green space of study area was built up. The green space with the slope between 3° and 15° was designed as the infiltration type greenbelt, and the slope less than 3° was as the water-collecting green space, and by the DEM model, the area of potential water-saving green space could reach 1 664.19 hm2, which was 37.10% of the research area. By using the theory of hydraulic engineering and geographic information science, and taking the water-saving green space as the main body, the water-saving green space system with using rainwater resource was planned for the study area. The system structure was one green ring, three green belts, three vertical and three horizontal green belts, one green isolation belt, one green core, one green region, two green spaces and multiple green points. Five basic types of green space were planned for the study area with park green space(19%), production green space(2%), protective green space(8%), affiliated green space(10%) and the other green space(4%). So the green coverage rate could reach 48% and park coverage rate would reach more than 85%, and the long-term green space rate would reach 43%. This paper showed a method for planning urban green space system with water-saving ecological function so that the water resources in urban could be fully utilized.
In city green space planning, plant evapotranspiration(ET) and rainwater supply haven't considered. In this study, city water-saving green space system was planned based on GIS technology by considering the plant ET and rainwater supply. We would take full advantage of rainwater resources and plan ecological green space system with water-saving function for the core area of Songbei in Harbin. The GIS technology was used for extraction of underlying subsurface of collectable rainwater for calculation of utilizable rainwater. Plant ET was calculated by Penman-Monteith formula. The results showed that the rainfall in the study area was concentrated in a range of 485-671 mm. The average rainfall of 30 years was 524.5 mm. The rainfall maximized in the year of 1994(524.5 mm) and minimized in the year of 1989(345.5 mm). The rainfall from June to August accounted for 66.4% of the annual rainfall. Among 5 levels, light and moderate rain were the main levels of rainfall and total of them accounted for 69.3% of the total rainfall. Rainwater resources utilization was annually 5 126 800 m~3. The total of the plant ET was annually 6 397 100 m~3 from May to October while in the same time the total amount of rainwater could be collected 4 561 700 m~3. The rainwater resource could reach 71.31% of plant ET. Water demand of plants was mostly consistent with rainfall period. The rainwater harvesting amount in July and August could fully meet the requirement of water by plants, however, the rainwater was less than the required water by plants in the other months especially in May. The rainwater harvested in May only accounted for 28.35% of plant ET. The distribution map of water-saving green space of study area was built up. The green space with the slope between 3° and 15° was designed as the infiltration type greenbelt, and the slope less than 3° was as the water-collecting green space, and by the DEM model, the area of potential water-saving green space could reach 1 664.19 hm2, which was 37.10% of the research area. By using the theory of hydraulic engineering and geographic information science, and taking the water-saving green space as the main body, the water-saving green space system with using rainwater resource was planned for the study area. The system structure was one green ring, three green belts, three vertical and three horizontal green belts, one green isolation belt, one green core, one green region, two green spaces and multiple green points. Five basic types of green space were planned for the study area with park green space(19%), production green space(2%), protective green space(8%), affiliated green space(10%) and the other green space(4%). So the green coverage rate could reach 48% and park coverage rate would reach more than 85%, and the long-term green space rate would reach 43%. This paper showed a method for planning urban green space system with water-saving ecological function so that the water resources in urban could be fully utilized.
引文
[1]Edgar L V,Andrew D.Analysis of a rainwater collection system for domestic water supply in Ringdansen,Norrk?ping Sweden[J].Building and Environment,2005,40(9):1174-1184.
[2]Lu Xiaofeng,Sun Yi,Li Bo,et al.Research on utilization of urban rainwater resources[J].Energy Procedia,2011,3(5):2410-2415.
[3]Zeng Bing,Tan Haiqiao,Wu Lijuan.A new approach to urban rainwater management[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2007,17(1):82-84.
