封育和水平沟生态恢复措施对宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原土壤生物学特性的影响
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摘要
研究禁牧封育和水平沟生态恢复措施下黄土丘陵区典型草原土壤生物学特性变化,以期为该区草地生态建设提供依据。采用空间梯度代替时间梯度的方法,在宁夏黄土丘陵区典型草原,选取未封育(放牧)、封育3~15a、水平沟整地后1~15a的土壤,分析0—10,10—20,20—30,30—40cm土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳、量氮和土壤酶活性的变化特征及其相关性。结果表明:(1)试验区土壤微生物类群以放线菌为主,达到86.18%~94.43%,数量表现为放线菌>细菌>真菌,土壤微生物总数、细菌和放线菌数、微生物生物量碳、量氮含量,脲酶、蛋白酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性随着草地封育年限增加呈上升变化,但水平沟措施下随着整地年限延长呈上升—下降—上升的趋势,2种措施下土壤过氧化氢酶活性变化趋势与其他指标相反,真菌数在封育6a和水平沟6a较低,分别为11.33,4.67cfu/g;(2)各处理下,0—40cm土壤微生物和酶活性整体呈现上层土壤高于下层土壤,土壤微生物、酶活性与有机碳等主要养分含量相关性显著(p<0.05);(3)相近恢复年限下,土壤微生物数量、微生物生物量碳、微生物生物量氮以及酶活性总体为封育草地高于水平沟(p<0.05);研究认为,禁牧封育较水平沟措施更有利于黄土丘陵区典型草原土壤微生物和酶活性的增加。
In order to provide the basis for ecological construction in the area of grassland,we studied the effects of enclosure and level trench ecological restoration on soil biological characteristics in the hilly Loess Plateau Gully steppe.Using the method of space gradient instead of time gradient,in typical steppe in the loess hilly area of Ningxia,we selected soils in areas which included the unenclosed(grazing),enclosed for 3-15 years,the level trench after 1-15 years,analyzed the change characteristics and relationship of the number of microorganisms,soil microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon,and soil enzyme activity the in 0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm,and 30-40 cm soil layers.The results showed that:(1)Soil microbial community in the test area was dominated by actinomycetes,which accounted for 86.18%-94.43%,and the overall order was actinomycetes> bacteria>fungi,the amount of soil microorganisms,the number of bacteria and actinomycetes,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,urease,protease,phosphatase,sucrase activity all showed an upward change with the increase of enclosure ages,but they all showed an up-down-up trend in level trench,the change of soil catalase activity had a opposite trend between the enclosure and level trench,and the number of fungi was lower in FY6 and SP6,being 11.33cfu/g and 4.67cfu/g,respectively;(2)Under different treatments,in the 0-40 cm soil layer,microbial and enzyme activity in the upper soil was higher than in the underlying soil.The correlations between soil microorganism,enzyme activity andcontents organic matter and main nutrients were significant(p<0.05);(3)Within the similar recovery period,the number of soil microorganisms,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,and enzyme activity were generally higher in the enclosed grassland(p<0.05);Our research showed that,compared with level trench,enclosure was more conducive to increase soil microorganisms and enzyme activities in typical steppe of the Loess Hilly Area.
