喀斯特山区乡村聚落水土流失监测指标
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摘要
水土流失监测是水土保持研究和应用的基础工作。研究水土流失监测指标是为了提高水土流失监测的科学性。在前人研究基础上,结合喀斯特山区乡村聚落水土流失现状,提出科学合理的水土流失监测指标。以乡村聚落水土流失为核心,初步建立了喀斯特山区乡村聚落水土流失监测的定性定量指标,包括农业生产、人居生活、经济发展、生态保育及旅游休憩等5个要素23个指标。新的指标体系既保留了传统的监测指标,如降雨、地表径流量、土壤等,又加入了新的体现喀斯特山区水土流失特点及乡村聚落变化的指标,如土地石漠化指标、地下漏失量及旅游休憩指标等。研究成果进一步提高了喀斯特山区水土流失监测水平,促进喀斯特山区生态保护和美丽乡村建设。
[Background]Monitoring soil erosion is the basic work for research and application of soil and water conservation.After monitoring,people may obtain real-time and well-rounded soil and water loss information,which can be further used for soil and water conservation planning and management in the target areas.However,because of the constraints of the conditions,soil and water loss monitoring still faces many problems and uncertainties that need to be solved at next step.At present,index system of soil and water loss monitoring is one of them.Although rural settlement is one of the major sources of soil and water loss,there have few special index systems for soil and water loss monitoring in this area.[Methods]Connecting the previous studies with the present situation of soil erosion in rural areas of Karst mountainous area,this paper presents a scientific and reasonable monitoring index system of soil and water loss.In particular,we have carefully read other colleagues' researches on the soil and water loss monitoring index system,soil and water loss mechanism and process in Karst area,environment change and spatial characteristics of rural settlement when the indexes were selected.[Results]Compared with watershed,hillslope,construction land,agricultural land and grazing areas,rural settlements generally have unique characteristics of soil and water loss.Those characteristics give us anobvious message that the common indexes of soil and water loss monitoring are not be appropriate for soil and water loss monitoring in rural settlements,especially in the Karst mountain area.According to the function of rural settlements in the Karst mountain area,we put forwards an index system which is composed of 5 first class indexes and 23 second class indexes.The first class indexes include agricultural production,living,economic development,ecological conservation and tourism.The second class indexes include population,land area,surface runoff,vegetation coverage,ground soil loss and underground soil loss,income,livestock farming,tourist facilities,and so on.These indexes can be divided into two types of categories of qualitative and quantitative indicators.In particular,some of indexes are special selected into system because those indexes significantly relate with the process of soil and water loss in the Karst area,such as rocky desertification of the land and underground leakage of soils.In addition,some of indexes are new features of land-use changes along with the development of rural economic,such as tourism.[Conclusions] In the context of rural revitalization and beautiful countryside construction,the index system built in this study can be used as necessary technical support for soil and water conservation work in the rural settlements,and also provides a scientific support for further investigating the mechanism and process of soil and water loss in Karst area.
[Background]Monitoring soil erosion is the basic work for research and application of soil and water conservation.After monitoring,people may obtain real-time and well-rounded soil and water loss information,which can be further used for soil and water conservation planning and management in the target areas.However,because of the constraints of the conditions,soil and water loss monitoring still faces many problems and uncertainties that need to be solved at next step.At present,index system of soil and water loss monitoring is one of them.Although rural settlement is one of the major sources of soil and water loss,there have few special index systems for soil and water loss monitoring in this area.[Methods]Connecting the previous studies with the present situation of soil erosion in rural areas of Karst mountainous area,this paper presents a scientific and reasonable monitoring index system of soil and water loss.In particular,we have carefully read other colleagues' researches on the soil and water loss monitoring index system,soil and water loss mechanism and process in Karst area,environment change and spatial characteristics of rural settlement when the indexes were selected.[Results]Compared with watershed,hillslope,construction land,agricultural land and grazing areas,rural settlements generally have unique characteristics of soil and water loss.Those characteristics give us anobvious message that the common indexes of soil and water loss monitoring are not be appropriate for soil and water loss monitoring in rural settlements,especially in the Karst mountain area.According to the function of rural settlements in the Karst mountain area,we put forwards an index system which is composed of 5 first class indexes and 23 second class indexes.The first class indexes include agricultural production,living,economic development,ecological conservation and tourism.The second class indexes include population,land area,surface runoff,vegetation coverage,ground soil loss and underground soil loss,income,livestock farming,tourist facilities,and so on.These indexes can be divided into two types of categories of qualitative and quantitative indicators.In particular,some of indexes are special selected into system because those indexes significantly relate with the process of soil and water loss in the Karst area,such as rocky desertification of the land and underground leakage of soils.In addition,some of indexes are new features of land-use changes along with the development of rural economic,such as tourism.[Conclusions] In the context of rural revitalization and beautiful countryside construction,the index system built in this study can be used as necessary technical support for soil and water conservation work in the rural settlements,and also provides a scientific support for further investigating the mechanism and process of soil and water loss in Karst area.
