设计流量和土壤质地对微孔陶瓷灌水器入渗特性的影响
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摘要
为探明微孔陶瓷灌水器土壤中入渗流量变化的原因,明确微孔陶瓷灌水器的出流原理,该研究基于土桶模拟试验,研究3种设计流量(0.72、1.87和4.40 L/h)的微孔陶瓷灌水器下2种土壤(黄绵土、塿土)的渗流特性。结果表明,使用不同灌水器灌溉后,短时间内入渗流量均迅速减小,而后缓慢减小趋于稳定。设计流量与土壤质地均影响灌水器的出流。灌水器周围土壤水势的变化是造成入渗流量变化的直接原因,土壤含水率的变化是入渗流量变化的根本原因。在没有淹没出流的情况下,土壤含水率越高,入渗流量越小。设计流量为1.87 L/h灌水器应用于塿土中,当土壤含水率由13%增大至40%时,入渗流量由1.4 L/h下降至0.3 L/h左右。灌水器周围土壤含水率对入渗流量具有反馈调节作用。采用微孔陶瓷灌水器作为灌溉系统的核心部件,在内部水头适宜(微压或零压)的情况下,通过灌水器入渗流量与土壤含水率的耦合作用,可实现土壤水分的自动调控,达到主动灌溉的目的。该文可为微孔陶瓷灌水器的推广应用提供参考。
Subsurface irrigation has been achieved by using pitchers, pots and ceramic tubes, which has gained a certain degree of interest in arid regions due to its high-water use efficiency. Porous ceramic irrigation emitter is an improved version of the traditional method of subsurface irrigation, and it has good performance and low cost. In order to minimize evaporation losses and deep percolation, a proper design for an irrigation system with ceramic emitters as the core component is required. In this study, we investigated the effects of designed flow rate and soil type on seepage characteristics of soil water content under the irrigation system with ceramic emitter. Soil tank laboratory experiments were conducted with 2 different soil types and 3 designed flow rates. The designed flow rates were 0.72, 1.87 and 4.40 L/h for the 2 soil types(Lou soil and Loessial soil). The Marriote bottle with 15 cm in diameter and 66 cm in height was used to supply water for the ceramic emitter during the experiment, the designed working pressure was 20 cm. The cumulative infiltration was measured by different water levels in Markov bottle. Porous ceramic emitter was prepared by a sintering and compression molding technology using silica, talc and silica sol as raw materials. The discharge coefficient of ceramic emitter was 4.23, 11.71, and 22.85, respectively. When the soil tank was filled with soil, the soil moisture sensors were installed around the ceramic emitter to record the changes of soil water content. The variations of cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate, soil water content, and soil water potential around emitters in the 6 different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Infiltration rate of ceramic emitter in the soil decreased gradually with time and finally stabilized. On the contrary, the soil water content around the emitter increased rapidly, tending to approach saturation; 2) Soil texture had a great influence on the infiltration rate. The infiltration rate in lou soil was smaller than that in the loessial soil under the same designed flow rate. Designed flow rate had a great effect on the emitter flow rate in the soil. The average emitter flow rate increased at first then decreased with increase of the designed flow rate; 3) The change of soil water potential was the direct cause for changing of infiltration rate. When the designed flow rate higher than soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, a saturated zone formed around the emitter and a certain positive pressure was generated. Therefore, the infiltration rate was less than the designed flow rate. On the contrary, when the designed flow rate was smaller than soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, the soil water potential around the emitter would be negative pressure and promoted the outflow of emitter, and the infiltration rate would be bigger than designed flow rate; 4) When experiment started, soil water content around the emitter increased rapidly and reached closely to the saturated water content. For the emitter with designed flow rate of 1.87 L/h, the infiltration rate in lou soil decreased from 1.4 to 0.3 L/h when the soil water content increased from 13% to 40%. The higher the soil water content was, the smaller the infiltration rate was. Soil water content around emitters had an appreciable negative effect on emitter infiltration rate in the soil. There was a feedback regulation relationship between the water content and emitter flow rate. If a porous ceramic emitter with an appropriate designed flow rate, which working pressure head was extremely low or zero, the soil water content can be automatically controlled and the emitter would take the initiative to irrigate. Irrigation system is an interrelated subsurface system of irrigation water, ceramic emitter and soil, therefore, in the future, more factors such as working pressure, designed flow rate and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity should be comprehensive/y considered in studying the seepage characteristics of ceramic emitter.
