氮肥施用和地膜覆盖对旱作春玉米氮素吸收及分配的影响
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摘要
【目的】通过田间试验探究黄土旱塬氮肥施用和地膜覆盖对春玉米干物质累积、产量和氮素吸收利用的影响。【方法】田间试验于2016年和2017年在中国科学院水利部水土保持研究所长武黄土高原农业生态试验站进行。该站位于陕西省咸阳市长武县洪家镇,地貌为高原沟壑区,地带性土壤为黑垆土,供试作物为春玉米。试验采用裂区设计,主区为地膜覆盖和不覆盖,副区为4个施氮水平(0、100、250和400 kg/hm~2)。在玉米六叶期(V6)、十叶期(V10)、吐丝期(R1)、乳熟期(R3)及完熟期(R6) 5个时期采集植株样品,测定生物量并按照需要分为不同部位测定植株全氮含量。【结果】1)氮肥施用和地膜覆盖显著提高春玉米籽粒产量,地膜覆盖条件下氮肥提高春玉米籽粒产量效果更显著。地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm~2和400 kg/hm~2处理春玉米籽粒获得高产,产量达12.8～16.4 t/hm~2,两个施氮量间春玉米籽粒产量差异不显著;不覆盖条件下,施氮量400kg/hm~2处理春玉米籽粒产量显著低于250 kg/hm~2处理。2)氮肥施用和地膜覆盖及二因素互作显著提高春玉米花前和花后氮素累积量,二因素互作对春玉米花后氮素和干物质累积作用较花前更大,地膜覆盖条件下施氮处理花后氮素和干物质累积量比例分别为51.5%～54.9%和51.1%～59.9%,为春玉米籽粒产量提高奠定物质基础,地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm~2和400 kg/hm~2处理可获得高的花前和花后氮素和干物质累积量,但施氮量400 kg/hm~2处理的氮素和干物质累积量与施氮量250 kg/hm~2处理的均差异不显著。3)由于氮肥施用和地膜覆盖互作显著提高花前氮素累积和促进花后的生长发育,二因素协同促进春玉米营养器官氮素转移量,地膜覆盖条件下施氮量250 kg/hm~2和400 kg/hm~2处理均能有效促进花前储存更多的氮素向籽粒转运,提高花后期氮同化量,促进籽粒产量的提高。相同覆盖条件下,施氮量400 kg/hm~2处理营养器官氮素转移量与施氮量250 kg/hm~2差异不显著。4)地膜覆盖显著提高相同施氮量下氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力;地膜覆盖和氮肥用量及二因素互作显著提高氮收获指数,地膜覆盖条件下,施氮量250 kg/hm~2和400 kg/hm~2处理可获得较高的氮收获指数,氮收获指数达65.1%～75.4%,但施氮量250 kg/hm~2和400 kg/hm~2处理氮收获指数差异不显著。【结论】在该试验条件下,氮肥施用和地膜覆盖互作显著提高春玉米花前和花后的氮素吸收和干物质累积,但二因素互作对春玉米花后氮素吸收和干物质累积影响更大,从而促进了营养器官氮素转移,提高了春玉米产量和氮收获指数。
【Objectives】This experiment is to investigate the effect of nitrogen(N) application and plastic film mulching on dry matter accumulation, yield and N uptake and utilization of spring maize.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2017 in the Changwu County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, which belonged to typical gully region of the Loess Plateau with the dark loessial soil. A split design was applied for the experiment, the main factors included plastic film mulching(FM) and no mulching(NM), and the sub-factors included four different N application rates of 0, 100, 250 and 400 kg/hm~2. Plant samples for measuring total biomass were collected at different growth stages, 6 expanded leaves(V6), 10 expanded leaves(V10), silking stage, milking ripening and entire ripening stage. The samples were divided into different parts as required, and the total N contents were determined. 【Results】1) Both N application and plastic film mulching significantly increased grain yield of spring maize. N application improved the yield of spring maize more effectively under plastic film mulching. High grain yields of spring maize from 12.8 to 16.4 t/hm~2 were obtained at N rates of 250 kg/hm~2 and 400 kg/hm~2, but there was no significant difference between two treatments. Under no mulching, the grain yield at N rate of 400 kg/hm~2 was significantly lower than that of N rate of 250 kg/hm~2. 2) N application,plastic film mulching significantly increased pre-silking and post-silking N and dry matter accumulation of spring maize, the effect of their interactions on the N and dry matter accumulation in post-silking was more effective than that of pre-silking. Under plastic film mulching, the proportion of N and dry matter accumulation in post-silking was 51.5% to 54.9% and 51.1% to 59.9%, respectively. High nitrogen and dry matter accumulation of pre-silking and post-silking were obtained with N rates of 250 kg/hm~2 and 400 kg/hm~2 under plastic film mulching, but N and dry matter accumulation at N rate of 400 kg/hm~2 did not significantly increase compared with N rate of 250 kg/hm~2. 3) As the interaction between N application and plastic film mulching significantly increased pre-silking N accumulation and promoted post-silking growth, the interaction significantly promoted the translocation amount of N in vegetative organs of spring maize. Under plastic film mulching, N rates of 250 kg/hm~2 and 400 kg/hm~2 effectively promoted translocation of more N stored in the vegetative organs into grains. Under the same mulching condition, there was no significant difference between the N rates of 400 kg/hm~2 and 250 kg/hm~2 in N translocation from the vegetative organs. 4) Plastic film mulching significantly increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency and N partial factor productivity under the same N application rate. N application, plastic film mulching and their interactions significantly increased N harvest index, which was 65.1% to 75.4% at N application rates of250 kg/hm~2 and 400 kg/hm~2, there was no significant difference between two treatments.【Conclusions】 The interaction between N application and plastic film mulching significantly promoted the N and dry matter accumulation of pre-and post-silking periods of spring maize, while this effect was more effective in the postsilking than in pre-silking, thus promoting N translocation from the vegetative organs into grain. The two factors synergistically increased the yield and the N harvest index of spring maize.