引文
[1]姜德文.论生态文明建设中的水土保持监测与公共服务[J].中国水土保持科学,2016,14(6):131.JIANG Dewen.On monitoring and the public service of soil and water conservation in the time of ecological civilization construction[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,14(6):131.
[2]全国人大常委会.中华人民共和国水土保持法[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2011:12.Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.People Republic of soil and water conservation low[M].Beijing:China Legal Publishing House,2011:12.
[3]水利部水保司.水土保持监测技术规程:SL 277—2002[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002:10Department of Soil and Water Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources.Technical code of practice on water and soil conservation monitoring:SL 277-2002[S].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2002:10.
[4]水利部水保司.水土保持试验规程:SL 419—2007[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008:5.Department of Soil and Water Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources.Test specification of soil and water conservation:SL419-2007[S].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2008:5.
[5]赵辉,黎家作,李晶晶.中国水土流失动态监测与评价的现状与对策[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(1):115.ZHAO Hui,LI Jiazuo,LI Jingjing.Present situation and countermeasures of dynamic monitoring and evaluation of soil and water loss in China[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(1):115.
[6]余新晓,吴岚,饶良懿,等.水土保持生态服务功能评价方法[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):110.YU Xinxiao,WU Lan,RAO Liangyi,et al.Assessment methods of ecological functions of soil and water conservation measures[J].Science of Soil&Water Conservation,2007,5(2):110.
[7]郭索彦,李智广,赵辉.我国水土保持监测制度体系建设现状与任务[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(6):22.GUO Suoyan,LI Zhiguang,ZHAO Hui.Institutional system of soil and water conservation monitoring in China[J].Science of Soil&Water Conservation,2011,9(6):22.
[8]赵辉,陈康,尹义莉.构建我国水土保持监测空间尺度体系的思考[J].中国水土保持,2013(6):1.ZHAO Hui,CHEN Kang,YIN Yili.Study on spatial scale system of soil and water conservation monitoring in China[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(6):1.
[9]李宏伟,田耀金,宋立旺,等.水土流失监测方法研究进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(5):393.LI Hongwei,TIAN Yaojin,SONG Liwang,et al.Research progress of monitoring of soil and water loss[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(5):393.
[10]胡续礼,张旸,杨树江.我国开发建设项目水土流失监测技术进展[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(3):122.HU Xuli,ZHANG Yang,YANG Shujiang.Advances on soil loss monitoring techniques for development and construction projects in China[J].Science of Soil&Water Conservation,2007,5(3):122.
[11]甘枝茂,岳大鹏,查小春,等.陕北黄土丘陵区乡村聚落发展的土壤侵蚀效应[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):6.GAN Zhimao,YUE Dapeng,ZHA Xiaochun,et al.Soilerosion effect of rural settlements development in loess hilly area of North Shaanxi[J].Journal of Soil Water Conservation,2005,19(6):6.
[12]陈国阶.西部大开发与聚落生态建设:以西南山区为例[J].生态与农村环境学报,2001,17(2):5.CHEN Guojie.Development of west China and the construction of settlement ecology:take the southwest mountainous area of China as an example[J].Rural Eco-environment,2001,17(2):5.