Subsurface irrigation has been achieved by using pitchers, pots and ceramic tubes, which has gained a certain degree of interest in arid regions due to its high-water use efficiency. Porous ceramic irrigation emitter is an improved version of the traditional method of subsurface irrigation, and it has good performance and low cost. In order to minimize evaporation losses and deep percolation, a proper design for an irrigation system with ceramic emitters as the core component is required. In this study, we investigated the effects of designed flow rate and soil type on seepage characteristics of soil water content under the irrigation system with ceramic emitter. Soil tank laboratory experiments were conducted with 2 different soil types and 3 designed flow rates. The designed flow rates were 0.72, 1.87 and 4.40 L/h for the 2 soil types(Lou soil and Loessial soil). The Marriote bottle with 15 cm in diameter and 66 cm in height was used to supply water for the ceramic emitter during the experiment, the designed working pressure was 20 cm. The cumulative infiltration was measured by different water levels in Markov bottle. Porous ceramic emitter was prepared by a sintering and compression molding technology using silica, talc and silica sol as raw materials. The discharge coefficient of ceramic emitter was 4.23, 11.71, and 22.85, respectively. When the soil tank was filled with soil, the soil moisture sensors were installed around the ceramic emitter to record the changes of soil water content. The variations of cumulative infiltration, infiltration rate, soil water content, and soil water potential around emitters in the 6 different treatments were analyzed. The results showed that: 1) Infiltration rate of ceramic emitter in the soil decreased gradually with time and finally stabilized. On the contrary, the soil water content around the emitter increased rapidly, tending to approach saturation; 2) Soil texture had a great influence on the infiltration rate. The infiltration rate in lou soil was smaller than that in the loessial soil under the same designed flow rate. Designed flow rate had a great effect on the emitter flow rate in the soil. The average emitter flow rate increased at first then decreased with increase of the designed flow rate; 3) The change of soil water potential was the direct cause for changing of infiltration rate. When the designed flow rate higher than soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, a saturated zone formed around the emitter and a certain positive pressure was generated. Therefore, the infiltration rate was less than the designed flow rate. On the contrary, when the designed flow rate was smaller than soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, the soil water potential around the emitter would be negative pressure and promoted the outflow of emitter, and the infiltration rate would be bigger than designed flow rate; 4) When experiment started, soil water content around the emitter increased rapidly and reached closely to the saturated water content. For the emitter with designed flow rate of 1.87 L/h, the infiltration rate in lou soil decreased from 1.4 to 0.3 L/h when the soil water content increased from 13% to 40%. The higher the soil water content was, the smaller the infiltration rate was. Soil water content around emitters had an appreciable negative effect on emitter infiltration rate in the soil. There was a feedback regulation relationship between the water content and emitter flow rate. If a porous ceramic emitter with an appropriate designed flow rate, which working pressure head was extremely low or zero, the soil water content can be automatically controlled and the emitter would take the initiative to irrigate. Irrigation system is an interrelated subsurface system of irrigation water, ceramic emitter and soil, therefore, in the future, more factors such as working pressure, designed flow rate and soil saturated hydraulic conductivity should be comprehensive/y considered in studying the seepage characteristics of ceramic emitter.
引文
[1]Bainbridge D A.Buried clay pot irrigation:A little known but very efficient traditional method of irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2001,48(2):79-88.
[2]张涛.粗陶微孔地埋渗灌装置的研制与应用试验[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(6):126-128.Zhang Tao.Development and application tests of the buried porous unglazed clay subsurface irrigation device[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(6):126-128.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Siyal A A,Skaggs T H.Measured and simulated soil wetting patterns under porous clay pipe sub-surface irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(6):893-904.
[4]Siyal A A,van Genuchten M T,Skaggs T H.Solute transport in a loamy soil under subsurface porous clay pipe irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,121:73-80.
[5]Batchelor C,Lovell C,Murata M.Simple micro irrigation techniques for improving irrigation efficiency on vegetable gardens[J].Agricultural Water Management,1996,32(1):37-48.
[6]Ashrafi S,Gupta A D,Babel M S,et al.Simulation of infiltration from porous clay pipe in subsurface irrigation[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2002,47(2):253-268.