In order to provide the basis for ecological construction in the area of grassland,we studied the effects of enclosure and level trench ecological restoration on soil biological characteristics in the hilly Loess Plateau Gully steppe.Using the method of space gradient instead of time gradient,in typical steppe in the loess hilly area of Ningxia,we selected soils in areas which included the unenclosed(grazing),enclosed for 3-15 years,the level trench after 1-15 years,analyzed the change characteristics and relationship of the number of microorganisms,soil microbial biomass nitrogen and carbon,and soil enzyme activity the in 0-10 cm,10-20 cm,20-30 cm,and 30-40 cm soil layers.The results showed that:(1)Soil microbial community in the test area was dominated by actinomycetes,which accounted for 86.18%-94.43%,and the overall order was actinomycetes> bacteria>fungi,the amount of soil microorganisms,the number of bacteria and actinomycetes,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,urease,protease,phosphatase,sucrase activity all showed an upward change with the increase of enclosure ages,but they all showed an up-down-up trend in level trench,the change of soil catalase activity had a opposite trend between the enclosure and level trench,and the number of fungi was lower in FY6 and SP6,being 11.33cfu/g and 4.67cfu/g,respectively;(2)Under different treatments,in the 0-40 cm soil layer,microbial and enzyme activity in the upper soil was higher than in the underlying soil.The correlations between soil microorganism,enzyme activity andcontents organic matter and main nutrients were significant(p<0.05);(3)Within the similar recovery period,the number of soil microorganisms,microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen,and enzyme activity were generally higher in the enclosed grassland(p<0.05);Our research showed that,compared with level trench,enclosure was more conducive to increase soil microorganisms and enzyme activities in typical steppe of the Loess Hilly Area.
引文
[1]赵学春,来利明,朱林海,等.三工河流域琵琶柴群落特征与土壤因子的相关分析[J].生态学报,2014,34(4):1-12.
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[4]蔡晓布,钱成,张永清.退化高寒草原土壤生物学性质的变化[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(8):1733-1738.
[5]徐敏云,李培广,谢帆,等.土地利用和管理方式对农牧交错带土壤碳密度的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):320-325.
[6]赵锦梅,张德罡,刘长仲,等.祁连山东段高寒地区土地利用方式对土壤性状的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(2):548-556.
[7]韩新辉,佟小刚,杨改河,等.黄土丘陵区不同退耕还林地土壤有机碳库差异分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(12):223-229.
[8]Sinha S,Masto R E,Ram L C,et al.Rhizosphere soil microbial index of tree species in a coal mining ecosystem[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(9):1824-1832.
[9]沈艳,马红彬,谢应忠,等.宁夏典型草原土壤理化性状对不同管理方式的响应[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):84-88.
[10]彭佳佳,胡玉福,蒋双龙,等.生态恢复对川西北沙化草地土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(6):251-255.
[11]舒树淼,赵洋毅,胡慧蓉,等.基于结构方程的滇东石漠化地区土壤理化性质和酶活性的研究[J].土壤保持通报,2016,36(3):338-345.
[12]罗冬,王明玖,郑少龙,等.围封对荒漠草原土壤微生物数量及其酶活性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(5):760-767.
[13]姚槐应,黄昌勇.土壤微生物生态和实验技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[14]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[15]刘光崧,蒋能慧.土壤理化分析与剖面描述[M].北京:中国标准出版,1996.
[16]Jangid K,Williams M A,Franzluebbers A J,et al.Relative impacts of land-use,management intensity and fertilization upon soil microbial community structure in agricultural systems[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40(11):2843-2853.
[17]张成霞,南志标.放牧对草地土壤微生物影响的研究述评[J].草业科学,2010,27(1):65-70.
[18]王晓龙,胡峰,李辉信,等.红壤小流域不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(1):143-147.
[19]郭明英,朝克图,尤金成,等.不同利用方式下草地土壤微生物及土壤呼吸特性[J].草地学报,2012,20(1):42-48.
[20]徐华勤,章家恩,冯丽芳,等.广东省不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4112-4118.
[21]吴建国,艾丽.祁连山3种典型生态系统土壤微生物活性和生物量碳氮含量[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(2):465-476.
[22]汪文霞,周建斌,严德翼,等.黄土区不同类型土壤微生物量碳、氮好人可溶性有机碳、氮的含量及其关系[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):103-106.
[23]黄靖宇,宋长春,宋艳宇,等.湿地垦殖对土壤微生物量及土壤溶解有机碳、氮的影响[J].环境科学,2008,29(5):1380-1387.
[24]盛海彦,李松龄,曹广民.放牧对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸土壤微生物的影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(6):2319-2324.
