噪声对鱼类的影响
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摘要
【目的】了解噪声对鱼类的不同影响,为噪声对鱼类的影响提供较为系统的信息资料。【方法】在文献调查基础上,综述了不同类型噪声对鱼类听觉、行为和种群数量的影响。【结果】水体中常见的噪声来源有打桩、船舶、声呐/水下地震勘探等。噪声不但会对鱼类造成暂时性阈移或永久性阈移,而且还会使鱼类的集群行为、逃避行为以及捕食行为发生变化。可通过统计分析鱼类的死亡率和捕捞率来研究噪声对鱼类种群参数的影响。【结论】目前关于噪声对鱼类影响的研究还十分缺乏且有较大局限性,应加强研究野生环境下噪声对鱼类的影响。
[Purposes]In order to understand the different effects of noise on fish,to provide systematic information for the effect of noise on fish.[Methods]On the basis of literature survey,this paper has summarized the influence of different types of noises on fish hearing,behavior and population quantity.[Results]Common sources of noise in water include piling,ships,sonar and underwater seismic exploration etc.Noise can not only cause temporary threshold shift or permanent threshold shift to fish,but also change the cluster behavior,escape behavior and predatory behavior of fish.The effects of noise on fish population parameters can be studied by statistical analysis of fish mortality and fishing rates.[Conclusions]At present,the research on the impact of noise on fish is still very scarce and has great limitations,the effect of noise on fish in wild environment should be strengthened.
[Purposes]In order to understand the different effects of noise on fish,to provide systematic information for the effect of noise on fish.[Methods]On the basis of literature survey,this paper has summarized the influence of different types of noises on fish hearing,behavior and population quantity.[Results]Common sources of noise in water include piling,ships,sonar and underwater seismic exploration etc.Noise can not only cause temporary threshold shift or permanent threshold shift to fish,but also change the cluster behavior,escape behavior and predatory behavior of fish.The effects of noise on fish population parameters can be studied by statistical analysis of fish mortality and fishing rates.[Conclusions]At present,the research on the impact of noise on fish is still very scarce and has great limitations,the effect of noise on fish in wild environment should be strengthened.
引文
[1]KASUMYAN A O.Sound and sound production in fishes[J].Journal of Ichthyology,2008,48(11):981-1030.
[2]TAVOLGA W N.Sound production and detection[J].Fish Physiology,1971,5:135-205.
[3]KAATZ I M.Multiple sound producing mechanisms in teleost fishs and hypotheses regarding their behavioural significance[J].Bioacoustics,2002,12(2):230-233.
[4]LADICH F.Sound production and acoustic communication[M].Nethherlands:Springer,2004:210-230.
[5]武仙竹,肖琳.三峡地区渔业资源及渔业经济发展的历史考察[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,33(11):47-54.WU X Z,XIAO L.The historical investigation of fishery resources and fishery economy development in three gorges area[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2016,33(11):47-54.
[6]SLABBEKOORN H,BOUTON N,OPZEELAND I V,et al.A noisy spring:the impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2010,25(7):419-427.
[7]DAHL P H,REINHALL P H D G.Beam forming of the underwater sound field from impact pile driving[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2013,134(134):1-6.
[8]苏冠龙.水下打桩噪声对我国珍稀海洋哺乳动物(中华白海豚与斑海豹)的影响研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2013.SU G L.Study on the impact of underwater pile-driving noise on rare marine mammals(Chinese white dolphin and spotted seal)in China sea[D].Xiamen:Xiamen University,2013.
[9]HASTINGS M C.A model to predict tissue damage in fishes from vibratory and impact pile driving[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2014,136(4):2206.
[10]POPPER A N,HASTINGS M C.The effect of human-generated sound on fish[J].Integrative Zoology,2009,4(1):43-52.
[11]施慧雄,焦海峰,尤仲杰等.船舶噪声对鲈鱼和大黄鱼血浆皮质醇水平的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(14):3760-3765.SHI H X,JIAO H F,YOU Z J,et al.The effect of ship noise on the secretion of cortisol in Lateolabrax japonicus and Pseudosciaena crocea[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(14):3760-3765.
