华北平原地下水超采区不同节水技术灌溉用水量分析——以河北省沧州市为例
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摘要
华北平原区地下水超采严重。面对这一亟待解决的问题,开展地下水超采综合治理工作迫在眉睫。现在河北省选取一些试点区采用节水灌溉技术来缓解农业灌溉用水压力,不断压减地下水超采量。为了得知节水灌溉技术在试点区的推广应用情况,在河北省沧州市14个县选择典型地块进行小麦灌水试验。灌水试验跨越整个冬小麦生育期,灌水试验采用超声波流量计和体积法进行相互印证;并结合小麦生育期内用电量及灌溉次数对灌溉用水量进行了测算。结果表明,管灌的试验和理论灌溉用水均高于喷灌,分别为5.68%和17.68%。低压管灌试验灌溉用水量总体比理论推算灌溉用水量高5.3%,喷灌试验灌溉用水量总体比理论推算灌溉用水量低8.5%。喷灌相对管灌节水效果更优;但喷灌相对管灌普适性较差,推广难度大。节水灌溉技术推广应因地制宜;并增强灌溉设施建后服务管理。
The overexploitation of groundwater in the North China Plain is serious. Facing this urgent problem,it is imminent to carry out the comprehensive treatment of groundwater overexploitation. In Hebei Province,water saving irrigation technology is adopted in some pilot areas to relieve the water pressure of agricultural irrigation and reduce the overexploitation of groundwater. In order to know the popularization and application of water-saving irrigation technology in the pilot area,the wheat irrigation experiment was carried out in 14 counties of Cangzhou City,Hebei Province. The irrigation experiment was carried out over the whole growth period of winter wheat. The irrigation experiment uses ultrasonic Flowmeter and volume method to verify each other,and the irrigation water consumption is calculated by combining the electricity consumption and irrigation times during the wheat growth period.The results showed that the experimental and theoretical irrigation water consumption of pipe irrigation was higher than that of sprinkler irrigation,5. 68% and 17. 68%,respectively. The total irrigation water consumption of lowpressure pipe irrigation experiment was 5. 3% higher than that of theoretical estimation,and the total irrigation water consumption of sprinkler irrigation experiment was 8. 5% lower than that of theoretical estimation. The water saving effect of sprinkler irrigation is better than that of pipe irrigation,but it is difficult to popularize sprinkler irrigation relative to pipe irrigation. The popularization of water-saving irrigation technology should be adapted to local conditions and strengthen the service management of irrigation facilities after construction.
The overexploitation of groundwater in the North China Plain is serious. Facing this urgent problem,it is imminent to carry out the comprehensive treatment of groundwater overexploitation. In Hebei Province,water saving irrigation technology is adopted in some pilot areas to relieve the water pressure of agricultural irrigation and reduce the overexploitation of groundwater. In order to know the popularization and application of water-saving irrigation technology in the pilot area,the wheat irrigation experiment was carried out in 14 counties of Cangzhou City,Hebei Province. The irrigation experiment was carried out over the whole growth period of winter wheat. The irrigation experiment uses ultrasonic Flowmeter and volume method to verify each other,and the irrigation water consumption is calculated by combining the electricity consumption and irrigation times during the wheat growth period.The results showed that the experimental and theoretical irrigation water consumption of pipe irrigation was higher than that of sprinkler irrigation,5. 68% and 17. 68%,respectively. The total irrigation water consumption of lowpressure pipe irrigation experiment was 5. 3% higher than that of theoretical estimation,and the total irrigation water consumption of sprinkler irrigation experiment was 8. 5% lower than that of theoretical estimation. The water saving effect of sprinkler irrigation is better than that of pipe irrigation,but it is difficult to popularize sprinkler irrigation relative to pipe irrigation. The popularization of water-saving irrigation technology should be adapted to local conditions and strengthen the service management of irrigation facilities after construction.
