基于稳定氢氧同位素的盐水与纯水蒸发差异分析
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摘要
水面蒸发是水循环的重要部分,目前大量的研究集中在淡水或低盐度咸水体蒸发,仅以淡水的蒸发特性或计算方法应用于全部水体并不准确。研究盐水蒸发与淡水蒸发的差异对蒸发过程机理研究、推动蒸发模型的创新改进至关重要。研究中使用蒸发皿对比盐水与纯水的蒸发过程,利用稳定氢氧同位素比较盐水与纯水蒸发的动力学分馏过程,结果表明:盐水蒸发量较纯水少,但仍存在蒸发日内变化规律,蒸发速率与气温变化规律同步,并在正午前后达日最大值;随着蒸发的进行,重同位素在液相富集,盐度对于H/D分馏有更显著的抑制作用;盐水与纯水的蒸发线拟合均有良好的线性关系,盐分使水体蒸发受到更强的非平衡分馏影响;热红外拍摄液面观测到蒸发过程中盐水液面温度始终高于纯水0.1～2.2℃,平均温差达1℃,这是因为盐水蒸发量较纯水小,更少的热量通过潜热释放;Craig&Gordon模型计算蒸发水汽同位素特征值,表明随着蒸发的进行,蒸发水汽组分重同位素也在不断富集,但程度不如剩余水体,检验盐水与纯水蒸发水汽氢氧同位素拟合方程却无明显差异,与前述结论相悖,说明该方程在小尺度上的应用还有待研究。
Water evaporation is an essential part in the water cycle. However, a large amount of research focuses on freshwater or low salinity-saltwater bodies. It is inaccurate to apply the evaporation characteristics or estimation methods of freshwater to all the water bodies. Studying the difference of evaporation between salt water and pure water is crucial to the study of the mechanism of evaporation process and the promotion of innovation in evaporation models. In this study, evaporation pan was used to observe the process of salt and pure water evaporation, and steady-state hydrogen isotopes and oxygen isotopes were used to compare the kinetic fractionation in salt and pure water evaporation. The results show: evaporation of salt water reduced compared with pure water, but the daily variation pattern was consistent with the temperature daily change and reached the maximum evaporate rate around noon. Heavy isotopes were enriched in the liquid phase as water evaporated and salinity significantly suppressed H/D fractionation. The evaporation line of pure water and salt water both had a good linear relationship. The salt caused stronger non-equilibrium fractionation. The thermal infrared imaging observed that the temperature of the brine surface was always higher than that of pure water by 0.1 ～ 2.2°C with an average temperature difference of 1°C, this was because evaporation of salt water was smaller than that of pure water and less heat was released by latent heat. The isotopes of evaporative water vapor calculated through Craig & Gordon model indicated that the heavy isotopes of evaporation water vapor were continuously enriched, but not that strong compared to the remaining water. There is no significant difference between the equations for the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of water vapor in pure and salt water, that is contrary to the above conclusions, indicating that the application of this equation at small scale deserves further study.
Water evaporation is an essential part in the water cycle. However, a large amount of research focuses on freshwater or low salinity-saltwater bodies. It is inaccurate to apply the evaporation characteristics or estimation methods of freshwater to all the water bodies. Studying the difference of evaporation between salt water and pure water is crucial to the study of the mechanism of evaporation process and the promotion of innovation in evaporation models. In this study, evaporation pan was used to observe the process of salt and pure water evaporation, and steady-state hydrogen isotopes and oxygen isotopes were used to compare the kinetic fractionation in salt and pure water evaporation. The results show: evaporation of salt water reduced compared with pure water, but the daily variation pattern was consistent with the temperature daily change and reached the maximum evaporate rate around noon. Heavy isotopes were enriched in the liquid phase as water evaporated and salinity significantly suppressed H/D fractionation. The evaporation line of pure water and salt water both had a good linear relationship. The salt caused stronger non-equilibrium fractionation. The thermal infrared imaging observed that the temperature of the brine surface was always higher than that of pure water by 0.1 ～ 2.2°C with an average temperature difference of 1°C, this was because evaporation of salt water was smaller than that of pure water and less heat was released by latent heat. The isotopes of evaporative water vapor calculated through Craig & Gordon model indicated that the heavy isotopes of evaporation water vapor were continuously enriched, but not that strong compared to the remaining water. There is no significant difference between the equations for the hydrogen and oxygen isotopes of water vapor in pure and salt water, that is contrary to the above conclusions, indicating that the application of this equation at small scale deserves further study.