[12]余孟萨,叶剑平,吴有生,等.船舶声呐部位自噪声的预报方法及其控制技术[J].船舶力学,2002,6(5):80-94.YU M S,YE J P,WU Y S,et al.Prediction and control method of self-noise in ship’s sonar domes[J].Journal of Ship Mechanics,2002,6(5):80-94.
[13]罗鹰.试论海洋地震勘探的可持续发展[J].中国石油和化工标准与质量,2012,32(7):153.LUO Y.The sustainable development of marine seismic exploration[J].China Petroleum and Chemical Standard and Quality,2012,32(7):153.
[14]杨怀春,高生军.海洋地震勘探中空气枪震源激发特性研究[J].石油物探,2004,43(4):323-326.YANG H C,GAO S J.Research on excitation characteristics of air gun in marine seismic exploration[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2004,43(4):323-326.
[15]吴彬.空气枪在海洋地震勘探行业中的应用[J].科学与财富,2012(5):264.WU B.The application of air gun in marine seismic exploration[J].Sciences and Wealth,2012(5):264.
[16]CALTRANS.Pile installation demonstration project:fisheries impact assessment[J].Arthritis&Rheumatism,1999,42(10):2166-2173.
[17]DAVID A,WARD P,HEATHERSHAW T,et al.Predicting the effects of sound exposure on fish,marine mammals,and human beings[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1999,106(4):2281.
[18]SLIWINSKA-KOWALSKA M,DAVIS A.Noise-induced hearing loss[J].International Journal of Occupational&Environmental Medicine,2012,14(61):146-147.
[19]HONG O,KERR M J,POLING G L,et al.Understanding and preventing noise-induced hearing loss[J].Disease-aMonth,2013,59(4):110-118.
[20]WYSOCKI L E,DITTAMI J P,LADICH F,et al.Ship noise and cortisol secretion in European freshwater fishes[J].Biological Conservation,2006,128(4):501-508.
[21]SCHOLIK A R,YAN H Y.Effects of underwater noise on auditory sensitivity of a cyprinid fish[J].Hearing Research,2001,152(1):17-24.
[22]VASCONCELOS R O,AMORIM M C,LADICH F.Effects of ship noise on the detectability of communication signals in the Lusitanian toadfish[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2007,210(Pt12):2014-2112.
[23]SMITH M E,KANE A S,POPPER A N.Noise-induced stress response and hearing loss in goldfish(Carassius auratus)[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2004,207(3):427-435.
[24]HAWKINS A D,PEMBROKE A E,POPPER A N.Information gaps in understanding the effects of noise on fishes and invertebrates[J].Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,2015,25(1):39-64.
[25]MCCAULEY R D,FEWTRELL J,POPPER A N.High intensity anthropogenic sound damages fish ears[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2003,113(1):638-642.
[26]BLAXTER J H S,GRAY J A B,DENTON E J.Sound and startle response in herring shoals[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK,1981,61(61):851-869.
[27]BLAXTER J H S,HOSS D E.Startle response in herring:the effect of sound stimulus frequency,size of fish and selective interference with the acoustic-lateralis system[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK,1981,61(61):871-879.
[28]POPPER A N,CARLSON T J.Application of sound and other stimuli to control fish behaviour[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,1998,127(5):673-707.
[29]WARDLE C S,CARTER T J,URQUHART G G,et al.Effects of seismic airguns on marine fish[J].Continental Shelf Research,2001,21(8):1005-1027.
[30]HASSEL A,KNUTSEN T,DALEN J,et al.Influence of seismic shooting on the lesser sand eel(Ammodytes marinus)[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2004,61:1165-1173.
[31]HASTINGS M C,POPPER A N.Effects of sound on fish[D].California:California Department of Transportation,2005.
[32]NORDMAN A S,BOHNE B A,HARDING G W.Histopathological differences between temporary and permanent threshold shift[J].Hearing Research,2000,139(1/2):13-30.
