水产养殖模式对池塘水环境和环境负荷量的影响
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摘要
为了改善养殖环境,减少排污,研究和分析了6种池塘养殖模式下水体理化指标、底质养分状况、尾水排污量、环境负荷量、氮磷利用率和鱼获物净增产量的变化,明确不同养殖模式对养殖环境负荷的影响。结果表明:单养梭鱼(T3)水体总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、亚硝态氮、总磷、化学需氧量(CODMn)及悬浮物含量都最大,且极显著大于混养模式。单养模式氮磷利用率显著低于混养模式,但环境负荷量显著大于混养模式。60%异育银鲫+30%梭鱼+10%鲢、鳙(T5)是最优养殖模式,其底泥中有机质、总氮、总磷含量最低,其尾水排放氮、磷、CODMn量最小。T5的氮、磷环境负荷量最小,分别为51.81 kg/t、12.84 kg/t,饲料的氮、磷利用率最高,分别为30.09%、19.15%,饵料系数最小,净增产量最大,是环境、经济较优的养殖模式。
In order to improve the aquaculture environment and reduce the sewage,six kinds of aquaculture patterns were carried out in present study. And the water physical and chemical quality,the sediment nutrients,pollutant discharge of aquaculture effluent,the environmental load,nitrogen and phosphorus utilization rate and the net fish yield were respectively investigated during this experiment. The results suggested that contents of total nitrogen( TN),ammonium nitrogen( NH_4~+),nitrate nitrogen( NO_3~-),nitrite nitrogen( NO_2~-),total phosphorus( TP),( CODMn) and suspended solid( SS) in the monoculture ponds of barracuda( T3) were significantly higher than those in the all polyculture ponds. The nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency of feed in monoculture pattern was significantly lower than that in polyculture pattern,but the environmental load of nitrogen and phosphorus was significantly higher than that in polyculture pattern. The polyculture mode of allogynogenetic crucian carp( 60%),barracuda( 30%),silver carp and bighead carp( 10%)( T5) was optimum,because their contents of organic matter,TN and TP in the sediment and the amounts of TN,TP and CODMnin the discharged waste water were lowest.The nitrogen and phosphorus environment loads under the treatment of T5 were lowest,which were 51.81 kg/t and 12.84 kg/t,respectively. In addition,the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization rate of feed was highest,which was 30. 09% and 19. 15%,respectively. The feed coefficient was the smallest,and the net fish yield was the largest in the treatment of T5. So,T5 was the optimal aquaculture pattern.
In order to improve the aquaculture environment and reduce the sewage,six kinds of aquaculture patterns were carried out in present study. And the water physical and chemical quality,the sediment nutrients,pollutant discharge of aquaculture effluent,the environmental load,nitrogen and phosphorus utilization rate and the net fish yield were respectively investigated during this experiment. The results suggested that contents of total nitrogen( TN),ammonium nitrogen( NH_4~+),nitrate nitrogen( NO_3~-),nitrite nitrogen( NO_2~-),total phosphorus( TP),( CODMn) and suspended solid( SS) in the monoculture ponds of barracuda( T3) were significantly higher than those in the all polyculture ponds. The nitrogen and phosphorus utilization efficiency of feed in monoculture pattern was significantly lower than that in polyculture pattern,but the environmental load of nitrogen and phosphorus was significantly higher than that in polyculture pattern. The polyculture mode of allogynogenetic crucian carp( 60%),barracuda( 30%),silver carp and bighead carp( 10%)( T5) was optimum,because their contents of organic matter,TN and TP in the sediment and the amounts of TN,TP and CODMnin the discharged waste water were lowest.The nitrogen and phosphorus environment loads under the treatment of T5 were lowest,which were 51.81 kg/t and 12.84 kg/t,respectively. In addition,the nitrogen and phosphorus utilization rate of feed was highest,which was 30. 09% and 19. 15%,respectively. The feed coefficient was the smallest,and the net fish yield was the largest in the treatment of T5. So,T5 was the optimal aquaculture pattern.
