鱼类在TDG过饱和含沙水体中的耐受性
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摘要
为探讨高坝泄洪引起的总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和含沙水体对鱼类的影响,以岩原鲤和鲢鱼为研究对象,开展TDG过饱和含沙水体对不同鱼类的急性暴露试验,根据鱼类受TDG过饱和含沙水体胁迫后的异常行为和死亡率、半致死时间等指标来分析不同鱼类受胁迫后的耐受性和差异性。试验结果表明:试验初期,试验用鱼出现较明显异常行为和气泡病症状,且岩原鲤早于鲢鱼;相同TDG饱和度下,随着含沙量的增加,试验用鱼半致死时间缩短,且岩原鲤半致死时间短于鲢鱼,表明鲢鱼比岩原鲤具有更强的适应能力和耐受能力;当TDG饱和度较高时,即使含沙量低,也会造成试验用鱼的大量死亡;过饱和TDG是导致试验用鱼死亡的主要原因,但不能忽略泥沙对试验用鱼死亡的促进作用。
To investigate the impacts of the total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturated water with sediments on fish due to flood discharge from high dams,rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang) and chub (Hypophthalmictuthys molitrix) were chosen as test objects and acute exposure experiments were performed to investigate the effects of TDG supersaturated water on different species. Tolerance and difference were analyzed based on the indexes of abnormal behavior,death rate,and median lethal time of the fish. The experimental results show that abnormal behaviors and symptoms of bubble disease are obvious on the test fish during the initial stage of the experiment and the abnormity was found firstly on rock carp. Under the same TDG supersaturated water condition,increase of sediment concentration can lead to a decreased median lethal time for both rock carp and chub,but the latter has longer median lethal time,revealing that chub has much stronger adaptability and endurance capacity. Moreover,when TDG supersaturation level remains a high value,even low sediment concentration can cause a high mortality of fish. TDG supersaturation level is the major reason for fish death,but the acceleration effects from sediment cannot be ignored.
To investigate the impacts of the total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturated water with sediments on fish due to flood discharge from high dams,rock carp (Procypris rabaudi Tchang) and chub (Hypophthalmictuthys molitrix) were chosen as test objects and acute exposure experiments were performed to investigate the effects of TDG supersaturated water on different species. Tolerance and difference were analyzed based on the indexes of abnormal behavior,death rate,and median lethal time of the fish. The experimental results show that abnormal behaviors and symptoms of bubble disease are obvious on the test fish during the initial stage of the experiment and the abnormity was found firstly on rock carp. Under the same TDG supersaturated water condition,increase of sediment concentration can lead to a decreased median lethal time for both rock carp and chub,but the latter has longer median lethal time,revealing that chub has much stronger adaptability and endurance capacity. Moreover,when TDG supersaturation level remains a high value,even low sediment concentration can cause a high mortality of fish. TDG supersaturation level is the major reason for fish death,but the acceleration effects from sediment cannot be ignored.
引文
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[25]颜虹.中华医学统计百科全书(单变量推断统计分册)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2012.
[26]杨桂文,安利国.鱼类黏液细胞研究进展[J].水产学报,1999,23(4):403-408.(YANG Guiwen,AN Liguo.Research progress of fish mucus cells[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1999,23(4):403-408.(in Chinese))
[27]SMILEY J,DRAWBRIDGE M.Acute effects of gas supersaturation on juvenile cultured white seabass[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2011,140(5):1269-1276.
[28]CHEN S C,LIU X Q,JIANG W,et al.Effects of total dissolved gas supersaturated water on lethality and catalase activity of Chinese suker(Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker)[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Science(Biomedicine&Biotechnology),2012,13(10):791-796.
[2]吕军,汪雪格,刘伟,等.松花江流域主要干支流纵向连通性与鱼类生境[J].水资源保护,2017,33(6):155-160.(LJun,WANG Xuege,LIU Wei,et al.Longitudinal connectivity and fish habitat of main tributaries in Songhuajiang River Basin[J].Water Resources Protection,2017,33(6):155-160.(in Chinese))
[3]齐亮,杨宇,王悦,等.鱼类对水动力环境变化的行为响应特征[J].河海大学学报(自然科学版),2012,40(4):438-445.(QI Liang,YANG Yu,WANG Yue,et al.Fish behavior characteristics in response to change of hydrodynamic environment[J].Journal of Hohai University(Natural Sciences),2012,40(4):438-445.(in Chinese))
[4]唐建勋,唐奕扬,程樟顺,等.Pb2+、Cu2+在黄颡鱼性腺中的富集及其对性腺发育的胁迫[J].水资源保护,2012,28(4):61-63.(TANG Jianxun,TANG Yiyang,CHENG Zhangshun,et al.Accumulation of heavy metals Pb2+and Cu2+in ovary of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco and effects on ovum development[J].Water Resources Protection,2012,28(4):61-63.(in Chinese))
[5]BOUCHARD J P,MERLE G.Sediment management at EDF reservoirs[C]//International Workshop and Symposium on Reservoir Sedimentation Management.Toyama:[s.n.],2000:169-176.
[6]FICKEISEN D H,MONTGOMERY J C.Tolerances of fishes to dissolved gas supersaturation in deep tank bioassays[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,1978,107(2):376-381.
[7]KRISE W F,HERMAN R L.Resistance of under-yearling and yearling Atlantic salmon and lake trout to supersaturation with air[J].Journal of Aquatic Animal Health,1991,3(4):248-253.