[7]蔡耀辉,吴普特,朱德兰,等.渗灌用粘土基微孔陶瓷制备与性能优化[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):183-188.Cai Yaohui,Wu Pute,Zhu Delan,et al.Preparation and performance optimization of clay-based porous ceramics used in subsurface irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(4):183-188.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]蔡耀辉,吴普特,朱德兰,等.硅藻土微孔陶瓷灌水器制备工艺优化[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(22):70-76.Cai Yaohui,Wu Pute,Zhu Delan,et al.Preparation technology optimization of diatomite porous ceramic irrigation emitter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(22):70-76.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]蒲文辉,张新燕,朱德兰,等.制备工艺对微孔陶瓷灌水器结构与水力性能的影响[J].水力发电学报,2015,36(6):48-57.Pu Wenhui,Zhang Xinyan,Zhu Delan,et al.Effect of preparation process on structure and hydraulic performance of porous ceramic irrigation emitter[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2015,36(6):48-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Vasudevan P,Thapliyal A,Dastidar M G,et al.Pitcher or clay pot irrigation for water conservation[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering(ICME).2007:29-31.
[11]Abu-Zreig M M,Abe Y,Isoda H.The auto-regulative capability of pitcher irrigation system[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,85(3):272-278.
[12]徐增辉,李向明,林力,等.免烧微孔陶瓷渗灌灌水器制备与性能研究[J].节水灌溉,2015(10):74-77.Xu Zenghui,Li Xiangming,Lin Li,et al.Manufacture and hydraulics performance of baking-free subsurface irrigation porous ceramics[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2015(10):74-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]任改萍.微孔陶瓷渗灌土壤水分运移规律研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Ren Gaiping.Research on Soil Water Movement Characteristic Under Microporous Ceramic Emitter Irrigation[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F university,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]任改萍,吴普特,张林,等.供水压力对微孔陶瓷灌土壤水分运移规律的影响[J].节水灌溉,2016(7):13-17.Ren Gaiping,Wu Pute,Zhang Lin,et al.Effects of water supply pressure on soil water movement under ceramic emitter irrigation[J].Water Saving Irrigation.2016(7):13-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Gupta A D,Babel M S,Ashrafi S.Effect of soil texture on the emission characteristics of porous clay pipe for subsurface irrigation[J].Irrigation Science,2009,27(3):201-208.
[16]谷川寅彦,矢部腾彦,吴景社.低压渗灌原理与基础试验研究[J].灌溉排水,1992,11(2):35-38.
[17]J·贝尔,李竞生,陈崇希.多孔介质流体动力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1983:91-93.
[18]Lazarovitch N,Simunek J,Shani U.System-dependent boundary condition for water flow from subsurface source[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69:46-50.
[19]Gil M,Rodríguez-Sinobas L,Sánchez R,et al.Evolution of the spherical cavity radius generated around a subsurface drip emitter[J].Biogeosciences,2010,7(6):1983-1989.
[20]Gil M,Rodríguez-Sinobas L,Juana L,et al.Emitter discharge variability of subsurface drip irrigation in uniform soils:effect on water-application uniformity[J].Irrigation Science,2008,26(6):451-458.
[21]Gil M,Rodríguez-Sinobas L,Sánchez R,et al.Procedures for determining maximum emitter discharge in subsurface drip irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2010,137(5):287-294.
[22]仵峰,吴普特,范永申,等.地下滴灌条件下土壤水能态研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12):31-35.Wu Feng,Wu Pute,Fan Yongshen,et al.Distribution of soil water potential energy under subsurface drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(12):31-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Shani U,Xue S,Gordin-Katz,et al.Soil-limiting flow from subsurface emitters.I:Pressure measurements[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,ASCE,1996,122(5):291-295.
[24]Warrick A W,Shani U.Soil-limiting flow from subsurface emitters.II:Effect on uniformity[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1996,122(5):296-300.
