中国锗矿成矿规律与开发利用现状
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摘要
锗是一种银灰色性脆的金属,在地壳中的含量约为0.0007%,属于稀散元素,是制造红外光学仪器的关键材料,2018年被美国内政部列为35种关键性矿产之一。中国的锗资源储量占全球的41%,产量占全世界的71%,拥有类似于稀土的全球影响力。已查明资源储量的锗矿区主要分布在内蒙古和云南等14个省(自治区),其中约一半的查明锗资源储量与煤矿伴生,其余大部分与铅锌矿等有色金属矿产伴生。锗可以出现在不同时代的各种矿床当中,主要包括中低温热液型多金属矿床、含锗有机岩矿床和沉积改造型三大类型,以前二者为主,占所有锗矿资源量的64%。我国高品位的富锗煤矿是世界上少有的优质资源,但尚未得到充分的开发利用。国际上主要从煤灰残渣中回收,我国除了煤矿中回收锗(如云南的临沧含锗煤矿、内蒙的乌兰图嘎)之外,也从有色金属冶炼厂综合回收(如广西大厂、云南会泽)。
Ge is a silver-gray brittle metal with a content of about 0.0007% in the earth's crust. It is a rare element and is a key material for the manufacture of infrared optical instruments. It was listed as one of 35 key minerals by the US Department of the Interior in 2018. China's Ge reserves account for 41% of the world's total, and its production accounts for 71% of the world's total. It has a global influence similar to that of rare earths. The Yankuang area where the reserves of resources have been identified is mainly distributed in 14 provinces(autonomous regions) such as Inner Mongolia and Yunnan. About half of the identified reserves of strontium resources are associated with coal mines, and most of the others are associated with non-ferrous metal minerals such as lead-zinc ore. Ge can occur in various deposits of different eras, mainly including medium-low temperature hydrothermal polymetallic deposits, germanium-containing organic rock deposits and sedimentary transformation types. The former two types deposits are the main types, accounting for all the ore resources 64%. China's high-grade germanium-containing coal mine is a rare high-quality resource in the world, but it has not been fully exploited. Internationally, it is mainly recovered from coal ash residues. In addition to recycling sputum in coal mines(such as Linchang coal mine in Yunnan and Wulantuga in Inner Mongolia), it is also recycled from non-ferrous metal smelters(such as Guangxi Dachang, Yunnan Huize).
Ge is a silver-gray brittle metal with a content of about 0.0007% in the earth's crust. It is a rare element and is a key material for the manufacture of infrared optical instruments. It was listed as one of 35 key minerals by the US Department of the Interior in 2018. China's Ge reserves account for 41% of the world's total, and its production accounts for 71% of the world's total. It has a global influence similar to that of rare earths. The Yankuang area where the reserves of resources have been identified is mainly distributed in 14 provinces(autonomous regions) such as Inner Mongolia and Yunnan. About half of the identified reserves of strontium resources are associated with coal mines, and most of the others are associated with non-ferrous metal minerals such as lead-zinc ore. Ge can occur in various deposits of different eras, mainly including medium-low temperature hydrothermal polymetallic deposits, germanium-containing organic rock deposits and sedimentary transformation types. The former two types deposits are the main types, accounting for all the ore resources 64%. China's high-grade germanium-containing coal mine is a rare high-quality resource in the world, but it has not been fully exploited. Internationally, it is mainly recovered from coal ash residues. In addition to recycling sputum in coal mines(such as Linchang coal mine in Yunnan and Wulantuga in Inner Mongolia), it is also recycled from non-ferrous metal smelters(such as Guangxi Dachang, Yunnan Huize).
