华北平原典型区域农牧系统氮素流动及其环境效应——以河北省为例
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摘要
【目的】以华北平原典型地区河北省为例,明确农牧系统氮素养分流动特征和环境效应,分析农牧系统氮素循环利用率和农牧业结合的程度,探讨农牧系统氮素的优化管理途径,为农牧业养分循环和绿色可持续发展提供科学依据。【方法】以河北省"农田-畜牧"生产系统为边界,在整理统计资料、文献数据和调研数据的基础上,利用物质流分析方法,分别定量1980—2015年河北省农田体系、畜牧体系和农牧系统的各个氮素输入和输出项,同时利用氮素利用率、氮素盈余量和氮素回田率等指标分析氮素流动特征与环境效应。农牧系统的氮素输入项主要包括化肥、生物固氮、干湿沉降、灌溉、人粪尿还田、外源饲料;氮素输出项主要包括农田体系主产品的本地消费、外销,畜牧体系主产品的本地消费、外销,农牧系统大气排放、水体排放;内部的氮素循环项主要包括农田系统副产品还田、农田系统主、副产品作为本地饲料、畜牧系统副产品还田。【结果】1980—2015年,河北省农田生产体系氮素年均输入量增加1.9倍,而作物收获氮量仅增长1.5倍,导致农田氮盈余量和损失量分别增加1.7和1.9倍,氮素利用率由47.2%降至41.4%。与有机肥氮投入相比,化肥氮投入占农田总氮投入60%以上,近年来接近70%。区域间农田养分平衡差异大,氮素输入方面,邯郸市和唐山市较高(>600 kg·hm~(-2)),承德市最低(<200 kg·hm~(-2));氮素盈余方面,唐山市最高,为267.8 kg·hm~(-2),衡水市最低,为51.6 kg·hm~(-2)。畜牧体系氮素输入量也明显增加,在2005年达到最大值,为1980年的7.7倍;畜禽产品和粪尿氮素产生量同时呈现增加趋势,尤其是粪尿氮素产生量由21.8×104 t增加到115.3×104 t;各区域间动物粪尿氮素产生量存在明显差异,其中氮素产生量最高为邯郸市(377.3 kg·hm~(-2)),最低为衡水市(122.6 kg·hm~(-2))。外源饲料氮素依赖率由60.5%增至72.7%,畜牧粪尿氮素还田率由70.4%降至30.2%,但畜牧体系氮素利用率由6.4%增至16.3%。从农牧系统整体来看,1980—2015年氮素输入总累计量高达9 038.9×104 t,化肥氮素投入量约占总氮素投入量的55.7%,外源饲料氮素投入量占总氮素投入量的33.1%,农牧产品累计总输出氮为2 537.4×104 t,占总累计输入氮量的28.1%,向大气、水体累计排放的总氮量高达4061.2×104 t,约占总累计输入氮量的44.9%。【结论】1980—2015年河北省农牧系统氮素投入量大幅度增加,氮素富集和环境排放严重,氮素利用率偏低,不同区域单位面积氮素平衡存在较大差异,农田生产与畜禽生产之间养分循环严重脱节。因此,应该充分利用本地饲料资源,提高有机肥的还田率,走农牧结合的道路,从而降低因"农牧分离"造成的"高投入-低效率"代价,促进农牧业可持续发展。
【Objective】The objective of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of nitrogen(N) flow and environmental effects in crop-livestock system in Hebei Province, North China Plain at regional level for the period of 1980-2015, analyze the nitrogen cycle use and recycling efficiency and the degree of combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, discuss the improved management strategies of nitrogen, and to provide a basis for the sustainable development of crop-livestock system in China. 【Method】Taking the crop-livestock system in Hebei Province as the research boundary, based on the material flow analysis(MFA) method, the input-output balance, recycling and loss of N in the crop system, livestock system and crop-livestock system of Hebei Province were analyzed from the year 1980 to 2015, supplemented with the data from national and regional statistics, literature and farmers' surveys. N use efficiency, surplus and recycling ratio were considered as the indexes to analyze N flow characteristics and environmental effects. The N input items of crop-livestock system mainly included chemical fertilizer, biological nitrogen fixation, deposition, irrigation, human feces and urine reused as fertilizer and imported feed; the N output items mainly included the locally consumed and exported main product and by-product of crop and livestock systems, N lost to water body and air; the internal N recycling items mainly included by-product of crop system returned to field, main product and by-product of crop system as local animal feed, and livestock manure returned to field. 【Result】In the crop system, the total N input and the amount of N in harvested crops increased by 1.9 and 1.5 times from 1980 to 2015. The N surplus and loss from crop system increased by 1.7 and 1.9 times, respectively, leading to the decrease in N use efficiency(from 47.2% to 41.4%). Compared with the organic fertilizer N input, the chemical N fertilizer input accounted for more than 60% of the total N input in farmland, and in recent years it was close to 70%. The N balance of farmland varied greatly among regions. In terms of N input, Handan and Tangshang were higher(>600 kg·hm~(-2)), and Chengde was the lowest(<200 kg·hm~(-2)). In terms of N surplus, Tangshang was the highest(267.8 kg·hm~(-2)), while Hengshui was the lowest(51.6 kg·hm~(-2)). The amount of N input in livestock system also increased significantly, reaching a maximum on 2005, which was 7.7 times higher than that in 1980. The amount of N in animal products and animal excretion increased rapidly. Especially the N production of feces and urine increased from 21.8×104 t to 115.3×104 t. The N produced by manure was the highest in Handan(377.3 kg·hm~(-2)), and Hengshui was the lowest production(122.6 kg·hm~(-2)). The N dependence rate of exogenous feed increased from 60.5% to 72.7%, the N return rate of livestock feces and urine decreased from 70.4% to 30.2%, but the N utilization efficiency of livestock system increased from 6.4% to 16.3%. In the crop-livestock system, the 36-year accumulated N input was as high as 9 038.9×104 t. The chemical N fertilizer input accounted for about 55.7% of the total N input, and N input via imported feed occupied 33.1% of total N input. For the total accumulated N output, the N output via crop and animal products(2 537.4×104 t), accounting for 28.1% of the total input N. The 36-year accumulated N loss into air and water was 4 061.2×104 t, accounting for 44.9% of the total N input. 【Conclusion】 From 1980 to 2015, the amount of N input in crop-livestock system in Hebei Province increased significantly, N enrichment and environmental emissions were serious, N use efficiency was low, and there were great differences in N balance per unit area in different regions. The N cycle between crop production and livestock production is seriously disjointed. Therefore, we should make full use of local feed resources, improve the return rate of organic fertilizer, and take the road of combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, so as to reduce the cost of "high input and low efficiency" caused by "separation of agriculture and animal husbandry" and promote sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