引文
Akridge D G.2008.Methods for calculating brine evaporation rates during salt production.Journal of Archaeological Science,35(6):1453-1462.
Al-Shammiri M.2002.Evaporation rate as a function of water salinity.Desalination,150(2):189-203.
Baumgartner A and Reichel E.1975.The World Water Balance.New York:Elsevier.
Birks S J and Edwards T W D.2008.Global prediction ofδA andδ2H-δ18O evaporation slopes for lakes and soil water accounting for seasonality.[2018-03-21].http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandra_Birks/publication/251428333.
Black P E.2005.Watershed Hydrology.Washington D.C.:Lewis Publisher.
包为民,胡海英,王涛,瞿思敏.2008.蒸发皿中水面蒸发氢氧同位素分馏的实验研究.水科学进展,19(6):780-785.[Bao Weimin,Hu Haiying,Wang Tao and Qu Simin.2008.Experimental study on the fractionation mechanism of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in evaporation from water surface of evaporation pans.Advances in Water Science,19(6):780-785.]
Cappa C D,Hendricks M B,Depaolo D J and Cohen R C.2002.Isotopic fractionation of water during evaporation.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,108(D16):4525.
Craig H and Gordon L I.1965.Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere,in Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures.In:Tongiorgi E.Pisa.Italy:Lab.Geol.Nucl.,9-130.
Craig H.1961.Isotopic Variations in Meteoric Waters.Science,133(3465):1702.
David I S.1993.Comparison of Penman-Monteith,Shuttleworth-Wallace and Modified Priestley-Taylor Evapotranspiration Models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland.Water Resources Research,29(5):1379-1392.
Driesner T and Seward T M.2000.Experimental and simulation study of salt effects and pressure/density effects on oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope liquid-vapor fractionation for 4-5 molal aqueous NaCl and KCl solutions to 400°C.Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,64(10):1773-1784.
Edwards T W D,Birks S J,St Amour N A,Buhay W M,McEachern P,Wolfe B B and Peters D L.2005.Progress in isotope tracer hydrology in Canada.Hydrological Processes,19:303-327.
Frank Henry S and Wen WenYang.1957.Ion-solvent interaction.Structural aspects of ion-solvent interaction in aqueous solutions:a suggested picture of water structure.Discussions of the Faraday Society,24(6):133-140.
顾慰祖.2011.同位素水文学.北京:科学出版社.[GU Weizhu.2011.Isotope Hydrology.Beijing:Science Press.]
Harbeck G.1955.The effect of salinity on evaporation.Washington:United States Government Printing Office.
Hu H Y,Bao W M and Wang T.2009.Experimental study on stable isotopic fractionation of evaporating water under varying temperature.Water Science and Engineering,2(2):11-18.
胡海英,包为民,瞿思敏,王涛.2007.稳定性氢氧同位素在水体蒸发中的研究进展.水文,27(3):1-5.[Hu Haiying,Bao Weimin,Qi Simin and Wang Tao.2007.Fractionation Mechanism of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope in Water Body Evaporating.Journal of China Hydrology,27(3):1-5.]
黄煌,章新平,李广,黄一民,廖梦思.2014.长沙地区蒸发皿水体蒸发过程中稳定同位素的变化特征.热带地理,34(6):776-782.[Huang Huang,Zhang Xinping,Li Guang,Huang Yimin and Liao Mengsi.2014.Variation of stable isotopes in pan water evaporation process in Changsha.Tropical Geography,34(6):776-782.]
