施肥模式对不同基础地力稻田培肥和水稻产量的动态影响
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摘要
目的:为了探讨不同施肥模式对水稻产量及土壤肥力的影响,找到不同肥力水平土壤的最佳施肥模式。方法:本试验在浏阳市荷花镇(低产田)、达浒镇(高产田),比较不施肥(T1)、常规施肥(T2)、40%有机肥(T3)和纯化肥(T4)的水稻产量和土壤肥力变化。结果:施肥处理均能显著提高荷花、达浒两地水稻产量。T2和T3处理能通过增加水稻有效穗数和每穗粒数使水稻产量显著增加。在荷花,T4处理比T1～T3处理分别增产49.8%、2.28%、0.08%;在达浒,T3处理比T1、T2、T4处理分别增产34.15%、12.43%、8.84%。两地土壤养分含量、肥力综合评价值均表现出T3处理显著高于其他处理,且逐年增加。结论:不施肥会降低水稻产量和土壤肥力。低产田在短年限内农家习惯施肥能显著提高水稻产量和土壤养分,但长远培肥应该适当加大有机肥的比例;高产田有机无机肥配施能够达到很好的培肥效果。
Objective of this study was to explore the effects of different fertilization patterns on rice yield and soil fertility, and found the best fertilization patterns on paddy field with different fertility levels. In this study, rice yield and soil fertility changes of non-fertilization(T1), conventional fertilization(T2), 40% organic fertilizer(T3) and pure fertilizer(T4) were compared in Hehua village(low-yielding field) and Dahu village(high-yielding field). Results showed that fertilization treatment significantly improved the yield of rice in Hehua and Dahu. Rice yield of T2 and T3 treatments was significantly increased by increasing the number of effective ears and grains per ear. In Hehua, production of T4 treatment increased by 49.8%, 2.28% and 0.08%, respectively, compared with T1-T3. In Dahu, production of T3 treatment increased by 34.15%, 12.43% and 8.84%, respectively, compared with T1, T2 and T4. The comprehensive evaluation value of soil nutrient content and fertility in both places showed that T3 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and it increased year by year. In conclusion, not applying fertilizer can reduce rice yield and soil fertility. Conventional fertilization in low-yielding fields can significantly improve rice yield and soil nutrients in a short period of time, but the proportion of organic fertilizer should be appropriately increased in long-term fertilization. The application of organic and inorganic fertilizer in high yield field can achieve good effect of fertilizer cultivation.
Objective of this study was to explore the effects of different fertilization patterns on rice yield and soil fertility, and found the best fertilization patterns on paddy field with different fertility levels. In this study, rice yield and soil fertility changes of non-fertilization(T1), conventional fertilization(T2), 40% organic fertilizer(T3) and pure fertilizer(T4) were compared in Hehua village(low-yielding field) and Dahu village(high-yielding field). Results showed that fertilization treatment significantly improved the yield of rice in Hehua and Dahu. Rice yield of T2 and T3 treatments was significantly increased by increasing the number of effective ears and grains per ear. In Hehua, production of T4 treatment increased by 49.8%, 2.28% and 0.08%, respectively, compared with T1-T3. In Dahu, production of T3 treatment increased by 34.15%, 12.43% and 8.84%, respectively, compared with T1, T2 and T4. The comprehensive evaluation value of soil nutrient content and fertility in both places showed that T3 treatment was significantly higher than that of other treatments, and it increased year by year. In conclusion, not applying fertilizer can reduce rice yield and soil fertility. Conventional fertilization in low-yielding fields can significantly improve rice yield and soil nutrients in a short period of time, but the proportion of organic fertilizer should be appropriately increased in long-term fertilization. The application of organic and inorganic fertilizer in high yield field can achieve good effect of fertilizer cultivation.
引文
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[12]徐明岗,李冬初,李菊梅,等.化肥有机肥配施对水稻养分吸收和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10)::3133-3139.
[13]魏静,郭树芳,翟丽梅,等.有机无机肥配施对水稻氮素利用率与氮流失风险的影响[J].土壤,2018(5):874-880.