[4]张彪,谢高地,薛康,等.北京城市绿地调蓄雨水径流功能及其价值评估[J].生态学报,2011,31(13):3839-3845.Zhang Biao,Xie Gaodi,Xue Kang,et al.Evaluation of rainwater runoff storage by urban green spaces in Beijing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(13):3839-3845.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]周维,张凯,张丽娟.基于海绵城市视角下的城市绿地系统雨水管理研究[J].绿色科技,2017,8(4):121-122.Zhou Wei,Zhang Kai,Zhang Lijuan.Study on rainwater utilization of urban green land system based on the sponge city perspective[J].Journal of Green Science and Technology,2017,8(4):121-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]何丹.北京地区公园绿地雨水利用设计研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.He Dan.Research on the Rainwater Utilization Design in Large Parks in Beijing on Area[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]王凯平.城市园林景观设计中雨水收集的利用方式的思考[J].工程技术研究,2018,31(7):243-244.Wang Kaiping.Thoughts on rainwater collection and utilization in urban landscape design[J].Engineering and Technological Research,2018,31(7):243-244.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]赵西宁,吴普特,冯浩.小流域雨水资源化潜力及其可持续利用分析[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(7):38-41.Zhao Xining,Wu Pute,Feng Hao,et al.Analysis of potential and sustainable utilization of rainwater resources in small watershed[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE).2005,21(7):38-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]宋云,俞孔坚.构建城市雨洪管理系统的景观规划途径:以威海市为例[J].城市问题,2007,26(8):64-70.Song Yun,Yu Kongjian.The landscape planning approach to construct administration system of city storm water:a case study of Weihai city[J].Urban Problems,2007,26(8):64-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]刘若愚.基于GIS上的长株潭结合部雨水利用系统规划研究:以昭山乡为例[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2010.Liu Ruoyu.The Rainwater Utilization System Planning Research about the Junction of Changsha-ZhuzhouXiangtan City Based on GIS:The Case Study of Zhaoshan Township[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]张建新,郑大玮,武永利.基于3S技术的可收集雨水资源潜力的计算与分析[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(10):40-44.Zhang Jianxin,Zheng Dawei,Wu Yongli.Calculation and analysis of the collectable rainwater resource potential based on GIS,GPS and RS[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(10):40-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]宋进喜,宋令勇,何艳芬,等.基于GIS的西安市雨水收集潜力估算[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(6):874-879.Song Jinxi,Song Lingyong,He Yanfen,et al.GIS-based estimation of potential amount of rainwater for utilization in Xi’an city[J].Arid Land Geography.2009,32(6):874-879.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]宰松梅,冯雪芳,仵峰,等.时间尺度对农田灌溉设计保证率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(16):96-102.Zai Songmei,Feng Xuefang,Wu Feng,et al.Effect of time scales on probability of irrigation water requirement of farmland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(16):96-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]John D.Valiantzas Simplified forms for the standardized FAO-56 Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration using limited weather data[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,505:13-23.
[15]苟思,刘超,贺宇欣,等.植物水分来源季节性变化对区域蒸散发模拟的影响[J].工程科学与技术,2018,62(4):63-70.Gou Si,Liu Chao,He Yuxin,et al.Impacts of shift of plant water sources on regional evapotranspiration simulation[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,2018,62(4):63-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]刘钰,Pereira L S.对FAO推荐的作物系数计算方法的验证[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(5):26-30Liu Yu,Pereira L S.Validation of FAO methods for estimating crop coefficients[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2000,16(5):26-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]刘钰,蔡林根.参照腾发量的新定义及计算方法对比[J].水利学报,1997,42(6):28-34.Liu Yu,Cai Lingen.Update definition and computation of reference evapotranspiration comparison with former method[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1997,42(6):28-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Allen R G,Smith M,Perrier A,et al.An update for the definition of reference evapotranspiration[J].ICID Bulletin,1994,143(2):31-34.
[19]Tzoulas K.Promoting ecosystem and urban health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure:A literature review[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2007(7):167-178.