[13]张信宝,王世杰,曹建华,等.西南喀斯特山地水土流失特点及有关石漠化的几个科学问题[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(3):274.ZHANG Xinbao,WANG Shijie,CAO Jianhua,et al.Characteristics of water loss and soil erosion and some scientific problems on karst rocky desertification in Southwest China karst area[J].Carsologica Sinica,2010,29(3):274.
[14]CHEN Xi,ZHANG Zhicai,CHEN Xunhong,et al.The impact of land use and land cover changes on soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity along the Karst hillslopes of Southwest China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2009,59(4):811.DOI 10.1007/s12665-009-0077-6.
[15]ZHOU J,TANG Y,YANG P,et al.Inference of creep mechanism in underground soil loss of karst conduits I.Conceptual model[J].Natural Hazards,2012,62(3):1191.DOI:10.1007/s11069-012-0143-3.
[16]何仁伟,陈国阶,刘邵权,等.中国乡村聚落地理研究进展及趋向[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(8):1055.HE Renwei,CHEN Guojie,LIU Shaoquan,et al.Research progress and tendency of Chinese rural settlements geography[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(8):1055.
[17]陈昆仑,唐婉珍,谢启姣,等.环境变化与乡村聚落演变研究综述[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),2014,32(4):469.CHEN Kunlun,TANG Wanzheng,XIE Qijiao,et al.Review of research on evolution of rural settlement based on environmental change[J].Journal of Hubei University for Nationalities(Natural Science Edition),2014,32(4):469.
[18]谢显奇,甘淑,余莉,等.岩溶山地乡村聚落空间格局特征分析:以广南县为例[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2013,38(S1):183.XIE Xianqi,GAN Shu,YU Li,et al.Spatial pattern analysis of rural settlements in Karst mountains:an example from Guangnan[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2013,38(S1):183.
[19]罗光杰,李阳兵,王世杰.岩溶山区聚落分布格局与演变分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(7):802.LUO Guangjie,LI Yangbing,WANG Shijie.Analysis of settlements distribution pattern and changes in Karst mountainous areas[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(7):802.
[20]洪惠坤,谢德体,郭莉滨,等.多功能视角下的山区乡村空间功能分异特征及类型划分[J].生态学报,2017,37(7):2415.HONG Huikun,XIE Deti,GUO Libin,et al.Differentiation of spatial function in a mountainous rural area from a multi-funcational perspective[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(7):2415.
[21]李昂,王云琦,张会兰,等.广西石漠化地区水土保持效应评价指标体系研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(11):67.LI Ang,WANG Yunqi,ZHANG Huilan,et al.Research on evaluation index system of soil and water conservation effect of rocky desertification region in Guangxi of southern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2016,38(11):67.
[22]王魁.典型岩溶小流域水土流失监测体系研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2013:50.WANG Kui.Monitoring system of soil erosion in typical Karst catchment:A case study of Zhaidi underground river catchment Guilin,China[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2013:50.
[23]刘瑞禄,周国富,龙成昌.赤水市水土保持生态修复工程生态效益评价研究[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(6):82.LIU Ruilu,ZHOU Guofu,LONG Chengchang.Evaluation on ecological benefit of ecology rehabilitation and soil conservation in Chishui city[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,25(6):82.
[24]高振纪,邬伦,马修军.黄土高原水土流失监测指标体系研究[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(4):53.GAO Zhenji,WU Lun,MA Xiujun.On Loess Plateau water loss and soil erosion monitor index system[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,12(4):53.
[25]姜德文.开发建设项目水土流失影响度评价方法研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):107.JIANG Dewen.Study on evaluation methods of the affection degree of soil and water losses caused by construction projects[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(2):107.
[26]胡克志.试论陕西省开发建设项目水土保持监测指标体系[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(5):232.HU Kezhi.Soil andwater conservation monitoring index system in development and construction projects of Shaanxi Province[J].Bulletin of Soil&Water Conservation,2010,30(5):232.