黄锡荃.1993.水文学.北京:高等教育出版社.[Huang Xiquan.1993.Hydrology.Beijing:Higher Education Press.]
Jouzel J,Delaygue G,Landais A,Masson-Delmotte V,Risi C and Vimeux F.2013.Water isotopes as tools to document oceanic sources of precipitation.Water Resources Research,49(11):7469-7486.
贾瑞亮,周金龙,高业新,周殷竹,李阳,栗现文.2015.干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律初步分析.水科学进展,26(1):44-50.[Jia Ruiliang,Zhou Jinlong,Gao Yexin,Zhou Yinzhu,Li Yang and Li Xianwen.2015.Preliminary analysis on evaporation rules of high-salinity phreatic water in arid area.Advances in Water Science,26(1):44-50.]
Limbach H H,Denisov G S and Golubev N S.2005.7 Hydrogen Bond Isotope effects studied by NMR.[2017-08-16].http://userpage.fuberlin.de/limbach/R10.pdf.
Liu X M,Zheng H X,Zhang M H and Liu C M.2011.Identification of dominant climate factor for pan evaporation trend in the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Geographical Sciences,21(4):594-608.
Luz B,Barkan E,Yam R and Shemesh A.2009.Fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in evaporation water.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,73:6697-6703.
李静,王聪,梁杏,马斌,葛勤.2015.持续蒸发与补给蒸发过程中水体咸化及同位素分馏的实验研究.地球化学,44(6):556-563.[Li Jing,Wang Cong,Liang Xin,Ma Bin and Ge Qin.2015.Experimental study of water salinization and isotopic fractionation in continuous evaporation and recharge evaporation.GeoChimica,44(6):556-563.]
李龙香,黄春霞.2016.基于城市水土保持理念的深圳市海绵城市建设方法与途径.中国水土保持,(8):19-21.[Li Longxiang and Huang Chunxia.Sponge City Construction Method and Way for Shenzhen based on the concept of urban soil and water conservation.Soil and Water Conservation in China,(8):19-21.]
李阳,贾瑞亮,周金龙,李巧,高业新.2016.干旱地区高盐度水面蒸发试验研究.水文,36(6):24-27.[Li Yang,Jia Ruiliang,Zhou Jinlong,Li Qiao and Gao Yexin.2016.Application of generalized beta distribution of second kind for flood frequency analysis.Hydrology,36(6):24-27.]
Majoube M.1971.Fractionnementen oxygene-18 et en deuterium entre l’eau et sa vapeur.Journa lde Chimie Physique,68(7/8):1423-1436.
Merlivat L and Jouzel J.1979.Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation.Journal of Geophysical Research,84(C8):5029-5033.
马斌,梁杏,靳孟贵,李静,牛宏.2015.华北平原典型区水体蒸发氢氧同位素分馏特征.水科学进展,26(5):639-648.[Ma Bin,Liang Xin,Jin Guimeng,Li Jing and Niu Hong.2015.Characteristics of fraction of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in evaporating water in the typical region of North China Plain.Advances in Water Science,26(5):639-648.]
马洪云,尹立河,马立军.2012.浅谈降水氘剩余值的产生.水科学进展,23(6):745-750.[Ma Hongyun,Yin Lihe and Ma Lijun.2012.Adiscussion of deuterium excess production in rain water.Advances in Water Science,23(6):745-750.]
Oroud I M.2001.Dynamics of evaporation from saline water bodies.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,106(D5):4695-4701.
Panin G N and Brezgunov V S.2007.Influence of the salinity of water on its evaporation.Izvestiya Atmospheric&Oceanic Physics,43(5):663-665.
齐文,郑绵平.2007.西藏盐湖卤水蒸发速率的实验与计算.地质学报,81(12):1727-1733.[Qi Wen and Zheng Mianping.2007.Rates of Evaporation from Saline Lakes on the Tibetan Platesu:an Approach to Measurements and Calculations.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(12):1727-1733.]
