基于“3S”技术的南京市水土流失定量监测及分析
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摘要
为定期对南京市水土流失开展动态监测,利用降雨资料、土地利用资料、环境卫星遥感数据、土壤和地形数据,采用"监测水土流失的定量新方法",计算2011—2015年南京市水土流失。结果表明:(1)2011—2015年5 a平均南京市水土流失总量为201.42万t,其中,轻度以上水土流失面积为515.75 km2,水土流失量166.77万t,占全市水土流失总量的82.8%,轻度以上水土流失治理仍是水土流失治理中的重点;(2)5 a中2015年水土流失最严重,2013年则最轻,其中降雨侵蚀力Ri大小为决定因素;(3)5 a平均极强烈与剧烈水土流失量为分级侵蚀量中最大;(4)与2001—2010年10 a平均相比,2011—2015年5 a平均南京市微度水土流失面积增加7.6%,轻度以上水土流失面积减少42.5%,轻度以上年水土流失量减少23.7%,CP值的减小是2011—2015年5 a平均水土流失状况改善的主要原因;(5)3次水土流失定量监测表明,2011—2015年监测强烈、极强烈的水土流失面积和年水土流失量减幅下降,剧烈的水土流失面积和年水土流失量增大,主要原因是2011—2015年降雨侵蚀力Ri(5 a)平均值较大。研究成果为南京市水土保持规划和水土流失防治提供了重要的基础数据支撑和科学参考依据。
A set of novel methods quantitatively monitoring soil erosion loss is employed to calculate the soil erosion loss in Nanjing City in 2011-2015 according to data of rainfall,land use,soil and terrain,and environmental satellite. Results revealed that:(1) From 2011 to 2015,the average total amount of soil erosion loss in Nanjing is2. 014 2 million tons,among which above light level( above level II) soil erosion is 1. 667 7 million tons,occupying an area of 515. 75 km2 and accounting for 82. 8% of the total amount; soil erosion above level II remains a focus of control work.(2) With rainfall erosivity Rias a decisive factor,the most severe soil erosion happened in2015,while the slightest in 2013.( 3) The five-year average amount of extremely severe( level VI) and severe(level V) soil erosion ranks top among the grading.(4) Compared with ten-year average in 2001-2010,the area of slight( level I) soil erosion in 2011-2015 increased by 7. 6%,while the area of erosion above level II reduced by 42. 5%,with the amount cut by 23. 7%; the decrease in CP( vegetation cover and preservation measure) is the main cause of such mitigation in 2011-2015.(5) In 2011-2015,the decrease in area and amount of level IV and V alleviated; while the area and amount of level VI exacerbated due to large value of rainfall erosivity Ri(fiveyear average in 2011-2015). The research achievements offer important fundamental data support and scientific basis for the soil and water conservancy planning and soil erosion control in Nanjing City.
A set of novel methods quantitatively monitoring soil erosion loss is employed to calculate the soil erosion loss in Nanjing City in 2011-2015 according to data of rainfall,land use,soil and terrain,and environmental satellite. Results revealed that:(1) From 2011 to 2015,the average total amount of soil erosion loss in Nanjing is2. 014 2 million tons,among which above light level( above level II) soil erosion is 1. 667 7 million tons,occupying an area of 515. 75 km2 and accounting for 82. 8% of the total amount; soil erosion above level II remains a focus of control work.(2) With rainfall erosivity Rias a decisive factor,the most severe soil erosion happened in2015,while the slightest in 2013.( 3) The five-year average amount of extremely severe( level VI) and severe(level V) soil erosion ranks top among the grading.(4) Compared with ten-year average in 2001-2010,the area of slight( level I) soil erosion in 2011-2015 increased by 7. 6%,while the area of erosion above level II reduced by 42. 5%,with the amount cut by 23. 7%; the decrease in CP( vegetation cover and preservation measure) is the main cause of such mitigation in 2011-2015.(5) In 2011-2015,the decrease in area and amount of level IV and V alleviated; while the area and amount of level VI exacerbated due to large value of rainfall erosivity Ri(fiveyear average in 2011-2015). The research achievements offer important fundamental data support and scientific basis for the soil and water conservancy planning and soil erosion control in Nanjing City.