[33]HASTINGS M C,POPPER A N,FINNERAN J J,et al.Effect of low-frequency underwater sound on hair cells of the inner ear and lateral line of the teleost fish Astronotus ocellatus[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1996,99(3):1759-1766.
[34]ENGAS A,MISUND O A,SOLDAL A V,et al.Reactions of penned herring and cod to playback of original,frequency filtered and time-smoothed vessel sound[J].Fisheries Research,1995,22(3/4):243-254.
[35]ENGAS A,HAUGLAND E K,OVREDAL J T.Reactions of cod(Gadus morhua L.)in the pre-vessel zone to an approaching trawler under different light conditions[J].Hydrobiologia,1998,371/372:199-206.
[36]KASTELEIN R A,HEUL S V D,VERBOOM W C,et al.Startle responses of captive North Sea fish species to underwater tones between 0.1and 64kHz[J].Marine Environmental Research,2008,65(5):369-377.
[37]SARA G,DEAN J M,BUSCAINO G.Effect of boat noise on the behaviour of bluefin tuna Thunnsthynnusin the Mediterranean Sea[J].Marine Ecology Progress,2007,331(1):243-253.
[38]CHAPMAN C J,HAWKINS A D.The importance of sound in fish behaviour in relation to capture by trawls[J].Fao Fisheries and Aquaculture Report,1969,62(3):717-729.
[39]SLOTTE A,HANSEN K,DALEN J,et al.Acoustic mapping of pelagic fish distribution and abundance in relation to a seismic shooting area off the Norwegian west coast[J].Fisheries Research,2004,67(2):143-150.
[40]DOKSTER L,GODO O R,HANDEGARD N O,et al.Behavioral responses of herring(Clupea harengus)to 1-2and 6-7kHz sonar signals and killer whale feeding sounds[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2009,125(1):554-564.
[41]PEARSON W H,SKALSKI J R,MALME C I.Effects of sounds from a geophysical survey device on behaviour of captive rockfish(Sebastes spp.)[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2011,49(7):1343-1356.
[42]SKAAR K L.Effects of seismic shootings on the lesser sandeel(Ammodytes marinus Raitt)-a field study with grab sampling and in situ video observations[D].Norway:University of Bergen,2004.
[43]李秀明,韦艳洋,付世建,等.饥饿对鲤幼鱼体型特征的影响[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,33(5):24-28.LI X M,WEI Y Y,FU S J,et al.Effects of starvation on the body shape features of juvenile Cyprinus carpio[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2016,33(5):24-28.
[44]VOELLMY I K,PURSER J,FLYNN D,et al.Acoustic noise reduces foraging success in two sympatric fish species via different mechanisms[J].Animal Behaviour,2014,89(3):191-198.
[45]KARLSEN H E,PIDDINGTON R W,ENGER P S,et al.Infrasound initiates directional fast-start escape responses in juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2004,207(24):4185-4193.
[46]PIPER R G,MCELWAIN I B,ORNE L E,et al.Fish hatchery management[M].Washington,D.C.:United States Department of the Interior,Fish and Wildlife Service,1982:67-74.
[47]JENSEN J O T,ALDERDICE D F.Comparison of mechanical shock sensitivity of eggs of five Pacific salmon(Oncorhyncus)species and steelhead trout(Salmo gairdneri)[J].Aquaculture,1989,78(2):163-181.
[48]DWYER W P,FREDENBERG W,ERDAHL D A,et al.Influence of electroshock and mechanical shock on survival of trout eggs[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,1993,13(4):839-843.
[49]HALVORSEN M B,WYSOCKI L E,POPPE A N.Effects of high-intensity sonar on fish[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2006,119(5):3283.
[50]HALVORSEN M B,ZEDDIES D G,ELLISON W T,et al.Effects of mid-frequency active sonar on hearing in fish[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2012,131(1):599-607.