[8]BEEMAN J W,MAULE A G.Migration depths of juvenile chinook salmon and steelhead relative to total dissolved gas supersaturation in a Columbia River Reservoir[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2006,135(3):584-594.
[9]谭德彩.三峡工程致气体过饱和对鱼类致死效应的研究[D].重庆:西南大学,2006.
[10]LIU X Q,LI K F,LI R,et al.Effect of chronic and acute exposure to total dissolved gas super saturation on growth and survival in juvenile rock carp(Procypris rabaudi Tchang)[J].Journal of Food Agriculture&Environment,2013,11(2):1930-1393.
[11]李博.水体TDG过饱和对重口裂腹鱼早期生长发育的影响研究[D].成都:四川大学,2012.
[12]吴松,姜文,刘晓庆,等.TDG过饱和对鲫鱼的急性毒性效应及CAT活性的影响[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2012,44(增刊1):66-70.(WU Song,JIANGWen,LIU Xiaoqing,et al.Effect of acute toxicity and CAT activity of total dissolved gas supersaturation on crucian(Carassius auratus)[J].Journal of Sichuan University(Engineering Science Edition),2012,44(Sup1):66-70.(in Chinese))
[13]袁嫄,袁佺,王远铭,等.总溶解气体过饱和对长薄鳅的急性和慢性致死效应研究[J].工程科学与技术,2017,49(增刊2):56-61.(YUAN Yuan,YUAN Quan,WANG Yuanming,et al.Acute and chronic lethality of total dissolved gas super satuated water on Leptobotia elongata[J].Advanced Engineering Sciences,2017,49(Sup2):56-61.(in Chinese))
[14]袁佺,袁嫄,王远铭,等.长薄鳅对过饱和总溶解气体的回避特征研究[J].水生态学杂志,2017,38(4):77-81.(YUAN Quan,YUAN Yuan,WANG Yuanming,et al.Avoidance characteristics of Leptobotia elongate to total dissolved gas supersaturation[J].Journal of Hydroecology,2017,38(4):77-81.(in Chinese))
[15]HUANG X,LI K F,DU J,et al.Effects of gas supersaturation on lethality and avoidance responses in juvenile rock carp(Procypris rabaudi Tchang)[J].Journal of Zhejiang University Science B(Biomedicine&Biotechnology),2010,11(10):806-811.
[16]LIANG R F,LI B,LI K F,et al.Effect of total dissolved gas supersaturated water on early life of David’s schizothoracin(Schizothorax davidi)[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Science B(Biomedicine&Biotechnology),2013,14(7):632-639.
[17]NEWCOMBE C P,JENSEN J O T.Channel suspended sediment and fisheries:a synthesis for quantitative of risk and impact[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,1996,16(4):693-727.
[18]BELL M C.Fisheries handbook of engineering requirements and biological criteria[R].Portland:USArmy Corps of Engineers,1973.
[19]LLOYD D S.Turbidity as a water quality standard for salmonid habitats in Alaska[J].North American Journal of Fisheries Management,1987,7(1):18-33.
[20]STAUB E.Effects of sediment flushing on fish and invertebrates in Swiss Alpine Rivers[C]//International Workshop and Symposium on Reservoir Sedimentation Management.Toyama:[s.n.],2000:185-193.
[21]白音包力皋,许凤冉,陈兴茹,等.小浪底水库排沙对下游鱼类的影响研究[J].水利学报,2012,43(10):1146-1153.(BAIYINBAOLIGAO,XU Fengran,CHENXingru,et al.Impact of sediment flushing of Xiaolangdi Reservoir on downstream fish[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2012,43(10):1146-1153.(in Chinese))
[22]张亦然,杜秋成,王远铭,等.总溶解气体过饱和含沙水体对齐口裂腹鱼影响的实验研究[J].水利学报,2014,45(9):1029-1037.(ZHANG Yiran,DUQiucheng,WANG Yuanming,et al.Effects of TDGsupersaturated water with sediment on juvenile Schizothorax prenanti[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2014,45(9):1029-1037.(in Chinese))
[23]中华人民共和国水利部.中国河流泥沙公报[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2011.
[24]刘晓庆,王俊杰,孙井沛,等.TDG过饱和高含沙水体对岩原鲤的急性效应研究[J].水力发电学报,2017,36(10):93-101.(LIU Xiaoqing,WANG Junjie,SUNJingpei,et al.Acute effects of TDG supersaturated water with high concentration sediment on rock carp(Procypris rabaudi)[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2017,36(10):93-101.(in Chinese))
[25]颜虹.中华医学统计百科全书(单变量推断统计分册)[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2012.
[26]杨桂文,安利国.鱼类黏液细胞研究进展[J].水产学报,1999,23(4):403-408.(YANG Guiwen,AN Liguo.Research progress of fish mucus cells[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,1999,23(4):403-408.(in Chinese))
[27]SMILEY J,DRAWBRIDGE M.Acute effects of gas supersaturation on juvenile cultured white seabass[J].Transactions of the American Fisheries Society,2011,140(5):1269-1276.
[28]CHEN S C,LIU X Q,JIANG W,et al.Effects of total dissolved gas supersaturated water on lethality and catalase activity of Chinese suker(Myxocyprinus asiaticus Bleeker)[J].Journal of Zhejiang University:Science(Biomedicine&Biotechnology),2012,13(10):791-796.