氮肥后移满足绿洲灌区全膜覆盖玉米的氮素需求
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摘要
【目的】在水热资源有限区,地膜覆盖使得玉米对氮素的需求前移,容易造成后期脱肥。本研究在河西绿洲灌区通过田间试验,探讨氮肥后移对全膜覆盖玉米产量、氮素积累特征和氮肥利用率的影响,以期为优化地膜覆盖栽培玉米的施氮制度提供理论依据。【方法】试验为单因素试验,在施氮量450 kg/hm~2水平下,基肥和大喇叭口期追肥分别占总施氮量的20%和40%,其余40%的氮追施时期和比例分为3个处理:N1(拔节肥10%+花粒肥30%),N2(拔节肥20%+花粒肥20%),N3(传统方式,拔节肥30%+花粒肥10%),此外,还设定了不施氮肥空白对照。调查了玉米氮素积累动态及氮素利用状况。【结果】氮肥后移对玉米生育前期植株氮素的积累影响不显著,但能显著提高生育后期的氮素积累量。与N3相比,N1处理玉米植株氮素积累量在成熟期提高10.0%,籽粒吸氮量提高44.6%;氮肥后移对玉米籽粒产量和收获指数均有显著影响,N1处理籽粒产量较N3提高15.8%,收获指数提高12.2%,N2处理的籽粒产量与收获指数与N3处理差异不显著。N1处理的玉米氮素收获指数较N3处理提高31.0%,氮肥利用率(NUE)、氮肥农学效率(NAE)和氮肥生理利用率(NPE)分别提高15.1%、79.4%和55.7%,N2处理与N3处理间则无显著差异。【结论】在总施氮量为450 kg/hm~2的水平下,玉米拔节期追施45 kg/hm~2、大喇叭口期追施180 kg/hm~2、花后10 d追施135 kg/hm~2氮肥,可有效提高地膜覆盖玉米的氮素供需吻合度,增加玉米生育后期氮素积累量,提高产量、氮素收获指数和氮肥利用率,是河西绿洲灌区实现玉米增产和提高氮肥利用率的一项有效措施。
【Objectives】In area of water and heat resource shortage, plastic film mulching has been widely used in the production of maize, however, it usually causes an advanced N requirement and leads to the insufficient supply of N at late growth stages of maize. In this study, the postponed ratio of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was studied, to provide reference for the optimization of N-fertilizer management in maize production under the full plastic film mulching.【Methods】A field experiment was carried out in Hexi Oasis Irrigation region. All the treatments received the same rate of total N of 450 kg/hm~2, of which 20% was basally applied, 40% top-dressed at pre-tasseling stage, and the allocation ratios of the left 40% at jointing and post-flowering stages were setup as treatments, N1(10% and 30%), N2(20% and 20%), N3(traditional practice, 30% and 10%), the treatment without N application was setup as control. Accordingly, the dynamic of N accumulation and nitrogen use status of maize were investigated.【Results】The postponed application of N-fertilizer had no significant influence on N accumulation at early growth stages, while significantly improved the cumulative uptake of N at the late growth stages of maize. Compared with N3, the N accumulation in maize plants and grains under N1 treatment was increased by 10.0% and 44.6%, respectively, and the grain yield and harvest index of maize were increased by 15.8% and 12.2%; there was no significant difference between those indexes under N2 treatment and those under N3. Compared with N3, the nitrogen harvest index, NUE, NAE and NPE of maize under N1 were increased by 31.0%, 15.1%, 79.4% and 55.7%, respectively; whereas those under N2 were not significantly increased.Consequently, the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize under the treatment with N 90 kg/hm~2 postponed application were greatly improved.【Conclusions】For the total N input of 450 kg/hm~2, topdressing N at jointing, pre-tasseling and post-flowering stages of N 45 kg/hm~2, 180 kg/hm~2 and 135 kg/hm~2 could effectively matching the supply and demand of maize to nitrogen during the whole growth cycle, which significantly increases the N accumulation and nitrogen harvest index of maize. Therefore, the allocation ratio should be considered as a favorable agronomic practice for enhancing grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in Oasis Irrigation Region.