[51]伍忠良.海洋天然气水合物三维地震与海底地震勘探中的震源技术研究[J].热带海洋学报,2011,30(1):49-60.WU Z L.Study of source in 3-D seismic and OBS exploration for marine gas hydrate[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2011,30(1):49-60.
[52]ENGAS A,LOKKEBORG S,ONA E,et al.Effects of seismic shooting on local abundance and catch rates of cod(Gadus morhua)and haddock(Melanogrammus aeglefinus)[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2011,53(10):2238-2249.
[53]DALEN J,KNUTSEN G M.Scaring effects in fish and harmful effects on eggs,larvae and fry by offshore seismic exploration[M]//Merklinger H M.Progress in underwater acoustics.USA:Springer,1987:93-102.
[54]SKALSKI J R,PEARSON W H,MALME C I.Effects of sounds from a geophysical survey device on catch-per-unit-effort in a hook-and-line fishery for rockfish(Sebastes spp.)[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2011,49(7):1357-1365.
[55]ONA E,VOLD A,Salthaug A.Sounds from seismic air guns:gear and species-specific effects on catch rates and fish distribution[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2012,69(8):1278-1291.
[56]WARDLE C S,CARTER T J,URQUHART G G,et al.Effects of seismic airguns on marine fish[J].Continental Shelf Research,2001,21(8):1005-1027.
[2]TAVOLGA W N.Sound production and detection[J].Fish Physiology,1971,5:135-205.
[3]KAATZ I M.Multiple sound producing mechanisms in teleost fishs and hypotheses regarding their behavioural significance[J].Bioacoustics,2002,12(2):230-233.
[4]LADICH F.Sound production and acoustic communication[M].Nethherlands:Springer,2004:210-230.
[5]武仙竹,肖琳.三峡地区渔业资源及渔业经济发展的历史考察[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,33(11):47-54.WU X Z,XIAO L.The historical investigation of fishery resources and fishery economy development in three gorges area[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2016,33(11):47-54.
[6]SLABBEKOORN H,BOUTON N,OPZEELAND I V,et al.A noisy spring:the impact of globally rising underwater sound levels on fish[J].Trends in Ecology and Evolution,2010,25(7):419-427.
[7]DAHL P H,REINHALL P H D G.Beam forming of the underwater sound field from impact pile driving[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2013,134(134):1-6.
[8]苏冠龙.水下打桩噪声对我国珍稀海洋哺乳动物(中华白海豚与斑海豹)的影响研究[D].厦门:厦门大学,2013.SU G L.Study on the impact of underwater pile-driving noise on rare marine mammals(Chinese white dolphin and spotted seal)in China sea[D].Xiamen:Xiamen University,2013.
[9]HASTINGS M C.A model to predict tissue damage in fishes from vibratory and impact pile driving[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2014,136(4):2206.
[10]POPPER A N,HASTINGS M C.The effect of human-generated sound on fish[J].Integrative Zoology,2009,4(1):43-52.
[11]施慧雄,焦海峰,尤仲杰等.船舶噪声对鲈鱼和大黄鱼血浆皮质醇水平的影响[J].生态学报,2010,30(14):3760-3765.SHI H X,JIAO H F,YOU Z J,et al.The effect of ship noise on the secretion of cortisol in Lateolabrax japonicus and Pseudosciaena crocea[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2010,30(14):3760-3765.
[12]余孟萨,叶剑平,吴有生,等.船舶声呐部位自噪声的预报方法及其控制技术[J].船舶力学,2002,6(5):80-94.YU M S,YE J P,WU Y S,et al.Prediction and control method of self-noise in ship’s sonar domes[J].Journal of Ship Mechanics,2002,6(5):80-94.
[13]罗鹰.试论海洋地震勘探的可持续发展[J].中国石油和化工标准与质量,2012,32(7):153.LUO Y.The sustainable development of marine seismic exploration[J].China Petroleum and Chemical Standard and Quality,2012,32(7):153.
[14]杨怀春,高生军.海洋地震勘探中空气枪震源激发特性研究[J].石油物探,2004,43(4):323-326.YANG H C,GAO S J.Research on excitation characteristics of air gun in marine seismic exploration[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2004,43(4):323-326.