[27]曾大林.美国水土流失监测成果之借鉴意义[J].水土保持科技情报,2005(5):1.ZENG Dalin.Significance of the results of soil erosion monitoring in the United States[J].Scientific and Technological Information on Soil and Water Conservation,2005(5):1.
[2]全国人大常委会.中华人民共和国水土保持法[M].北京:中国法制出版社,2011:12.Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.People Republic of soil and water conservation low[M].Beijing:China Legal Publishing House,2011:12.
[3]水利部水保司.水土保持监测技术规程:SL 277—2002[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2002:10Department of Soil and Water Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources.Technical code of practice on water and soil conservation monitoring:SL 277-2002[S].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2002:10.
[4]水利部水保司.水土保持试验规程:SL 419—2007[S].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2008:5.Department of Soil and Water Conservation of Ministry of Water Resources.Test specification of soil and water conservation:SL419-2007[S].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2008:5.
[5]赵辉,黎家作,李晶晶.中国水土流失动态监测与评价的现状与对策[J].水土保持通报,2016,36(1):115.ZHAO Hui,LI Jiazuo,LI Jingjing.Present situation and countermeasures of dynamic monitoring and evaluation of soil and water loss in China[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2016,36(1):115.
[6]余新晓,吴岚,饶良懿,等.水土保持生态服务功能评价方法[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):110.YU Xinxiao,WU Lan,RAO Liangyi,et al.Assessment methods of ecological functions of soil and water conservation measures[J].Science of Soil&Water Conservation,2007,5(2):110.
[7]郭索彦,李智广,赵辉.我国水土保持监测制度体系建设现状与任务[J].中国水土保持科学,2011,9(6):22.GUO Suoyan,LI Zhiguang,ZHAO Hui.Institutional system of soil and water conservation monitoring in China[J].Science of Soil&Water Conservation,2011,9(6):22.
[8]赵辉,陈康,尹义莉.构建我国水土保持监测空间尺度体系的思考[J].中国水土保持,2013(6):1.ZHAO Hui,CHEN Kang,YIN Yili.Study on spatial scale system of soil and water conservation monitoring in China[J].Soil and Water Conservation in China,2013(6):1.
[9]李宏伟,田耀金,宋立旺,等.水土流失监测方法研究进展[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2015,25(5):393.LI Hongwei,TIAN Yaojin,SONG Liwang,et al.Research progress of monitoring of soil and water loss[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2015,25(5):393.
[10]胡续礼,张旸,杨树江.我国开发建设项目水土流失监测技术进展[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(3):122.HU Xuli,ZHANG Yang,YANG Shujiang.Advances on soil loss monitoring techniques for development and construction projects in China[J].Science of Soil&Water Conservation,2007,5(3):122.
[11]甘枝茂,岳大鹏,查小春,等.陕北黄土丘陵区乡村聚落发展的土壤侵蚀效应[J].水土保持学报,2005,19(6):6.GAN Zhimao,YUE Dapeng,ZHA Xiaochun,et al.Soilerosion effect of rural settlements development in loess hilly area of North Shaanxi[J].Journal of Soil Water Conservation,2005,19(6):6.
[12]陈国阶.西部大开发与聚落生态建设:以西南山区为例[J].生态与农村环境学报,2001,17(2):5.CHEN Guojie.Development of west China and the construction of settlement ecology:take the southwest mountainous area of China as an example[J].Rural Eco-environment,2001,17(2):5.
[13]张信宝,王世杰,曹建华,等.西南喀斯特山地水土流失特点及有关石漠化的几个科学问题[J].中国岩溶,2010,29(3):274.ZHANG Xinbao,WANG Shijie,CAO Jianhua,et al.Characteristics of water loss and soil erosion and some scientific problems on karst rocky desertification in Southwest China karst area[J].Carsologica Sinica,2010,29(3):274.
[14]CHEN Xi,ZHANG Zhicai,CHEN Xunhong,et al.The impact of land use and land cover changes on soil moisture and hydraulic conductivity along the Karst hillslopes of Southwest China[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2009,59(4):811.DOI 10.1007/s12665-009-0077-6.