引文
1左喆瑜.华北地下水超采区农户对现代节水灌溉技术的支付意愿---基于对山东省德州市宁津县的条件价值调查.农业技术经济,2016;(6):32-46Zuo Zheyu,Farmers'willingness to pay for modern water-saving irrigation technology in North China groundwater super mining area-based on the investigation of the condition value of Ningjin County,Dezhou,Shandong.Journal of Agrotechnical Economics,2016;(6):32-46
2石建省,王昭,张兆吉,等.华北平原深层地下水超采程度计算与分析.地学前缘,2010;17(6):215-220Shi Jiansheng,Wang Zhao,Zhang Zhaoji,et al.Assessment of overexploitation of deep groundwater in the North China Plain.Earth Science Frontiers,2010;17(6):215-220
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4 Beltran J M.Irrigation with saline water:benefits and environmental impact.Agricultural Water Management,1999;40(2-3):183-194
5 Wang H X,Zhang L,Dawes W R,et al.Improving water use efficiency of irrigated crops in the North China Plain-measurements and modeling.Agric Water Manag,2001;48(2),151-167
6吴丽英.河北省用水定额在邢台市农业用水量方面的应用.地下水;2012;(6):205-207Wu Liying.The application of water consumption quota in Hebei for agricultural water consumption in Xingtai.Ground Water,2012;(6):205-207
7赵文杰,丁凡琳.我国节水灌溉技术推广现状与对策研究综述.节水灌溉,2015;(4):95-98Zhao Wenjie,Ding Fanlin.A review on the current situation and countermeasures of water-saving irrigation technology extension in China.Water Saving Irrigation,2015;(4):95-98
8张光辉,连英立,刘春华,等.华北平原水资源紧缺情势与因源.地球科学与环境学报,2011;(2):172-176Zhang Guanghui,Lian Yingli,Liu Chunhua,et al.Situation and origin of water resources in short supply in north China plain.Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2011;(2):172-176
9田言亮,张光辉,王茜,等.黄淮海平原灌溉农业对地下水依赖程度与保障能力.地球学报,2016;(3):257-265Tian Yanliang,Zhang Guanghui,Wang Qian,et al.Groundwater safeguard capacity and dependency degree of agricultural irrigation on groundwater in the Huang-Huai-Hai plain.Acta Geosicientia Sinica2016;(3):257-265
10张宗祜,张光辉.大陆水循环系统演化及其环境意义.地球学报,2001;22(4):289-292Zhang Zonghu,Zhang Guanghui.The evolution of continental water cyclic system and its environmental significance.Acta Geosicientia Sinica,2001;22(4):289-292
11 Caswell M,Zilberman D.The choices of irrigation technologies in California.America Journal of Agricultural Economics,1985;(67):224-234
12 Dinar A,Yaron D.Adoption and abandonment of irrigation technologies.Agricultural Economics,1992;(4):315-332
13 Eric C S,W.Marshall F,Robert S W,et al.Adoption of more technically efficient irrigation systemy as a drought response.Water Resource Development,2005;21(4):651-662
14靳智,李树刚,杨涛,等.西北地区微灌标准体系的意义和作用.节水灌溉,2010;(4):64-65,68Jin Zhi,Li Shugang,Yang Tao,et al.The significance and function of the standard system of micro irrigation in Northwest China.Water Saving Irrigation,2010;(4):64-65,68
15刘晓敏,王慧军.河北省农户采用小麦玉米微喷灌节水技术意愿及影响因素分析.节水灌溉,2015;(12):73-76Liu Xiaomin,Wang Huijun.Factors affecting farmers'willingness to adopt wheat/maize micro-sprinkling irrigation and water-saving technology in Hebei Province.Water Saving Irrigation,2015;(12):73-76
16康跃虎.加快微灌技术推广应用和健康发展的对策和建议.科技促进发展,2012;(1):31-39Kang Yuehu.Strategies and suggestions for accelerating healthy development of micro-irrigation techniques.Science&Technology for Development,2012;(1):31-39
17李宗礼,赵文举,孙伟,等.喷灌技术在北方缺水地区的应用前景.农业工程学报,2012;(6):1-6Li Zongli,Zhao Wenju,Sun Wei,et al.Application prospect of sprinkler irrigation technology in water-short areas of northern China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012;28(6):1-6