[20]邱振存,管健.园林绿化植物灌溉需水量估算[J].节水灌溉,2011(4):48-50.Qiu Zhencun,Guan Jian.The water requirement estimation of landscape plants irrigation[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2011(4):48-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]张龙曦.谈园林绿化设计中的节水措施[J].低碳世界,2017,7(2):282-284.Zhang Longxi.Discussion on water saving measures in landscape greening design[J].Low Carbon World,2017,7(2):282-284.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]赵西宁,吴普特,冯浩,等.基于GIS的区域雨水资源化潜力评价模型研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):6-10.Zhao Xining,Wu Pute,Feng Hao,et al.Regional rainwater harvesting potential assessment model based on GIS[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(2):6-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]陶望雄.雨水利用理论与技术方案研究[D].西安:长安大学,2016.Tao Wangxiong.Research on Theory and Technical Program of Rainwater Utilization[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]温川,殷战阳.格尔木河格尔木站年径流特征及丰平枯水年划分[J].科技信息,2011,28(13):447-450.Wen Chuan,Yin Zhanyang.Annual runoff characteristics and the divided years with rich,normal and dry precipitation of Golmud Station in Golmud River[J].Science&Technology Information,2011,28(13):447-450.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]曹传生,刘慧民,王南.屋顶花园雨水利用系统设计与实践[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(9):76-85.Cao Chuansheng,Liu Huimin,Wang Nan.Design and practice of rainwater utilization system for roof garden[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(9):76-85.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]吴爱华,袁帅.海绵城市建设在旧城区改造工程设计中的应用[J].建筑节能,2017,25(7):47-51.Wu Aihua,Yuan Shuai.Application of sponge city construction in old city reconstruction project[J].Building Energy Efficiency,2017,25(7):47-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]陈奇灵.海绵城市理论在公共绿地设计中的应用[J].中外建筑,2018,24(7):182-185.Chen Qiling.Application of sponge city theory in public green space design[J].Chinese&Overseas Architecture,2018,24(7):165-170.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]Carson M A,Kirkby M J.Hillslope Form and Process[D].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1972.
[29]Zhang Mulan,Chen Hao,Wang J Z,et al.Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runoff characterization[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(1):40-46.
[30]张静,周玉文,刘春,等.降雨地表径流水质模拟中SWMM模型水质参数确定[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(5):165-170.Zhang Jing,Zhou Yuwen,Liu Chun,et al.Determination of water quality parameters of SWMM model for water quality simulation of rainfall-runoff[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(5):165-170.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]刘冠成,黄雅曦,王庆贵,等.环境因子对植物物种多样性的影响研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(13):83-89.Liu Guancheng,Huang Yaxi,Wang Qinggui,et al.Effects of environmental factors on plants species diversity:Research progress[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2018,34(13):83-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]付兴涛,姚璟.降雨条件下坡长对陡坡产流产沙过程影响的模拟试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):20-24.Fu Xingtao,Yaojing.Simulation experiment on the impact of slope length on steep slope runoff and sediment process under rainfall conditions[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(5):20-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]金志凤,黄敬峰,李波,等.基于GIS及气候-土壤-地形因子的浙江省茶树栽培适宜性评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(3):231-236.Jin Zhifeng,Huang Jingfeng,Li Bo,et al.Suitability evaluation of tea trees cultivation based on GIS in Zhejiang Province[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(3):231-236.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]孙贞婷,胡霞,李宗超,等.土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率的相关性研究[J].水土保持研究,2017,32(3):53-58.Sun Zhenting,Hu Xia,Li Zhongchao,et al.Correlations between soil physical-chemical proprieties and soil splash erosion rate[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,32(3):53-58.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]曹传生.基于SPAC理论的哈尔滨松北区节水绿地规划设计研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2013.Cao Chuansheng.Research on Water-saving Green Space Planning and Design in Songbei District of Harbin Based on SPAC Theory[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[2]Lu Xiaofeng,Sun Yi,Li Bo,et al.Research on utilization of urban rainwater resources[J].Energy Procedia,2011,3(5):2410-2415.
[3]Zeng Bing,Tan Haiqiao,Wu Lijuan.A new approach to urban rainwater management[J].Journal of China University of Mining and Technology,2007,17(1):82-84.