[15]ZHOU J,TANG Y,YANG P,et al.Inference of creep mechanism in underground soil loss of karst conduits I.Conceptual model[J].Natural Hazards,2012,62(3):1191.DOI:10.1007/s11069-012-0143-3.
[16]何仁伟,陈国阶,刘邵权,等.中国乡村聚落地理研究进展及趋向[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(8):1055.HE Renwei,CHEN Guojie,LIU Shaoquan,et al.Research progress and tendency of Chinese rural settlements geography[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(8):1055.
[17]陈昆仑,唐婉珍,谢启姣,等.环境变化与乡村聚落演变研究综述[J].湖北民族学院学报(自然科学版),2014,32(4):469.CHEN Kunlun,TANG Wanzheng,XIE Qijiao,et al.Review of research on evolution of rural settlement based on environmental change[J].Journal of Hubei University for Nationalities(Natural Science Edition),2014,32(4):469.
[18]谢显奇,甘淑,余莉,等.岩溶山地乡村聚落空间格局特征分析:以广南县为例[J].地球科学—中国地质大学学报,2013,38(S1):183.XIE Xianqi,GAN Shu,YU Li,et al.Spatial pattern analysis of rural settlements in Karst mountains:an example from Guangnan[J].Earth Science-Journal of China University of Geosciences,2013,38(S1):183.
[19]罗光杰,李阳兵,王世杰.岩溶山区聚落分布格局与演变分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2010,19(7):802.LUO Guangjie,LI Yangbing,WANG Shijie.Analysis of settlements distribution pattern and changes in Karst mountainous areas[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2010,19(7):802.
[20]洪惠坤,谢德体,郭莉滨,等.多功能视角下的山区乡村空间功能分异特征及类型划分[J].生态学报,2017,37(7):2415.HONG Huikun,XIE Deti,GUO Libin,et al.Differentiation of spatial function in a mountainous rural area from a multi-funcational perspective[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2017,37(7):2415.
[21]李昂,王云琦,张会兰,等.广西石漠化地区水土保持效应评价指标体系研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2016,38(11):67.LI Ang,WANG Yunqi,ZHANG Huilan,et al.Research on evaluation index system of soil and water conservation effect of rocky desertification region in Guangxi of southern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2016,38(11):67.
[22]王魁.典型岩溶小流域水土流失监测体系研究[D].南宁:广西大学,2013:50.WANG Kui.Monitoring system of soil erosion in typical Karst catchment:A case study of Zhaidi underground river catchment Guilin,China[D].Nanning:Guangxi University,2013:50.
[23]刘瑞禄,周国富,龙成昌.赤水市水土保持生态修复工程生态效益评价研究[J].水土保持通报,2005,25(6):82.LIU Ruilu,ZHOU Guofu,LONG Chengchang.Evaluation on ecological benefit of ecology rehabilitation and soil conservation in Chishui city[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,25(6):82.
[24]高振纪,邬伦,马修军.黄土高原水土流失监测指标体系研究[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(4):53.GAO Zhenji,WU Lun,MA Xiujun.On Loess Plateau water loss and soil erosion monitor index system[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2005,12(4):53.
[25]姜德文.开发建设项目水土流失影响度评价方法研究[J].中国水土保持科学,2007,5(2):107.JIANG Dewen.Study on evaluation methods of the affection degree of soil and water losses caused by construction projects[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2007,5(2):107.
[26]胡克志.试论陕西省开发建设项目水土保持监测指标体系[J].水土保持通报,2010,30(5):232.HU Kezhi.Soil andwater conservation monitoring index system in development and construction projects of Shaanxi Province[J].Bulletin of Soil&Water Conservation,2010,30(5):232.
[27]曾大林.美国水土流失监测成果之借鉴意义[J].水土保持科技情报,2005(5):1.ZENG Dalin.Significance of the results of soil erosion monitoring in the United States[J].Scientific and Technological Information on Soil and Water Conservation,2005(5):1.