[25]仵峰,李王成,李金山,等.地下滴灌灌水器水力性能试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):85-88.Wu Feng,Li Wangcheng,Li Jinshan,et al.Hydraulic characteristics of emitter in soil of subsurface drip irrigation system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2003,19(2):85-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]仵峰,李王成,范永申,等.地下滴灌滴头出口正压试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2003,22(2):48-52.Wu Feng,Li Wangcheng,Fan Yongshen,et al.Experimental study on positive pressure in area around emitter in subsurface drip irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2003,22(2):48-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]李久生,杨风艳,刘玉春,等.土壤层状质地对小流量地下滴灌灌水器特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):1-6.Li Jiusheng,Yang Fengyan,Liu Yuchun,et al.Performance of low-discharge emitters buried in soil as affected by layered-textural soils[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(4):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]张书函,雷廷武,丁跃元,等.微孔管渗灌土壤水分运动的有限元模拟及其应用[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(4):1-5.Zhang Shuhan,Lei Tingwu,Ding Yaoyuan,et al.Finite element modeling of soil water movement under subsurface irrigation with porous pipe and its application[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2002,18(4):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]雷廷武,江培福,Vincent F B,等.负压自动补给灌溉原理及可行性试验研究[J].水利学报,2005,36(3):298-302.Lei Tingwu,Jiang Peifu,Vincent F B,et al.Principle of negative pressure difference irrigation system and feasibility experimental study[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(3):298-302.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]邹朝望,薛绪掌,张仁铎,等.负水头灌溉原理与装置[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):17-22.Zou Chaowang,Xue Xuzhang,Zhang Renduo,et al.Principle and equipment of negative pressure irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(11):17-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]王佳佳.负压灌溉下不同质地土壤水盐运移规律研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.Wang Jiajia.Soil Water and Salt Movement Under Different Soil Textures with Negative-pressure Irrigation[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]Wang J,Huang Y,Long H.Water and salt movement in different soil textures under various negative irrigating pressures[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2016,15(8):1874-1882.
[2]张涛.粗陶微孔地埋渗灌装置的研制与应用试验[J].灌溉排水学报,2010,29(6):126-128.Zhang Tao.Development and application tests of the buried porous unglazed clay subsurface irrigation device[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2010,29(6):126-128.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[3]Siyal A A,Skaggs T H.Measured and simulated soil wetting patterns under porous clay pipe sub-surface irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2009,96(6):893-904.
[4]Siyal A A,van Genuchten M T,Skaggs T H.Solute transport in a loamy soil under subsurface porous clay pipe irrigation[J].Agricultural Water Management,2013,121:73-80.
[5]Batchelor C,Lovell C,Murata M.Simple micro irrigation techniques for improving irrigation efficiency on vegetable gardens[J].Agricultural Water Management,1996,32(1):37-48.
[6]Ashrafi S,Gupta A D,Babel M S,et al.Simulation of infiltration from porous clay pipe in subsurface irrigation[J].Hydrological Sciences Journal,2002,47(2):253-268.
[7]蔡耀辉,吴普特,朱德兰,等.渗灌用粘土基微孔陶瓷制备与性能优化[J].农业机械学报,2015,46(4):183-188.Cai Yaohui,Wu Pute,Zhu Delan,et al.Preparation and performance optimization of clay-based porous ceramics used in subsurface irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society for Agricultural Machinery,2015,46(4):183-188.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]蔡耀辉,吴普特,朱德兰,等.硅藻土微孔陶瓷灌水器制备工艺优化[J].农业工程学报,2015,31(22):70-76.Cai Yaohui,Wu Pute,Zhu Delan,et al.Preparation technology optimization of diatomite porous ceramic irrigation emitter[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2015,31(22):70-76.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[9]蒲文辉,张新燕,朱德兰,等.制备工艺对微孔陶瓷灌水器结构与水力性能的影响[J].水力发电学报,2015,36(6):48-57.Pu Wenhui,Zhang Xinyan,Zhu Delan,et al.Effect of preparation process on structure and hydraulic performance of porous ceramic irrigation emitter[J].Journal of Hydroelectric Engineering,2015,36(6):48-57.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Vasudevan P,Thapliyal A,Dastidar M G,et al.Pitcher or clay pot irrigation for water conservation[C]//Proceedings of the International Conference on Mechanical Engineering(ICME).2007:29-31.
[11]Abu-Zreig M M,Abe Y,Isoda H.The auto-regulative capability of pitcher irrigation system[J].Agricultural Water Management,2006,85(3):272-278.
[12]徐增辉,李向明,林力,等.免烧微孔陶瓷渗灌灌水器制备与性能研究[J].节水灌溉,2015(10):74-77.Xu Zenghui,Li Xiangming,Lin Li,et al.Manufacture and hydraulics performance of baking-free subsurface irrigation porous ceramics[J].Water Saving Irrigation,2015(10):74-77.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]任改萍.微孔陶瓷渗灌土壤水分运移规律研究[D].杨凌:西北农林科技大学,2016.Ren Gaiping.Research on Soil Water Movement Characteristic Under Microporous Ceramic Emitter Irrigation[D].Yangling:Northwest A&F university,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]任改萍,吴普特,张林,等.供水压力对微孔陶瓷灌土壤水分运移规律的影响[J].节水灌溉,2016(7):13-17.Ren Gaiping,Wu Pute,Zhang Lin,et al.Effects of water supply pressure on soil water movement under ceramic emitter irrigation[J].Water Saving Irrigation.2016(7):13-17.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Gupta A D,Babel M S,Ashrafi S.Effect of soil texture on the emission characteristics of porous clay pipe for subsurface irrigation[J].Irrigation Science,2009,27(3):201-208.