【Objectives】This experiment is to investigate the effect of nitrogen(N) application and plastic film mulching on dry matter accumulation, yield and N uptake and utilization of spring maize.【Methods】A field experiment was conducted from 2016 to 2017 in the Changwu County, Xianyang City, Shaanxi Province, which belonged to typical gully region of the Loess Plateau with the dark loessial soil. A split design was applied for the experiment, the main factors included plastic film mulching(FM) and no mulching(NM), and the sub-factors included four different N application rates of 0, 100, 250 and 400 kg/hm~2. Plant samples for measuring total biomass were collected at different growth stages, 6 expanded leaves(V6), 10 expanded leaves(V10), silking stage, milking ripening and entire ripening stage. The samples were divided into different parts as required, and the total N contents were determined. 【Results】1) Both N application and plastic film mulching significantly increased grain yield of spring maize. N application improved the yield of spring maize more effectively under plastic film mulching. High grain yields of spring maize from 12.8 to 16.4 t/hm~2 were obtained at N rates of 250 kg/hm~2 and 400 kg/hm~2, but there was no significant difference between two treatments. Under no mulching, the grain yield at N rate of 400 kg/hm~2 was significantly lower than that of N rate of 250 kg/hm~2. 2) N application,plastic film mulching significantly increased pre-silking and post-silking N and dry matter accumulation of spring maize, the effect of their interactions on the N and dry matter accumulation in post-silking was more effective than that of pre-silking. Under plastic film mulching, the proportion of N and dry matter accumulation in post-silking was 51.5% to 54.9% and 51.1% to 59.9%, respectively. High nitrogen and dry matter accumulation of pre-silking and post-silking were obtained with N rates of 250 kg/hm~2 and 400 kg/hm~2 under plastic film mulching, but N and dry matter accumulation at N rate of 400 kg/hm~2 did not significantly increase compared with N rate of 250 kg/hm~2. 3) As the interaction between N application and plastic film mulching significantly increased pre-silking N accumulation and promoted post-silking growth, the interaction significantly promoted the translocation amount of N in vegetative organs of spring maize. Under plastic film mulching, N rates of 250 kg/hm~2 and 400 kg/hm~2 effectively promoted translocation of more N stored in the vegetative organs into grains. Under the same mulching condition, there was no significant difference between the N rates of 400 kg/hm~2 and 250 kg/hm~2 in N translocation from the vegetative organs. 4) Plastic film mulching significantly increased nitrogen agronomic efficiency and N partial factor productivity under the same N application rate. N application, plastic film mulching and their interactions significantly increased N harvest index, which was 65.1% to 75.4% at N application rates of250 kg/hm~2 and 400 kg/hm~2, there was no significant difference between two treatments.【Conclusions】 The interaction between N application and plastic film mulching significantly promoted the N and dry matter accumulation of pre-and post-silking periods of spring maize, while this effect was more effective in the postsilking than in pre-silking, thus promoting N translocation from the vegetative organs into grain. The two factors synergistically increased the yield and the N harvest index of spring maize.
引文
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[2]Liu C A, Jin S L, Zhou L M, et al. Effects of plastic film mulch andtillage on maize productivity and soil parameters[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2009, 31(T4):241-249.