[15]吴彬.空气枪在海洋地震勘探行业中的应用[J].科学与财富,2012(5):264.WU B.The application of air gun in marine seismic exploration[J].Sciences and Wealth,2012(5):264.
[16]CALTRANS.Pile installation demonstration project:fisheries impact assessment[J].Arthritis&Rheumatism,1999,42(10):2166-2173.
[17]DAVID A,WARD P,HEATHERSHAW T,et al.Predicting the effects of sound exposure on fish,marine mammals,and human beings[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1999,106(4):2281.
[18]SLIWINSKA-KOWALSKA M,DAVIS A.Noise-induced hearing loss[J].International Journal of Occupational&Environmental Medicine,2012,14(61):146-147.
[19]HONG O,KERR M J,POLING G L,et al.Understanding and preventing noise-induced hearing loss[J].Disease-aMonth,2013,59(4):110-118.
[20]WYSOCKI L E,DITTAMI J P,LADICH F,et al.Ship noise and cortisol secretion in European freshwater fishes[J].Biological Conservation,2006,128(4):501-508.
[21]SCHOLIK A R,YAN H Y.Effects of underwater noise on auditory sensitivity of a cyprinid fish[J].Hearing Research,2001,152(1):17-24.
[22]VASCONCELOS R O,AMORIM M C,LADICH F.Effects of ship noise on the detectability of communication signals in the Lusitanian toadfish[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2007,210(Pt12):2014-2112.
[23]SMITH M E,KANE A S,POPPER A N.Noise-induced stress response and hearing loss in goldfish(Carassius auratus)[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2004,207(3):427-435.
[24]HAWKINS A D,PEMBROKE A E,POPPER A N.Information gaps in understanding the effects of noise on fishes and invertebrates[J].Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries,2015,25(1):39-64.
[25]MCCAULEY R D,FEWTRELL J,POPPER A N.High intensity anthropogenic sound damages fish ears[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2003,113(1):638-642.
[26]BLAXTER J H S,GRAY J A B,DENTON E J.Sound and startle response in herring shoals[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK,1981,61(61):851-869.
[27]BLAXTER J H S,HOSS D E.Startle response in herring:the effect of sound stimulus frequency,size of fish and selective interference with the acoustic-lateralis system[J].Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK,1981,61(61):871-879.
[28]POPPER A N,CARLSON T J.Application of sound and other stimuli to control fish behaviour[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,1998,127(5):673-707.
[29]WARDLE C S,CARTER T J,URQUHART G G,et al.Effects of seismic airguns on marine fish[J].Continental Shelf Research,2001,21(8):1005-1027.
[30]HASSEL A,KNUTSEN T,DALEN J,et al.Influence of seismic shooting on the lesser sand eel(Ammodytes marinus)[J].ICES Journal of Marine Science,2004,61:1165-1173.
[31]HASTINGS M C,POPPER A N.Effects of sound on fish[D].California:California Department of Transportation,2005.
[32]NORDMAN A S,BOHNE B A,HARDING G W.Histopathological differences between temporary and permanent threshold shift[J].Hearing Research,2000,139(1/2):13-30.
[33]HASTINGS M C,POPPER A N,FINNERAN J J,et al.Effect of low-frequency underwater sound on hair cells of the inner ear and lateral line of the teleost fish Astronotus ocellatus[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,1996,99(3):1759-1766.
[34]ENGAS A,MISUND O A,SOLDAL A V,et al.Reactions of penned herring and cod to playback of original,frequency filtered and time-smoothed vessel sound[J].Fisheries Research,1995,22(3/4):243-254.
[35]ENGAS A,HAUGLAND E K,OVREDAL J T.Reactions of cod(Gadus morhua L.)in the pre-vessel zone to an approaching trawler under different light conditions[J].Hydrobiologia,1998,371/372:199-206.