[4]张彪,谢高地,薛康,等.北京城市绿地调蓄雨水径流功能及其价值评估[J].生态学报,2011,31(13):3839-3845.Zhang Biao,Xie Gaodi,Xue Kang,et al.Evaluation of rainwater runoff storage by urban green spaces in Beijing[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(13):3839-3845.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[5]周维,张凯,张丽娟.基于海绵城市视角下的城市绿地系统雨水管理研究[J].绿色科技,2017,8(4):121-122.Zhou Wei,Zhang Kai,Zhang Lijuan.Study on rainwater utilization of urban green land system based on the sponge city perspective[J].Journal of Green Science and Technology,2017,8(4):121-122.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[6]何丹.北京地区公园绿地雨水利用设计研究[D].北京:北京林业大学,2014.He Dan.Research on the Rainwater Utilization Design in Large Parks in Beijing on Area[D].Beijing:Beijing Forestry University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[7]王凯平.城市园林景观设计中雨水收集的利用方式的思考[J].工程技术研究,2018,31(7):243-244.Wang Kaiping.Thoughts on rainwater collection and utilization in urban landscape design[J].Engineering and Technological Research,2018,31(7):243-244.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]赵西宁,吴普特,冯浩.小流域雨水资源化潜力及其可持续利用分析[J].农业工程学报,2005,21(7):38-41.Zhao Xining,Wu Pute,Feng Hao,et al.Analysis of potential and sustainable utilization of rainwater resources in small watershed[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE).2005,21(7):38-41.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]宋云,俞孔坚.构建城市雨洪管理系统的景观规划途径:以威海市为例[J].城市问题,2007,26(8):64-70.Song Yun,Yu Kongjian.The landscape planning approach to construct administration system of city storm water:a case study of Weihai city[J].Urban Problems,2007,26(8):64-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]刘若愚.基于GIS上的长株潭结合部雨水利用系统规划研究:以昭山乡为例[D].长沙:湖南农业大学,2010.Liu Ruoyu.The Rainwater Utilization System Planning Research about the Junction of Changsha-ZhuzhouXiangtan City Based on GIS:The Case Study of Zhaoshan Township[D].Changsha:Hunan Agricultural University2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[11]张建新,郑大玮,武永利.基于3S技术的可收集雨水资源潜力的计算与分析[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(10):40-44.Zhang Jianxin,Zheng Dawei,Wu Yongli.Calculation and analysis of the collectable rainwater resource potential based on GIS,GPS and RS[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2006,22(10):40-44.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]宋进喜,宋令勇,何艳芬,等.基于GIS的西安市雨水收集潜力估算[J].干旱区地理,2009,32(6):874-879.Song Jinxi,Song Lingyong,He Yanfen,et al.GIS-based estimation of potential amount of rainwater for utilization in Xi’an city[J].Arid Land Geography.2009,32(6):874-879.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]宰松梅,冯雪芳,仵峰,等.时间尺度对农田灌溉设计保证率的影响[J].农业工程学报,2018,34(16):96-102.Zai Songmei,Feng Xuefang,Wu Feng,et al.Effect of time scales on probability of irrigation water requirement of farmland[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2018,34(16):96-102.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]John D.Valiantzas Simplified forms for the standardized FAO-56 Penman-Monteith reference evapotranspiration using limited weather data[J].Journal of Hydrology,2013,505:13-23.
[15]苟思,刘超,贺宇欣,等.植物水分来源季节性变化对区域蒸散发模拟的影响[J].工程科学与技术,2018,62(4):63-70.Gou Si,Liu Chao,He Yuxin,et al.Impacts of shift of plant water sources on regional evapotranspiration simulation[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,2018,62(4):63-70.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]刘钰,Pereira L S.对FAO推荐的作物系数计算方法的验证[J].农业工程学报,2000,16(5):26-30Liu Yu,Pereira L S.Validation of FAO methods for estimating crop coefficients[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2000,16(5):26-30.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]刘钰,蔡林根.参照腾发量的新定义及计算方法对比[J].水利学报,1997,42(6):28-34.Liu Yu,Cai Lingen.Update definition and computation of reference evapotranspiration comparison with former method[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,1997,42(6):28-34.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Allen R G,Smith M,Perrier A,et al.An update for the definition of reference evapotranspiration[J].ICID Bulletin,1994,143(2):31-34.
[19]Tzoulas K.Promoting ecosystem and urban health in urban areas using Green Infrastructure:A literature review[J].Landscape and Urban Planning,2007(7):167-178.