【Objective】The objective of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of nitrogen(N) flow and environmental effects in crop-livestock system in Hebei Province, North China Plain at regional level for the period of 1980-2015, analyze the nitrogen cycle use and recycling efficiency and the degree of combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, discuss the improved management strategies of nitrogen, and to provide a basis for the sustainable development of crop-livestock system in China. 【Method】Taking the crop-livestock system in Hebei Province as the research boundary, based on the material flow analysis(MFA) method, the input-output balance, recycling and loss of N in the crop system, livestock system and crop-livestock system of Hebei Province were analyzed from the year 1980 to 2015, supplemented with the data from national and regional statistics, literature and farmers' surveys. N use efficiency, surplus and recycling ratio were considered as the indexes to analyze N flow characteristics and environmental effects. The N input items of crop-livestock system mainly included chemical fertilizer, biological nitrogen fixation, deposition, irrigation, human feces and urine reused as fertilizer and imported feed; the N output items mainly included the locally consumed and exported main product and by-product of crop and livestock systems, N lost to water body and air; the internal N recycling items mainly included by-product of crop system returned to field, main product and by-product of crop system as local animal feed, and livestock manure returned to field. 【Result】In the crop system, the total N input and the amount of N in harvested crops increased by 1.9 and 1.5 times from 1980 to 2015. The N surplus and loss from crop system increased by 1.7 and 1.9 times, respectively, leading to the decrease in N use efficiency(from 47.2% to 41.4%). Compared with the organic fertilizer N input, the chemical N fertilizer input accounted for more than 60% of the total N input in farmland, and in recent years it was close to 70%. The N balance of farmland varied greatly among regions. In terms of N input, Handan and Tangshang were higher(>600 kg·hm~(-2)), and Chengde was the lowest(<200 kg·hm~(-2)). In terms of N surplus, Tangshang was the highest(267.8 kg·hm~(-2)), while Hengshui was the lowest(51.6 kg·hm~(-2)). The amount of N input in livestock system also increased significantly, reaching a maximum on 2005, which was 7.7 times higher than that in 1980. The amount of N in animal products and animal excretion increased rapidly. Especially the N production of feces and urine increased from 21.8×104 t to 115.3×104 t. The N produced by manure was the highest in Handan(377.3 kg·hm~(-2)), and Hengshui was the lowest production(122.6 kg·hm~(-2)). The N dependence rate of exogenous feed increased from 60.5% to 72.7%, the N return rate of livestock feces and urine decreased from 70.4% to 30.2%, but the N utilization efficiency of livestock system increased from 6.4% to 16.3%. In the crop-livestock system, the 36-year accumulated N input was as high as 9 038.9×104 t. The chemical N fertilizer input accounted for about 55.7% of the total N input, and N input via imported feed occupied 33.1% of total N input. For the total accumulated N output, the N output via crop and animal products(2 537.4×104 t), accounting for 28.1% of the total input N. The 36-year accumulated N loss into air and water was 4 061.2×104 t, accounting for 44.9% of the total N input. 【Conclusion】 From 1980 to 2015, the amount of N input in crop-livestock system in Hebei Province increased significantly, N enrichment and environmental emissions were serious, N use efficiency was low, and there were great differences in N balance per unit area in different regions. The N cycle between crop production and livestock production is seriously disjointed. Therefore, we should make full use of local feed resources, improve the return rate of organic fertilizer, and take the road of combination of agriculture and animal husbandry, so as to reduce the cost of "high input and low efficiency" caused by "separation of agriculture and animal husbandry" and promote sustainable development of agriculture and animal husbandry.
引文
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