引文
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Chen Yuchuan,Wang Denghong,Xu Zhigang,Huang Fan.2014.Outline of regional metallogeny of ore deposits associated with the Mesozoic magmatism in South China.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,38(02):219～229 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Han Runsheng,Wang Feng,Hu Yuzhao,Wang Xuekun,Ren Tao,Qiu Wenlong,Zhong Kanghui.2014.Metallogenic tectonic dynamics and chronology constrains on the Huize-type (HZT) germanium-rich silver-zinc-lead deposits.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,38(04):758～771 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu Ruizhong,Bi Xianwu,Ye Zaojun,Su Wenchao,Qi Liang.1996.The genesis of Lincang germanium deposit — a preliminary investigation.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,(02):97～102 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Liu Feng.2005.The Metallogenetic Mechanism of the Huize Lead-Zinc Ore Deposit and the Occurrence of Germaniwn,Yunnan Province,China.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Xianghua,Tang Zhaoxia,Wu Ximing,Shi Jian,Zhou Xi.2018.Study on the types and metallogenic models of the Beishan lead-zinc pyrite deposit in Guangxi.China Metal Bulletin,(02):203～204 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Qi Huawen,Hu Ruizhong,Su Wenchao,Qi Liang.2002a.Genesis of carboniferous siliceous limestone in the Lincang germanium deposit and its relation with germanium mineralization.Geochimica,(02):161～168 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Qi Huawen,Hu Ruizhong,Su Wenchao,Qi Liang.2002b.Rare earth element geochemistry of lignite from Linfen coal mine.Geochimica,(03):300～308 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Wang Denghong,Xu Zhigang,Shen Jifu,Zhu Mingyu,Xu Jue,Yuan Zhongxin,Bai Ge,Qu Wenjun,Li Huaqin,Chen Zhenhui,Wang Chenhui,Huang Fan,Zhang Changqing,Wang Yonglei,Ying Lijuan,Li Houming,Gao Lan,Sun Tao,Fu Yong,Li Jiankang,Wu Guang,Tang Juxing,Feng Chengyou,Zhao Zhen,Zhang Daquan.2014.Progress on the study of regularity of major mineral resources and regional metallogenic regularity in China:a review.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(12):2176～2191 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Lanming.1999.Introduction of the geological feature and explorating of Wulantuga germanium deposit in Xilinguole League,Inner Mongolia.Geology of Inner Mangolia,(03):16～20+15 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Li,Peng Shenglin,Long Yongzhen,Shu Guanglong.2003.Polygenetic compound mineralization of Fankou Pb-Zn ore deposit,Guangdong.Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology,(02):149～153 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Qian,An Yunling,Gu Xuexiang,Tang Juxing,Zhong Kanghui.2010.The research of occurrence state and enrichment law of associated dispersed elements Gd,Ge and Ga of typical lead-zinc deposits in the eastern edge of Kangdian Axis,China.Earth and Environment,38(03):286～294 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Tinghao,Huang Wenhui,Yan Deyu,Tang Xiuyi.2016.Progress of research on mineralization mode of large coal-Ge deposits in China:Coal-Ge deposit in Wulantuga of Inner Mongolia and Lincang of Yunan.Earth Science Frontiers,23(03):113～123 (in Chinese with English abstract).
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Yuan Ying,Zhu Xinyou,Wang Yanli.2011.A review of the distribution and occurrence state of associated rare elements in lead-zinc deposits in China.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,31(S1):316～317 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Yuan Ying,Zhu Xinyou,Li Shunting.2012.Contents,distribution and comprehensive utilization of associated rare earth metals in lead-zinc mines in China.Mineral Deposits,31(S1):965～966 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Zhang Changqing,Wu Yue,Wang Denghong,Chen Yuchuan,Rui Zongyao,Lou Debo,Chen Zhenghui.2014.Brief intriduction on metallogeny of Pb-Zn deposits in China.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(12):2252～2268 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Ming,Gu Xuexiang,Fu Shaohong,Si Rongjun,Li Fayuan.2003.A review of disperse element germanium.Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,22(1):82～87 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Sujiang,Ji Genyuan,Wang Nan,Jiang Ailing,Shang Lei.2017.Current situation and sustainable development countermeasures of germanium resources in China.Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources,(02):6～12 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Yuxu,Zhu Chuanwei,Fu Shaohong,Zhou Guofu,Qin Yanrong,Fan Haifeng,Wen Hanjie.2012.A study on the enrichment regularity of ispersed elements Ge in Pb-Zn deposits in Sichuan,Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces,China.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,32(01):60～64 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu Xinyou,Wang Jingbin,Liu Shengbo,Wang Yanli,Han Ying,Zhen Shimin,Guo Ningning.2013.Metallogenica age of Mississippi Valley type Pb-Zn deposit in Fankou,Guangdong:eviddence from shrimp U-Pb zircon dating of diabase.Acta Geologica Sinica,87(02):167～177 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu Xueli.2009.Talking about the minerogenetic geological conditions and distribution regularities of germanium in coal.Tech Information Development & Economy,19(32):153～154 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Yun,Duan Qifa,Cao Liang,Gan Jinmu.2013.Enrichment of dispersed elements in MVT-type lead-zinc deposits in western Hunan and western Hubei.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,33(S2):189～190 (in Chinese without English abstract).
敖卫华,黄文辉,马延英,孙磊,万欢.2007.中国煤中锗资源特征及利用现状.资源与产业,9(5):16～18.
陈毓川,王登红,徐志刚,黄凡.2014.华南区域成矿和中生代岩浆成矿规律概要.大地构造与成矿学,38(02):219～229.