[16]谷川寅彦,矢部腾彦,吴景社.低压渗灌原理与基础试验研究[J].灌溉排水,1992,11(2):35-38.
[17]J·贝尔,李竞生,陈崇希.多孔介质流体动力学[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社,1983:91-93.
[18]Lazarovitch N,Simunek J,Shani U.System-dependent boundary condition for water flow from subsurface source[J].Soil Science Society of America Journal,2005,69:46-50.
[19]Gil M,Rodríguez-Sinobas L,Sánchez R,et al.Evolution of the spherical cavity radius generated around a subsurface drip emitter[J].Biogeosciences,2010,7(6):1983-1989.
[20]Gil M,Rodríguez-Sinobas L,Juana L,et al.Emitter discharge variability of subsurface drip irrigation in uniform soils:effect on water-application uniformity[J].Irrigation Science,2008,26(6):451-458.
[21]Gil M,Rodríguez-Sinobas L,Sánchez R,et al.Procedures for determining maximum emitter discharge in subsurface drip irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,2010,137(5):287-294.
[22]仵峰,吴普特,范永申,等.地下滴灌条件下土壤水能态研究[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12):31-35.Wu Feng,Wu Pute,Fan Yongshen,et al.Distribution of soil water potential energy under subsurface drip irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2008,24(12):31-35.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[23]Shani U,Xue S,Gordin-Katz,et al.Soil-limiting flow from subsurface emitters.I:Pressure measurements[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,ASCE,1996,122(5):291-295.
[24]Warrick A W,Shani U.Soil-limiting flow from subsurface emitters.II:Effect on uniformity[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering,1996,122(5):296-300.
[25]仵峰,李王成,李金山,等.地下滴灌灌水器水力性能试验研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(2):85-88.Wu Feng,Li Wangcheng,Li Jinshan,et al.Hydraulic characteristics of emitter in soil of subsurface drip irrigation system[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2003,19(2):85-88.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]仵峰,李王成,范永申,等.地下滴灌滴头出口正压试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2003,22(2):48-52.Wu Feng,Li Wangcheng,Fan Yongshen,et al.Experimental study on positive pressure in area around emitter in subsurface drip irrigation[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2003,22(2):48-52.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]李久生,杨风艳,刘玉春,等.土壤层状质地对小流量地下滴灌灌水器特性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2009,25(4):1-6.Li Jiusheng,Yang Fengyan,Liu Yuchun,et al.Performance of low-discharge emitters buried in soil as affected by layered-textural soils[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2009,25(4):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]张书函,雷廷武,丁跃元,等.微孔管渗灌土壤水分运动的有限元模拟及其应用[J].农业工程学报,2002,18(4):1-5.Zhang Shuhan,Lei Tingwu,Ding Yaoyuan,et al.Finite element modeling of soil water movement under subsurface irrigation with porous pipe and its application[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2002,18(4):1-5.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[29]雷廷武,江培福,Vincent F B,等.负压自动补给灌溉原理及可行性试验研究[J].水利学报,2005,36(3):298-302.Lei Tingwu,Jiang Peifu,Vincent F B,et al.Principle of negative pressure difference irrigation system and feasibility experimental study[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2005,36(3):298-302.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[30]邹朝望,薛绪掌,张仁铎,等.负水头灌溉原理与装置[J].农业工程学报,2007,23(11):17-22.Zou Chaowang,Xue Xuzhang,Zhang Renduo,et al.Principle and equipment of negative pressure irrigation[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),2007,23(11):17-22.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[31]王佳佳.负压灌溉下不同质地土壤水盐运移规律研究[D].北京:中国农业大学,2016.Wang Jiajia.Soil Water and Salt Movement Under Different Soil Textures with Negative-pressure Irrigation[D].Beijing:China Agricultural University,2016.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[32]Wang J,Huang Y,Long H.Water and salt movement in different soil textures under various negative irrigating pressures[J].Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2016,15(8):1874-1882.