祁泽学.2015.水面蒸发盐度效应及影响因素研究.西安:长安大学.[Qi Zexue.2015.Study on the water evaporation salinity effect and the influencing factors.Xi’an:Chang’an University.]
邱国玉,熊育久.2014.水与能:蒸散发、热环境及其能量收支.北京:科学出版社.[QIU Guoyu and Xiong Yujiu.2014.Water and energy:evapotranspiration,thermal environment and energy budget.Beijing:Science Press.]
Salhotra A M,Adams E E and Harleman D R F.1985.Effect of salinity and ionic composition on evaporation:analysis of Dead Sea evaporation pans.Water Resources Research,21(9):1336-1344.
Stewart M K and Friedman I.1975.Deuterium fractionation between aqueous salt solutions and water vapor.Journal of Geophysical Research,80(27):3812-3818.
田立德,姚檀栋,孙维贞,Numaguti Atusi.2000.青藏高原中部水蒸发过程中的氧稳定同位素变化.冰川冻土,22(2):159-164.[Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Sun Weizhen and Numaguti Atusi.2000.Study on stable isotope fractionation during water evaporation in the middle of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,22(2):159-164.]
王永森,马振民,徐征和.2011.基于瑞利分馏模式的水体蒸发线斜率模型.水科学进展,22(6):795-800.[Wang Yongsen,Ma Zhengmin and Xu Zhenghe.2011.Slope of evaporation lines in a model based on Rayleigh fractionation formula.Advances in Water Science,22(6):795-800.]
Xiao W,Lee X,Hu Y,Liu S and Wang W.2017.An experimental investigation of kinetic fractionation of open-water evaporation over a large lake.Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine,10(16):12-22.
Zhang X P,Yao T D and Tian L D.2003.Study on the fractionation mechanism of stable isotope in evaporating water body.Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,25(1):65-71.
Zotarelli L,Dukes M D,Romero C C,Migliaccio K W and Morgan K T.2016.Step by Step Calculation of the Penman-Monteith Evapotranspiration(FAO-56 Method).[2018-03-21].http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AE/AE45900.pdf.
章新平,姚檀栋,田立德.2003.水体蒸发过程中稳定同位素分馏的模拟.冰川冻土,25(1):65-71.[Zhang Xinping,Yao Tandong and Tian Lide.2003.Study on the fractionation mechanism of stable isotope in evaporating water body.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,25(1):65-71.]
中华人民共和国水利部,中华人民共和国国家统计局.2013.第一次全国水利普查公报.中国水利,(7):64.[The Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China and The National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.2013.The first national communique on water conservancy surveys.China Water Resources,(7):64.]
Al-Shammiri M.2002.Evaporation rate as a function of water salinity.Desalination,150(2):189-203.
Baumgartner A and Reichel E.1975.The World Water Balance.New York:Elsevier.
Birks S J and Edwards T W D.2008.Global prediction ofδA andδ2H-δ18O evaporation slopes for lakes and soil water accounting for seasonality.[2018-03-21].http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sandra_Birks/publication/251428333.
Black P E.2005.Watershed Hydrology.Washington D.C.:Lewis Publisher.
包为民,胡海英,王涛,瞿思敏.2008.蒸发皿中水面蒸发氢氧同位素分馏的实验研究.水科学进展,19(6):780-785.[Bao Weimin,Hu Haiying,Wang Tao and Qu Simin.2008.Experimental study on the fractionation mechanism of hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes in evaporation from water surface of evaporation pans.Advances in Water Science,19(6):780-785.]
Cappa C D,Hendricks M B,Depaolo D J and Cohen R C.2002.Isotopic fractionation of water during evaporation.Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres,108(D16):4525.
Craig H and Gordon L I.1965.Deuterium and oxygen 18 variations in the ocean and the marine atmosphere,in Stable Isotopes in Oceanographic Studies and Paleotemperatures.In:Tongiorgi E.Pisa.Italy:Lab.Geol.Nucl.,9-130.