[36]KASTELEIN R A,HEUL S V D,VERBOOM W C,et al.Startle responses of captive North Sea fish species to underwater tones between 0.1and 64kHz[J].Marine Environmental Research,2008,65(5):369-377.
[37]SARA G,DEAN J M,BUSCAINO G.Effect of boat noise on the behaviour of bluefin tuna Thunnsthynnusin the Mediterranean Sea[J].Marine Ecology Progress,2007,331(1):243-253.
[38]CHAPMAN C J,HAWKINS A D.The importance of sound in fish behaviour in relation to capture by trawls[J].Fao Fisheries and Aquaculture Report,1969,62(3):717-729.
[39]SLOTTE A,HANSEN K,DALEN J,et al.Acoustic mapping of pelagic fish distribution and abundance in relation to a seismic shooting area off the Norwegian west coast[J].Fisheries Research,2004,67(2):143-150.
[40]DOKSTER L,GODO O R,HANDEGARD N O,et al.Behavioral responses of herring(Clupea harengus)to 1-2and 6-7kHz sonar signals and killer whale feeding sounds[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2009,125(1):554-564.
[41]PEARSON W H,SKALSKI J R,MALME C I.Effects of sounds from a geophysical survey device on behaviour of captive rockfish(Sebastes spp.)[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2011,49(7):1343-1356.
[42]SKAAR K L.Effects of seismic shootings on the lesser sandeel(Ammodytes marinus Raitt)-a field study with grab sampling and in situ video observations[D].Norway:University of Bergen,2004.
[43]李秀明,韦艳洋,付世建,等.饥饿对鲤幼鱼体型特征的影响[J].重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,33(5):24-28.LI X M,WEI Y Y,FU S J,et al.Effects of starvation on the body shape features of juvenile Cyprinus carpio[J].Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science),2016,33(5):24-28.
[44]VOELLMY I K,PURSER J,FLYNN D,et al.Acoustic noise reduces foraging success in two sympatric fish species via different mechanisms[J].Animal Behaviour,2014,89(3):191-198.
[45]KARLSEN H E,PIDDINGTON R W,ENGER P S,et al.Infrasound initiates directional fast-start escape responses in juvenile roach Rutilus rutilus[J].Journal of Experimental Biology,2004,207(24):4185-4193.
[46]PIPER R G,MCELWAIN I B,ORNE L E,et al.Fish hatchery management[M].Washington,D.C.:United States Department of the Interior,Fish and Wildlife Service,1982:67-74.
[47]JENSEN J O T,ALDERDICE D F.Comparison of mechanical shock sensitivity of eggs of five Pacific salmon(Oncorhyncus)species and steelhead trout(Salmo gairdneri)[J].Aquaculture,1989,78(2):163-181.
[48]DWYER W P,FREDENBERG W,ERDAHL D A,et al.Influence of electroshock and mechanical shock on survival of trout eggs[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,1993,13(4):839-843.
[49]HALVORSEN M B,WYSOCKI L E,POPPE A N.Effects of high-intensity sonar on fish[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2006,119(5):3283.
[50]HALVORSEN M B,ZEDDIES D G,ELLISON W T,et al.Effects of mid-frequency active sonar on hearing in fish[J].Journal of the Acoustical Society of America,2012,131(1):599-607.
[51]伍忠良.海洋天然气水合物三维地震与海底地震勘探中的震源技术研究[J].热带海洋学报,2011,30(1):49-60.WU Z L.Study of source in 3-D seismic and OBS exploration for marine gas hydrate[J].Journal of Tropical Oceanography,2011,30(1):49-60.
[52]ENGAS A,LOKKEBORG S,ONA E,et al.Effects of seismic shooting on local abundance and catch rates of cod(Gadus morhua)and haddock(Melanogrammus aeglefinus)[J].Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences,2011,53(10):2238-2249.
[53]DALEN J,KNUTSEN G M.Scaring effects in fish and harmful effects on eggs,larvae and fry by offshore seismic exploration[M]//Merklinger H M.Progress in underwater acoustics.USA:Springer,1987:93-102.
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