[25]贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,等.长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):700-705.
[26]向泽宇,王长庭,宋文彪,等.草地生态系统土壤酶活性研究进展[J].草业科学,2011,28(10):1801-1806.
[27]王光华,金剑,韩晓增,等.不同土地管理方式对黑土土壤微生物量碳和酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(6):1275-1280.
[28]文都日乐,张静妮,李刚,等.放牧干扰对贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物与酶活性的影响[J].草地学报,2010,18(4):517-522.
[29]邱莉萍,张兴昌,程积民.坡向坡位和撂荒地对云雾山草地土壤酶活性的影响[J].草业学报,2007,16(1):87-93.
[30]徐华勤,章家恩,冯丽芳,等.广东省典型土壤类型和土地利用方式对土壤酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(6):1464-1471.
[31]刘姣,刘长发,李盛德,等.翅碱蓬对盐沼沉积物微生物生物量及β-氨氧化细菌群落的影响:以双台河口为例[J].生态学报,2016,36(24):1-10.
[32]胡亚林,王思龙,黄宇,等.凋落物化学组成对土壤微生物学性状及土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(10):2662-2668.
[33]郭永盛,李鲁华,危常州,等.施氮肥对新疆荒漠草原生物量和土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):249-256.
[34]尹桂彬,李月华,窦德泉.不同生态恢复措施对百花山边坡土壤特性的影响[J].北京农学院学报,2013,28(1):12-15.
[35]沈艳,马红彬,谢应忠,等.宁夏典型草原土壤微生物特征对不同管理方式的响应[J].草业科学,2012,29(6):863-868.
[36]金发会,李世清,卢红玲,等.石灰性土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤颗粒组成和氮矿化势的关系[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(12):2739-2746.
[37]焦婷,常根柱,周学辉,等.高寒草甸草场不同载畜量下土壤酶与土壤肥力的关系研究[J].草业学报,2009,18(6):98-104.
[2]张海燕,肖延华,张旭东,等.土壤微生物量作为土壤肥力指标的探讨[J].土壤通报,2006,37(3):422-425.
[3]赵彤,闫浩,蒋跃利,等.黄土丘陵区植被类型对土壤微生物量碳氮磷的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(18):5616-5622.
[4]蔡晓布,钱成,张永清.退化高寒草原土壤生物学性质的变化[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(8):1733-1738.
[5]徐敏云,李培广,谢帆,等.土地利用和管理方式对农牧交错带土壤碳密度的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(7):320-325.
[6]赵锦梅,张德罡,刘长仲,等.祁连山东段高寒地区土地利用方式对土壤性状的影响[J].生态学报,2012,32(2):548-556.
[7]韩新辉,佟小刚,杨改河,等.黄土丘陵区不同退耕还林地土壤有机碳库差异分析[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(12):223-229.
[8]Sinha S,Masto R E,Ram L C,et al.Rhizosphere soil microbial index of tree species in a coal mining ecosystem[J].Soil Biology and Biochemistry,2009,41(9):1824-1832.
[9]沈艳,马红彬,谢应忠,等.宁夏典型草原土壤理化性状对不同管理方式的响应[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(5):84-88.
[10]彭佳佳,胡玉福,蒋双龙,等.生态恢复对川西北沙化草地土壤活性有机碳的影响[J].水土保持学报,2014,28(6):251-255.
[11]舒树淼,赵洋毅,胡慧蓉,等.基于结构方程的滇东石漠化地区土壤理化性质和酶活性的研究[J].土壤保持通报,2016,36(3):338-345.
[12]罗冬,王明玖,郑少龙,等.围封对荒漠草原土壤微生物数量及其酶活性的影响[J].生态环境学报,2016,25(5):760-767.
[13]姚槐应,黄昌勇.土壤微生物生态和实验技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[14]关松荫.土壤酶及其研究法[M].北京:农业出版社,1986.