[20]邱振存,管健.园林绿化植物灌溉需水量估算[J].节水灌溉,2011(4):48-50.Qiu Zhencun,Guan Jian.The water requirement estimation of landscape plants irrigation[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2011(4):48-50.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[21]张龙曦.谈园林绿化设计中的节水措施[J].低碳世界,2017,7(2):282-284.Zhang Longxi.Discussion on water saving measures in landscape greening design[J].Low Carbon World,2017,7(2):282-284.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[22]赵西宁,吴普特,冯浩,等.基于GIS的区域雨水资源化潜力评价模型研究[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(2):6-10.Zhao Xining,Wu Pute,Feng Hao,et al.Regional rainwater harvesting potential assessment model based on GIS[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(2):6-10.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]陶望雄.雨水利用理论与技术方案研究[D].西安:长安大学,2016.Tao Wangxiong.Research on Theory and Technical Program of Rainwater Utilization[D].Xi’an:Chang’an University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]温川,殷战阳.格尔木河格尔木站年径流特征及丰平枯水年划分[J].科技信息,2011,28(13):447-450.Wen Chuan,Yin Zhanyang.Annual runoff characteristics and the divided years with rich,normal and dry precipitation of Golmud Station in Golmud River[J].Science&Technology Information,2011,28(13):447-450.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]曹传生,刘慧民,王南.屋顶花园雨水利用系统设计与实践[J].农业工程学报,2013,29(9):76-85.Cao Chuansheng,Liu Huimin,Wang Nan.Design and practice of rainwater utilization system for roof garden[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2013,29(9):76-85.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]吴爱华,袁帅.海绵城市建设在旧城区改造工程设计中的应用[J].建筑节能,2017,25(7):47-51.Wu Aihua,Yuan Shuai.Application of sponge city construction in old city reconstruction project[J].Building Energy Efficiency,2017,25(7):47-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]陈奇灵.海绵城市理论在公共绿地设计中的应用[J].中外建筑,2018,24(7):182-185.Chen Qiling.Application of sponge city theory in public green space design[J].Chinese&Overseas Architecture,2018,24(7):165-170.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]Carson M A,Kirkby M J.Hillslope Form and Process[D].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1972.
[29]Zhang Mulan,Chen Hao,Wang J Z,et al.Rainwater utilization and storm pollution control based on urban runoff characterization[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2010,22(1):40-46.
[30]张静,周玉文,刘春,等.降雨地表径流水质模拟中SWMM模型水质参数确定[J].环境科学与技术,2017,40(5):165-170.Zhang Jing,Zhou Yuwen,Liu Chun,et al.Determination of water quality parameters of SWMM model for water quality simulation of rainfall-runoff[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2017,40(5):165-170.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]刘冠成,黄雅曦,王庆贵,等.环境因子对植物物种多样性的影响研究进展[J].中国农学通报,2018,34(13):83-89.Liu Guancheng,Huang Yaxi,Wang Qinggui,et al.Effects of environmental factors on plants species diversity:Research progress[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2018,34(13):83-89.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]付兴涛,姚璟.降雨条件下坡长对陡坡产流产沙过程影响的模拟试验研究[J].水土保持学报,2015,29(5):20-24.Fu Xingtao,Yaojing.Simulation experiment on the impact of slope length on steep slope runoff and sediment process under rainfall conditions[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2015,29(5):20-24.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[33]金志凤,黄敬峰,李波,等.基于GIS及气候-土壤-地形因子的浙江省茶树栽培适宜性评价[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(3):231-236.Jin Zhifeng,Huang Jingfeng,Li Bo,et al.Suitability evaluation of tea trees cultivation based on GIS in Zhejiang Province[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2011,27(3):231-236.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[34]孙贞婷,胡霞,李宗超,等.土壤理化性质与土壤溅蚀速率的相关性研究[J].水土保持研究,2017,32(3):53-58.Sun Zhenting,Hu Xia,Li Zhongchao,et al.Correlations between soil physical-chemical proprieties and soil splash erosion rate[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,32(3):53-58.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[35]曹传生.基于SPAC理论的哈尔滨松北区节水绿地规划设计研究[D].哈尔滨:东北农业大学,2013.Cao Chuansheng.Research on Water-saving Green Space Planning and Design in Songbei District of Harbin Based on SPAC Theory[D].Harbin:Northeast Agricultural University,2013.(in Chinese with English abstract)