韩润生,王峰,胡煜昭,王学焜,任涛,邱文龙,钟康惠.2014.会泽型(HZT)富锗银铅锌矿床成矿构造动力学研究及年代学约束.大地构造与成矿学,38(04):758～771.
胡瑞忠,毕献武,叶造军,苏文超,漆亮.1996.临沧锗矿床成因初探.矿物学报,(02):97～102.
胡瑞忠,苏文超,戚华文,毕献武.2000.锗的地球化学、赋存状态和成矿作用.矿物岩石地球化学通报,(04):215～217.
刘峰.2005.云南会泽大型铅锌矿成矿机制及锗的赋存状态.北京:中国地质科学院.
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戚华文,胡瑞忠,苏文超,漆亮.2002a.临沧锗矿含碳硅质灰岩的成因及其与锗成矿的关系.地球化学,(02):161～168.
戚华文,胡瑞忠,苏文超,漆亮.2002b.临沧锗矿褐煤的稀土元素地球化学.地球化学,(03):300～308.
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Ao Weihua,Huang Wenhui,Ma Yanying,Sun Lei,Wan Huan.2007.Features and utilization of germanium resource in coal in China.Resources & Industries,9(5):16～18 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Chen Yuchuan,Wang Denghong,Xu Zhigang,Huang Fan.2014.Outline of regional metallogeny of ore deposits associated with the Mesozoic magmatism in South China.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,38(02):219～229 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Han Runsheng,Wang Feng,Hu Yuzhao,Wang Xuekun,Ren Tao,Qiu Wenlong,Zhong Kanghui.2014.Metallogenic tectonic dynamics and chronology constrains on the Huize-type (HZT) germanium-rich silver-zinc-lead deposits.Geotectonica et Metallogenia,38(04):758～771 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu Ruizhong,Bi Xianwu,Ye Zaojun,Su Wenchao,Qi Liang.1996.The genesis of Lincang germanium deposit — a preliminary investigation.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,(02):97～102 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Hu Ruizhong,Su Wenchao,Qi Huawen,Bi Xianwu.2000.Geochemistry,occurrence and mineralization of germanium.Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemisty,(04):215～217 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Lucy.Germanium [EB/OL].(2016-04-13) [2016-12-16].http://12739.rm.cglhub.com/doc/3584956-3769698.html.
Liu Feng.2005.The Metallogenetic Mechanism of the Huize Lead-Zinc Ore Deposit and the Occurrence of Germaniwn,Yunnan Province,China.Beijing:Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (in Chinese with English abstract).
Liu Xianghua,Tang Zhaoxia,Wu Ximing,Shi Jian,Zhou Xi.2018.Study on the types and metallogenic models of the Beishan lead-zinc pyrite deposit in Guangxi.China Metal Bulletin,(02):203～204 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Qi Huawen,Hu Ruizhong,Su Wenchao,Qi Liang.2002a.Genesis of carboniferous siliceous limestone in the Lincang germanium deposit and its relation with germanium mineralization.Geochimica,(02):161～168 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Qi Huawen,Hu Ruizhong,Su Wenchao,Qi Liang.2002b.Rare earth element geochemistry of lignite from Linfen coal mine.Geochimica,(03):300～308 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Wang Denghong,Xu Zhigang,Shen Jifu,Zhu Mingyu,Xu Jue,Yuan Zhongxin,Bai Ge,Qu Wenjun,Li Huaqin,Chen Zhenhui,Wang Chenhui,Huang Fan,Zhang Changqing,Wang Yonglei,Ying Lijuan,Li Houming,Gao Lan,Sun Tao,Fu Yong,Li Jiankang,Wu Guang,Tang Juxing,Feng Chengyou,Zhao Zhen,Zhang Daquan.2014.Progress on the study of regularity of major mineral resources and regional metallogenic regularity in China:a review.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(12):2176～2191 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Lanming.1999.Introduction of the geological feature and explorating of Wulantuga germanium deposit in Xilinguole League,Inner Mongolia.Geology of Inner Mangolia,(03):16～20+15 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Li,Peng Shenglin,Long Yongzhen,Shu Guanglong.2003.Polygenetic compound mineralization of Fankou Pb-Zn ore deposit,Guangdong.Journal of Guilin Institute of Technology,(02):149～153 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Qian,An Yunling,Gu Xuexiang,Tang Juxing,Zhong Kanghui.2010.The research of occurrence state and enrichment law of associated dispersed elements Gd,Ge and Ga of typical lead-zinc deposits in the eastern edge of Kangdian Axis,China.Earth and Environment,38(03):286～294 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Tinghao,Huang Wenhui,Yan Deyu,Tang Xiuyi.2016.Progress of research on mineralization mode of large coal-Ge deposits in China:Coal-Ge deposit in Wulantuga of Inner Mongolia and Lincang of Yunan.Earth Science Frontiers,23(03):113～123 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Wang Yan.2011.Analysis of supply and demand of metal antimony.China Metal Bulletin,(07):42～43 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Yuan Ying,Zhu Xinyou,Wang Yanli.2011.A review of the distribution and occurrence state of associated rare elements in lead-zinc deposits in China.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,31(S1):316～317 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Yuan Ying,Zhu Xinyou,Li Shunting.2012.Contents,distribution and comprehensive utilization of associated rare earth metals in lead-zinc mines in China.Mineral Deposits,31(S1):965～966 (in Chinese without English abstract).