[15]刘光崧,蒋能慧.土壤理化分析与剖面描述[M].北京:中国标准出版,1996.
[16]Jangid K,Williams M A,Franzluebbers A J,et al.Relative impacts of land-use,management intensity and fertilization upon soil microbial community structure in agricultural systems[J].Soil Biology&Biochemistry,2008,40(11):2843-2853.
[17]张成霞,南志标.放牧对草地土壤微生物影响的研究述评[J].草业科学,2010,27(1):65-70.
[18]王晓龙,胡峰,李辉信,等.红壤小流域不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(1):143-147.
[19]郭明英,朝克图,尤金成,等.不同利用方式下草地土壤微生物及土壤呼吸特性[J].草地学报,2012,20(1):42-48.
[20]徐华勤,章家恩,冯丽芳,等.广东省不同土地利用方式对土壤微生物量碳氮的影响[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4112-4118.
[21]吴建国,艾丽.祁连山3种典型生态系统土壤微生物活性和生物量碳氮含量[J].植物生态学报,2008,32(2):465-476.
[22]汪文霞,周建斌,严德翼,等.黄土区不同类型土壤微生物量碳、氮好人可溶性有机碳、氮的含量及其关系[J].水土保持学报,2006,20(6):103-106.
[23]黄靖宇,宋长春,宋艳宇,等.湿地垦殖对土壤微生物量及土壤溶解有机碳、氮的影响[J].环境科学,2008,29(5):1380-1387.
[24]盛海彦,李松龄,曹广民.放牧对祁连山高寒金露梅灌丛草甸土壤微生物的影响[J].生态环境,2008,17(6):2319-2324.
[25]贾伟,周怀平,解文艳,等.长期有机无机肥配施对褐土微生物生物量碳、氮及酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2008,14(4):700-705.
[26]向泽宇,王长庭,宋文彪,等.草地生态系统土壤酶活性研究进展[J].草业科学,2011,28(10):1801-1806.
[27]王光华,金剑,韩晓增,等.不同土地管理方式对黑土土壤微生物量碳和酶活性的影响[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(6):1275-1280.
[28]文都日乐,张静妮,李刚,等.放牧干扰对贝加尔针茅草原土壤微生物与酶活性的影响[J].草地学报,2010,18(4):517-522.
[29]邱莉萍,张兴昌,程积民.坡向坡位和撂荒地对云雾山草地土壤酶活性的影响[J].草业学报,2007,16(1):87-93.
[30]徐华勤,章家恩,冯丽芳,等.广东省典型土壤类型和土地利用方式对土壤酶活性的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2010,16(6):1464-1471.
[31]刘姣,刘长发,李盛德,等.翅碱蓬对盐沼沉积物微生物生物量及β-氨氧化细菌群落的影响:以双台河口为例[J].生态学报,2016,36(24):1-10.
[32]胡亚林,王思龙,黄宇,等.凋落物化学组成对土壤微生物学性状及土壤酶活性的影响[J].生态学报,2005,25(10):2662-2668.
[33]郭永盛,李鲁华,危常州,等.施氮肥对新疆荒漠草原生物量和土壤酶活性的影响[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(1):249-256.
[34]尹桂彬,李月华,窦德泉.不同生态恢复措施对百花山边坡土壤特性的影响[J].北京农学院学报,2013,28(1):12-15.
[35]沈艳,马红彬,谢应忠,等.宁夏典型草原土壤微生物特征对不同管理方式的响应[J].草业科学,2012,29(6):863-868.
[36]金发会,李世清,卢红玲,等.石灰性土壤微生物量碳、氮与土壤颗粒组成和氮矿化势的关系[J].应用生态学报,2007,18(12):2739-2746.
[37]焦婷,常根柱,周学辉,等.高寒草甸草场不同载畜量下土壤酶与土壤肥力的关系研究[J].草业学报,2009,18(6):98-104.