引文
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[2]雷建军,王大鹏,肖俊军,等.广西岩滩水库不同养殖类型区域沉积物磷分布特征分析[J].南方农业学报,2017,48(12):2288-2294.
[3]LI H,LI X,LI Q,et al.Environmental response to long-term mariculture activities in the Weihai coastal area,China Author links open overlay panel[J].Science of The Total Environmen,2017,601/602:22-31.
[4]FERNANDA S D,DANILO C P,WAGNER C,et al.Nitrogen budget in integrated aquaculture systems with Nile tilapia and Amazon River prawn[J].Aquaculture Int,2017,25:1733-1746.
[5]ZHANG K,XIE J,YU D,et al.A comparative study on the budget of nitrogen and phosphorus in polyculture systems of snakehead with bighead carp[J].Aquaculture,2018,483(20):69-75.
[6]李廷友,谢标,林振山.有机海水围塘养殖生态系统能量收支与利用效率研究[J].水生态学杂志,2013,33(3):80-84.
[7]MARQUES H L A,NEW M B,BOOCK M V,et al.Integrated freshwater prawn farming:state-of-the-art and future potential.Reviews in fisheries[J].Science&Aquaculture,2016,24(3):264-293.
[8]ALICE C,LI L P,GUO S J,et al.Feed and fishmeal use in the production of carp and tilapia in China[J].Aquaculture,2013,414/415(15):127-134.
[9]梁斌,张建,周恩华,等.美国生态水产养殖模式与常规混养模式的环境效应比较[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(4):339-343.
[10]国家环保护总局.水和废水检测分析方法[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:210-285.
[11]李纯厚,黄洪辉,林钦,等.海水对虾池塘养殖污染物环境负荷量的研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2004,23(3):545-550.
[12]YANG G J,SONG L,LU X Q,et al.Effect of the exposure to suspended solids on the enzymatic activity in the bivalve Sinonovacula constricta[J].Aquaculture and Fisheries,2017,2:10-17.
[13]LEWIS W M,WURTSBAUGH W A,PAERL H A.Rationale for control of anthropogenic nitrogen and phosphorus to reduce eutrophication of inland waters[J].Environ Sci&Technol,2011,45:10300-10305.
[14]韩士群,严少华,张建秋,等.滩涂池塘生态系统的光合能量利用及其影响因子[J].生态学报,2009,29(2):1038-1047.
[15]SU Y P,MA S,LEI J L.Assessment of pollutant reducing effect by poly-culture and bioremediation in sediment of marine shrimp ponds[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2011,10:1559-1567.
[16]BANCHUEN M,KOU I K,SORAWIT P,et al.Effects of white shrimp,Litopenaeus vannamei(Boone),and Nile tilapia,Oreochromis niloticus,stocking density on growth,nutrient conversion rate and economic return in integrated closed recirculation system[J].Aquaculture,2007,269(14):363-376.
[17]ANTONIO T,CARLOS M,MANUEL P M,et al.Environmental implications of intensive marine aquaculture in earthen ponds[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,2000,40(11):981-988.
[18]SCHWARTZ M F,BOYD C E.Effluent quality during harvest of Channel Catfish from watershed ponds[J].Progressive Fish-Culturist,1994,56:25-32.
[19]KELLY L A,STELLWAGEN J,BERGHEIM A.Waste loadings from a fresh-water Atlantic Salmon farm in Scotland[J].Water Resources Bulletin,1996,32:1017-1025.
[20]WU R S.The environmental impact of marine fish culture towards a sustainable future[J].Marine Pollution Bulletin,1995,31:159-166.
[21]ROBERTSON A I,PHILLIPS M J.Mangroves as filters of shrimp pond effluent:predictions and biogeochemical research need[J].Hydrobiology,1995,295:311-321.
[22]SIMON J,FUNGE-SMITH,MATTHEW R P,et al.Nutrient budgets in intensive shrimp ponds implications for sustainability[J].Aquaculture,1998,164:117-133.
[23]PENCZAK T,GALICKA W,MOLINSKI M.The enrichment of a mesotrophic lake by carbon,phosphorus and nitrogen from the cage aquaculture of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri[J].Appl Ecol,1982,19:371-393.