Zhang Changqing,Wu Yue,Wang Denghong,Chen Yuchuan,Rui Zongyao,Lou Debo,Chen Zhenghui.2014.Brief intriduction on metallogeny of Pb-Zn deposits in China.Acta Geologica Sinica,88(12):2252～2268 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Ming,Gu Xuexiang,Fu Shaohong,Si Rongjun,Li Fayuan.2003.A review of disperse element germanium.Bulletin of Mineralogy,Petrology and Geochemistry,22(1):82～87 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Sujiang,Ji Genyuan,Wang Nan,Jiang Ailing,Shang Lei.2017.Current situation and sustainable development countermeasures of germanium resources in China.Conservation and Utilization of Mineral Resources,(02):6～12 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhang Yuxu,Zhu Chuanwei,Fu Shaohong,Zhou Guofu,Qin Yanrong,Fan Haifeng,Wen Hanjie.2012.A study on the enrichment regularity of ispersed elements Ge in Pb-Zn deposits in Sichuan,Yunnan and Guizhou Provinces,China.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,32(01):60～64 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu Xinyou,Wang Jingbin,Liu Shengbo,Wang Yanli,Han Ying,Zhen Shimin,Guo Ningning.2013.Metallogenica age of Mississippi Valley type Pb-Zn deposit in Fankou,Guangdong:eviddence from shrimp U-Pb zircon dating of diabase.Acta Geologica Sinica,87(02):167～177 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhu Xueli.2009.Talking about the minerogenetic geological conditions and distribution regularities of germanium in coal.Tech Information Development & Economy,19(32):153～154 (in Chinese with English abstract).
Zhou Yun,Duan Qifa,Cao Liang,Gan Jinmu.2013.Enrichment of dispersed elements in MVT-type lead-zinc deposits in western Hunan and western Hubei.Acta Mineralogica Sinica,33(S2):189～190 (in Chinese without English abstract).
敖卫华,黄文辉,马延英,孙磊,万欢.2007.中国煤中锗资源特征及利用现状.资源与产业,9(5):16～18.
陈毓川,王登红,徐志刚,黄凡.2014.华南区域成矿和中生代岩浆成矿规律概要.大地构造与成矿学,38(02):219～229.
韩润生,王峰,胡煜昭,王学焜,任涛,邱文龙,钟康惠.2014.会泽型(HZT)富锗银铅锌矿床成矿构造动力学研究及年代学约束.大地构造与成矿学,38(04):758～771.
胡瑞忠,毕献武,叶造军,苏文超,漆亮.1996.临沧锗矿床成因初探.矿物学报,(02):97～102.
胡瑞忠,苏文超,戚华文,毕献武.2000.锗的地球化学、赋存状态和成矿作用.矿物岩石地球化学通报,(04):215～217.
刘峰.2005.云南会泽大型铅锌矿成矿机制及锗的赋存状态.北京:中国地质科学院.
刘湘华,唐朝霞,吴熙明,石坚,周溪.2018.广西北山铅锌黄铁矿矿床类型与成矿模式研究.中国金属通报,(02):203～204.
戚华文,胡瑞忠,苏文超,漆亮.2002a.临沧锗矿含碳硅质灰岩的成因及其与锗成矿的关系.地球化学,(02):161～168.
戚华文,胡瑞忠,苏文超,漆亮.2002b.临沧锗矿褐煤的稀土元素地球化学.地球化学,(03):300～308.
王登红,徐志刚,盛继福,朱明玉,徐珏,袁忠信,白鸽,屈文俊,李华芹,陈郑辉,王成辉,黄凡,张长青,王永磊,应立娟,李厚民,高兰,孙涛,付勇,李建康,武广,唐菊兴,丰成友,赵正,张大权.2014.全国重要矿产和区域成矿规律研究进展综述.地质学报,88(12):2176～2191.
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