[3]Xie Z K, Wang Y J, Li F M. Effect of plastic mulching on soil water use and spring wheat yield in arid region of northwest China[J].Agricultural Water Management, 2005, 75(1):71-83.
[4]Wang Y J, Xie Z K, Malhi S S, et al. Effects of rainfall harvesting and mulching technologies on water use efficiency and crop yield in the semi-arid Loess Plateau, China[J]. Agricultural Water Management, 2009, 96(3):374-382.
[5]李广浩,刘娟,董树亭,等.密植与氮肥用量对不同耐密型夏玉米品种产量及氮素利用效率的影响[J].中国农业科学,2017, 50(12):2247-2258.Li G H, Liu J, Dong S T, et al. Effects of close planting and nitrogen application rates on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of different density-tolerance maize hybrids[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2017, 50(12):2247-2258.
[6]Liu J L, Bu L D, Zhu L, et al. Optimizing plant density and plastic film mulch to increase maize productivity and water-use efficiency in semiarid areas[J]. Agronomy Journal, 2014, 106(4):1138-1146.
[7]Meng Q F, Cui Z L, Yang H S, et al. Chapter three-establishing highyielding maize system for sustainable intensification in China[J].Advances in Agronomy,2018, 148:85-109.
[8]Meng Q F, Yue S C, Hou P, et al. Improving yield and nitrogen use efficiency simultaneously for maize and wheat in China:A review[J].Pedosphere, 2016, 26(2):137-147.
[9]郑伟,何萍,高强,等.施氮对不同土壤肥力玉米氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2011,17(2):301-309.Zheng W, He P, Gao Q, et al. Effect of N application on nitrogen absorption and utilization of spring maize under different soil fertilities[J]. Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2011, 17(2):301-309.
[10]曹国军,刘宁,李刚,等.超高产春玉米氮磷钾的吸收与分配[J].水土保持学报,2008, 22(2):198-201.Cao G J, Liu N, Li G, et al. Study on absorption and distribution of nitrogen phosphorus and potassium in super-high yield spring maize[J]. Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 2008, 22(2):198-201.
[11] Osaki M, Shinano T, Tadano T. Redistribution of carbon and nitrogen compounds from the shoot to the harvesting organs during maturation in field crops[J]. Soil Science&Plant Nutrition, 1991, 37(1):117-128.
[12]何萍,金继运,林葆.氮肥用量对春玉米叶片衰老的影响及其机理研究[J].中国农业科学,1998, 31(3):66-71.He P, Jin J Y, Lin B. Effect of N application rates on leaf senescence and its mechanism in spring maize[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,1998,31(3):66-71.
[13] Bu L D, Liu J L, Zhu L, et al. Attainable yield achieved for plastic film-mulched maize in response to nitrogen deficit[J]. European Journal of Agronomy, 2014, 55(2):53-62.
[14]刘建亮.旱地高产高效玉米栽培体系水氮管理及调控[D].陕西杨陵:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2014.Liu J L. Management and regulation of water and nitrogen for highyield and high-efficiency dryland maize system[D]. Yangling,Shaanxi:PhD Dissertation of Northwest A&F University,2014.
[15]卜令铎.旱地春玉米高产高效栽培体系构建、评价及区域模拟[D].陕西杨陵:西北农林科技大学博士学位论文,2013.Bu L D. The cultivation system establishment and assessment contributing to yield and efficiency improvement of dryland maize,and regional simulation[D]. Yangling, Shaanxi:PhD Dissertation of Northwest A&F University, 2013.
[16] Chen X P, Cui Z L, Vitousek P M, et al. Integrated soil-crop system management for food security[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 108(16):6399-6404.
[17] Ciampitti I A, Vyn T J. Physiological perspectives of changes over time in maize yield dependency on nitrogen uptake and associated nitrogen efficiencies:A review[J]. Field Crops Research.,2012, 133:48-67.
[18] Kim K I, Clay D E, Carlson C G, et al. Do synergistic relationships between nitrogen and water influence the ability of corn to use nitrogen derived from fertilizer and soil?[J]. Agronomy Journal,2008, 100(3):551-556.
[19]徐洪敏,朱琳,刘毅,等.黄土旱塬几种农田水分管理模式下春玉米氮素吸收及分配的差异[J].中国农业科学,2010, 43(14):2905-2912.Xu H M, Zhu L, Liu Y, et al. Nitrogen absorption and allocation of spring maize on dryland of loess plateau in different farmland water management pattems[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 2010, 43(14):2905-2912.
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