[14]刘晓霞,陆若辉,戴佩彬,等.化肥与有机肥长期配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].浙江农业科学,2018,59(5):694-697.
[15]黄晶,高菊生,张杨珠,等.长期不同施肥下水稻产量及土壤有机质和氮素养分的变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(7):1889-1894.
[16]郝小雨,高伟,王玉军,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(3):538-547.
[17]杨德海,屠启澍.有机肥与化肥配施对水稻养分平衡的研究[J].土壤通报,1990(4):155-157.
[18]王秋君.稻麦轮作系统中施用有机无机复混肥对作物生长及土壤肥力的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.
[19]顾巍巍,顾树平,张强,等.有机无机配施对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响[J].上海农业学报,2015,31(6):95-100.
[20]王莉,高淑青,李梦瑶,等.长期有机无机肥配施对黑土养分特征的影响[J].吉林农业科学,2015,40(3):54-58,91.
[21]许小伟,樊剑波,陈晏,等.不同有机无机肥配施比例对红壤旱地花生产量、土壤速效养分和生物学性质的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(18):5182-5190.
[2]张军,张洪程,段祥茂,等.地力与施氮量对超级稻产量、品质及氮素利用率的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(11):2020-2029.
[3]张奇春,王光火.长期不同施肥下杂交水稻与常规稻的产量与土壤养分平衡[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2006,12(3):340-345.
[4]李冬初,李菊梅,徐明岗,等.有机无机肥配施对红壤稻田氮素形态及水稻产量的影响[J].湖南农业科学,2004,31(3):23-25.
[5]张发明,毛昆明,刘宏斌,等.不同量有机肥与化肥配施对水稻氮素吸收利用的影响[J].云南农业大学学报,2011,26(5):694-699.
[6]孙永健,孙园园,刘树金,等.水分管理和氮肥运筹对水稻养分吸收、转运及分配的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(12):2221-2232.
[7]刘汝亮,张爱平,李友宏,等.长期配施有机肥对宁夏引黄灌区水稻产量和稻田氮素淋失及平衡特征的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(5):947-954.
[8]李菊梅,徐明岗,秦道珠,等.有机肥无机肥配施对稻田氨挥发和水稻产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2005,11(1):51-56.
[9]Conacher J,Conacher A.Organic farming and the environment,with particular reference to Australia:A review[J].Biological Agriculture&Horticulture,1998,16(2):145-171.
[10]邵兴华,张建忠,夏雪琴,等.长期施肥对水稻土酶活性及理化特性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(1):74-77.
[11]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000:25-108.
[12]徐明岗,李冬初,李菊梅,等.化肥有机肥配施对水稻养分吸收和产量的影响[J].中国农业科学,2008,41(10)::3133-3139.
[13]魏静,郭树芳,翟丽梅,等.有机无机肥配施对水稻氮素利用率与氮流失风险的影响[J].土壤,2018(5):874-880.
[14]刘晓霞,陆若辉,戴佩彬,等.化肥与有机肥长期配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的影响[J].浙江农业科学,2018,59(5):694-697.
[15]黄晶,高菊生,张杨珠,等.长期不同施肥下水稻产量及土壤有机质和氮素养分的变化特征[J].应用生态学报,2013,24(7):1889-1894.
[16]郝小雨,高伟,王玉军,等.有机无机肥料配合施用对设施番茄产量、品质及土壤硝态氮淋失的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2012,31(3):538-547.
[17]杨德海,屠启澍.有机肥与化肥配施对水稻养分平衡的研究[J].土壤通报,1990(4):155-157.
[18]王秋君.稻麦轮作系统中施用有机无机复混肥对作物生长及土壤肥力的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2012.
[19]顾巍巍,顾树平,张强,等.有机无机配施对水稻产量及产量构成因素的影响[J].上海农业学报,2015,31(6):95-100.
[20]王莉,高淑青,李梦瑶,等.长期有机无机肥配施对黑土养分特征的影响[J].吉林农业科学,2015,40(3):54-58,91.
[21]许小伟,樊剑波,陈晏,等.不同有机无机肥配施比例对红壤旱地花生产量、土壤速效养分和生物学性质的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(18):5182-5190.