引文
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[10]卜兆宏,孙金庄,董勤瑞,等.应用水土流失定量遥感方法监测山东全省山丘区的研究[J].土壤学报,1999,36(1):1-8.
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[13]卜兆宏,姜小三,杨林章,等.水土流失定量监测中GPS实测更新GIS数据的实用方法研究[J].土壤学报,2005,42(5):712-719.
[14]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses—A Guide to Conservation Planning Agriculture Handbook Number 537[R].Washington,D.C.:U.S.Department of Agriculture,1978.
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[16]卜兆宏,唐万龙.降雨侵蚀力因子(R)最佳算法及其应用的研究成果简介[J].中国水土保持,1999,(6):16-17.
[17]卜兆宏,董勤瑞,周伏建,等.降雨侵蚀力因子新算法的初步研究[J].土壤学报,1992,29(4):408-418.
[2]中华人民共和国水利部.第一次全国水利普查水土保持情况公报[J].中国水土保持,2013,(10):2-3,11.
[3]蒋新新,方瑞,乐峰,等.江苏省水土流失遥感监测数据系统的研究与设计[J].水利信息化,2016,(4):48-52.
[4]张洋,彭瑶,刘竞妍,等.江苏省水土流失重点防治区划分[J].水土保持通报,2014,34(2):300-306.
[5]刘永能,穆如发,高之栋.“3S”技术在土壤侵蚀动态监测中应用初探[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(3):48-49.
[6]王红岩,李强子,吴利桥,等.基于RS和GIS的水土流失敏感性评价及动态监测[J].水土保持研究,2015,22(2):64-68.
[7]朱惇.遥感和GIS技术支持下的区域土壤侵蚀评价语时空变化分析[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2010.
[8]文雄飞,张穗,张煜,等.无人机倾斜摄影辅助遥感技术在水土保持动态监测中的应用潜力分析[J].长江科学院院报,2016,33(11):93-98.
[9]姜小三,卜兆宏,杨林章,等.水土流失与水质污染一体化定量监测的初步研究——以江苏省方便流域为例[J].土壤学报,2005,42(4):529-536.
[10]卜兆宏,孙金庄,董勤瑞,等.应用水土流失定量遥感方法监测山东全省山丘区的研究[J].土壤学报,1999,36(1):1-8.
[11]夏立忠,卜兆宏,张祖兴,等.土壤与养分流失综合监测方法在密云水库流域的应用[J].地球科学进展,2007,22(3):241-248.
[12]卜兆宏,杨晓勇,王库,等.水土流失定量监测中的DEM精度评价新方法[J].土壤学报,2004,41(5):661-668.
[13]卜兆宏,姜小三,杨林章,等.水土流失定量监测中GPS实测更新GIS数据的实用方法研究[J].土壤学报,2005,42(5):712-719.
[14]WISCHMEIER W H,SMITH D D.Predicting Rainfall Erosion Losses—A Guide to Conservation Planning Agriculture Handbook Number 537[R].Washington,D.C.:U.S.Department of Agriculture,1978.
[15]RENARD K G,FOSTER G R,WEESIES G A.Predicting Soil Erosion by Water—A Guide to Conservation Planning with the Revised Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)Handbook No.703[R].Washington,D.C.:U.S.Department of Agriculture,1997.
[16]卜兆宏,唐万龙.降雨侵蚀力因子(R)最佳算法及其应用的研究成果简介[J].中国水土保持,1999,(6):16-17.
[17]卜兆宏,董勤瑞,周伏建,等.降雨侵蚀力因子新算法的初步研究[J].土壤学报,1992,29(4):408-418.