【Objectives】In area of water and heat resource shortage, plastic film mulching has been widely used in the production of maize, however, it usually causes an advanced N requirement and leads to the insufficient supply of N at late growth stages of maize. In this study, the postponed ratio of topdressing nitrogen fertilizer was studied, to provide reference for the optimization of N-fertilizer management in maize production under the full plastic film mulching.【Methods】A field experiment was carried out in Hexi Oasis Irrigation region. All the treatments received the same rate of total N of 450 kg/hm~2, of which 20% was basally applied, 40% top-dressed at pre-tasseling stage, and the allocation ratios of the left 40% at jointing and post-flowering stages were setup as treatments, N1(10% and 30%), N2(20% and 20%), N3(traditional practice, 30% and 10%), the treatment without N application was setup as control. Accordingly, the dynamic of N accumulation and nitrogen use status of maize were investigated.【Results】The postponed application of N-fertilizer had no significant influence on N accumulation at early growth stages, while significantly improved the cumulative uptake of N at the late growth stages of maize. Compared with N3, the N accumulation in maize plants and grains under N1 treatment was increased by 10.0% and 44.6%, respectively, and the grain yield and harvest index of maize were increased by 15.8% and 12.2%; there was no significant difference between those indexes under N2 treatment and those under N3. Compared with N3, the nitrogen harvest index, NUE, NAE and NPE of maize under N1 were increased by 31.0%, 15.1%, 79.4% and 55.7%, respectively; whereas those under N2 were not significantly increased.Consequently, the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize under the treatment with N 90 kg/hm~2 postponed application were greatly improved.【Conclusions】For the total N input of 450 kg/hm~2, topdressing N at jointing, pre-tasseling and post-flowering stages of N 45 kg/hm~2, 180 kg/hm~2 and 135 kg/hm~2 could effectively matching the supply and demand of maize to nitrogen during the whole growth cycle, which significantly increases the N accumulation and nitrogen harvest index of maize. Therefore, the allocation ratio should be considered as a favorable agronomic practice for enhancing grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of maize in Oasis Irrigation Region.
引文
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[2]李红莉,张卫峰,张福锁,等.中国主要粮食作物化肥施用量与效率变化分析[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(5):1136–1143.Li H L,Zhang W F,Zhang F S,et al.Chemical fertilizer use and efficiency change of main grain crops in China[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2010,16(5):1136–1143.
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[4]巨晓棠,潘家荣,刘学军,等.北京郊区冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中氮肥去向研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2003,9(3):264–270.Ju X T,Pan J R,Liu X J,et al.Study on the fate of nitrogen fertilizer in winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Beijing suburban[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2003,9(3):264–270.
[5]Stanger T F,Lauer J G.Corn grain yield response to crop rotation and nitrogen over 35 years[J].Agronomy Journal,2008,100(3):643–650.
[6]曹胜彪,张吉旺,董树亭,等.施氮量和种植密度对高产夏玉米产量和氮素利用效率的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2012,18(6):1343–1353.Cao S B,Zhang J W,Dong S T,et al.Effect of nitrogen and planting density on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency of high yield summer maize[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2012,18(6):1343–1353.
[7]石德杨,张海艳,董树亭.土壤高残留氮条件下施氮对夏玉米氮素平衡、利用及产量的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2013,19(1):37–44.Shi D Y,Zhang H Y,Dong S T.Effects of nitrogen application on nitrogen balance and use efficiency and yield of summer maize in soil with high residual nitrogen[J].Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2013,19(1):37–44.
[8]Rimski–Korsakov H,Rubio G,Lavado R S.Fate of the nitrogen from fertilizers in field–grown maize[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2012,93(3):253–263.
[9]葛均筑,李淑娅,钟新月,等.施氮量与地膜覆盖对长江中游春玉米产量性能及氮肥利用效率的影响[J].作物学报,2014,40(6):1081–1092.Ge J Z,Li S Y,Zhong X Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application and film mulching on yield performance parameters and nitrogen use efficiency of spring maize in the Middle Reaches of Yangtze River[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2014,40(6):1081–1092.
[10]王宜伦,李潮海,谭金芳,等.氮肥后移对超高产夏玉米产量及氮素吸收和利用的影响[J].作物学报,2011,37(2):339–347.Wang Y L,Li C H,Tan J F,et al.Effect of postponing N application on yield,nitrogen absorption and utilization in super–high–yield summer maize[J].Acta Agronoica Sinica,2011,37(2):339–347.
[11]吕鹏,张吉旺,刘伟,等.施氮时期对高产夏玉米氮代谢关键酶活性及抗氧化特性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2012,23(6):1591–1598.LüP,Zhang J W,Liu W,et al.Effect of nitrogen application stage on photosynthetic characteristics of summer maize in high yield conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2012,23(6):1591–1598.
[12]于爱忠,柴强.供水与地膜覆盖对干旱灌区玉米产量的影响[J].作物学报,2015,41(5):778–786.Yu A Z,Chai Q.Effects of plastic film mulching and irrigation quota on yield of corn in arid oasis irrigation area[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2015,41(5):778–786.
[13]苗果园,邵海林卜玉山,等.对地膜和秸秆覆盖玉米生长发育与产量的分析[J].作物学报,2006,32(6):1090–1093.Miao G Y,Shao H L,Bu Y S,et al.Analysis of growth and development and yield of corn mulched with plastic film and straw[J].Acta Agronomica Sinica,2006,32(6):1090–1093.
[14]李世朋,蔡祖聪,杨浩,等.长期定位施肥与地膜覆盖对土壤肥力和生物学性质的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(5):2489–2498.Li S P,Cai Z C,Yang H,et al.Effects of long-term fertilization and plastic film covering on some soil fertility and microbial properties[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(5):2489–2498.
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