18 Carey J M,Zilberman D.A model of investment under uncertainty:modem irrigation technology and emerging markets in water.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2002;(2):171-183
2石建省,王昭,张兆吉,等.华北平原深层地下水超采程度计算与分析.地学前缘,2010;17(6):215-220Shi Jiansheng,Wang Zhao,Zhang Zhaoji,et al.Assessment of overexploitation of deep groundwater in the North China Plain.Earth Science Frontiers,2010;17(6):215-220
3中新社.河北省长期超采地下水形成7大漏斗区.城市问题,2014;(12):103-103China News Service.7 major funnel zones formed by long-term overexploitation of groundwater in Hebei Province.Urban Problems,2014;(12):103-103
4 Beltran J M.Irrigation with saline water:benefits and environmental impact.Agricultural Water Management,1999;40(2-3):183-194
5 Wang H X,Zhang L,Dawes W R,et al.Improving water use efficiency of irrigated crops in the North China Plain-measurements and modeling.Agric Water Manag,2001;48(2),151-167
6吴丽英.河北省用水定额在邢台市农业用水量方面的应用.地下水;2012;(6):205-207Wu Liying.The application of water consumption quota in Hebei for agricultural water consumption in Xingtai.Ground Water,2012;(6):205-207
7赵文杰,丁凡琳.我国节水灌溉技术推广现状与对策研究综述.节水灌溉,2015;(4):95-98Zhao Wenjie,Ding Fanlin.A review on the current situation and countermeasures of water-saving irrigation technology extension in China.Water Saving Irrigation,2015;(4):95-98
8张光辉,连英立,刘春华,等.华北平原水资源紧缺情势与因源.地球科学与环境学报,2011;(2):172-176Zhang Guanghui,Lian Yingli,Liu Chunhua,et al.Situation and origin of water resources in short supply in north China plain.Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,2011;(2):172-176
9田言亮,张光辉,王茜,等.黄淮海平原灌溉农业对地下水依赖程度与保障能力.地球学报,2016;(3):257-265Tian Yanliang,Zhang Guanghui,Wang Qian,et al.Groundwater safeguard capacity and dependency degree of agricultural irrigation on groundwater in the Huang-Huai-Hai plain.Acta Geosicientia Sinica2016;(3):257-265
10张宗祜,张光辉.大陆水循环系统演化及其环境意义.地球学报,2001;22(4):289-292Zhang Zonghu,Zhang Guanghui.The evolution of continental water cyclic system and its environmental significance.Acta Geosicientia Sinica,2001;22(4):289-292
11 Caswell M,Zilberman D.The choices of irrigation technologies in California.America Journal of Agricultural Economics,1985;(67):224-234
12 Dinar A,Yaron D.Adoption and abandonment of irrigation technologies.Agricultural Economics,1992;(4):315-332
13 Eric C S,W.Marshall F,Robert S W,et al.Adoption of more technically efficient irrigation systemy as a drought response.Water Resource Development,2005;21(4):651-662
14靳智,李树刚,杨涛,等.西北地区微灌标准体系的意义和作用.节水灌溉,2010;(4):64-65,68Jin Zhi,Li Shugang,Yang Tao,et al.The significance and function of the standard system of micro irrigation in Northwest China.Water Saving Irrigation,2010;(4):64-65,68
15刘晓敏,王慧军.河北省农户采用小麦玉米微喷灌节水技术意愿及影响因素分析.节水灌溉,2015;(12):73-76Liu Xiaomin,Wang Huijun.Factors affecting farmers'willingness to adopt wheat/maize micro-sprinkling irrigation and water-saving technology in Hebei Province.Water Saving Irrigation,2015;(12):73-76
16康跃虎.加快微灌技术推广应用和健康发展的对策和建议.科技促进发展,2012;(1):31-39Kang Yuehu.Strategies and suggestions for accelerating healthy development of micro-irrigation techniques.Science&Technology for Development,2012;(1):31-39
17李宗礼,赵文举,孙伟,等.喷灌技术在北方缺水地区的应用前景.农业工程学报,2012;(6):1-6Li Zongli,Zhao Wenju,Sun Wei,et al.Application prospect of sprinkler irrigation technology in water-short areas of northern China.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012;28(6):1-6
18 Carey J M,Zilberman D.A model of investment under uncertainty:modem irrigation technology and emerging markets in water.American Journal of Agricultural Economics,2002;(2):171-183