Craig H.1961.Isotopic Variations in Meteoric Waters.Science,133(3465):1702.
David I S.1993.Comparison of Penman-Monteith,Shuttleworth-Wallace and Modified Priestley-Taylor Evapotranspiration Models for wildland vegetation in semiarid rangeland.Water Resources Research,29(5):1379-1392.
Driesner T and Seward T M.2000.Experimental and simulation study of salt effects and pressure/density effects on oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope liquid-vapor fractionation for 4-5 molal aqueous NaCl and KCl solutions to 400°C.Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta,64(10):1773-1784.
Edwards T W D,Birks S J,St Amour N A,Buhay W M,McEachern P,Wolfe B B and Peters D L.2005.Progress in isotope tracer hydrology in Canada.Hydrological Processes,19:303-327.
Frank Henry S and Wen WenYang.1957.Ion-solvent interaction.Structural aspects of ion-solvent interaction in aqueous solutions:a suggested picture of water structure.Discussions of the Faraday Society,24(6):133-140.
顾慰祖.2011.同位素水文学.北京:科学出版社.[GU Weizhu.2011.Isotope Hydrology.Beijing:Science Press.]
Harbeck G.1955.The effect of salinity on evaporation.Washington:United States Government Printing Office.
Hu H Y,Bao W M and Wang T.2009.Experimental study on stable isotopic fractionation of evaporating water under varying temperature.Water Science and Engineering,2(2):11-18.
胡海英,包为民,瞿思敏,王涛.2007.稳定性氢氧同位素在水体蒸发中的研究进展.水文,27(3):1-5.[Hu Haiying,Bao Weimin,Qi Simin and Wang Tao.2007.Fractionation Mechanism of Stable Hydrogen and Oxygen Isotope in Water Body Evaporating.Journal of China Hydrology,27(3):1-5.]
黄煌,章新平,李广,黄一民,廖梦思.2014.长沙地区蒸发皿水体蒸发过程中稳定同位素的变化特征.热带地理,34(6):776-782.[Huang Huang,Zhang Xinping,Li Guang,Huang Yimin and Liao Mengsi.2014.Variation of stable isotopes in pan water evaporation process in Changsha.Tropical Geography,34(6):776-782.]
黄锡荃.1993.水文学.北京:高等教育出版社.[Huang Xiquan.1993.Hydrology.Beijing:Higher Education Press.]
Jouzel J,Delaygue G,Landais A,Masson-Delmotte V,Risi C and Vimeux F.2013.Water isotopes as tools to document oceanic sources of precipitation.Water Resources Research,49(11):7469-7486.
贾瑞亮,周金龙,高业新,周殷竹,李阳,栗现文.2015.干旱区高盐度潜水蒸发规律初步分析.水科学进展,26(1):44-50.[Jia Ruiliang,Zhou Jinlong,Gao Yexin,Zhou Yinzhu,Li Yang and Li Xianwen.2015.Preliminary analysis on evaporation rules of high-salinity phreatic water in arid area.Advances in Water Science,26(1):44-50.]
Limbach H H,Denisov G S and Golubev N S.2005.7 Hydrogen Bond Isotope effects studied by NMR.[2017-08-16].http://userpage.fuberlin.de/limbach/R10.pdf.
Liu X M,Zheng H X,Zhang M H and Liu C M.2011.Identification of dominant climate factor for pan evaporation trend in the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Geographical Sciences,21(4):594-608.
Luz B,Barkan E,Yam R and Shemesh A.2009.Fractionation of oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in evaporation water.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,73:6697-6703.
李静,王聪,梁杏,马斌,葛勤.2015.持续蒸发与补给蒸发过程中水体咸化及同位素分馏的实验研究.地球化学,44(6):556-563.[Li Jing,Wang Cong,Liang Xin,Ma Bin and Ge Qin.2015.Experimental study of water salinization and isotopic fractionation in continuous evaporation and recharge evaporation.GeoChimica,44(6):556-563.]
李龙香,黄春霞.2016.基于城市水土保持理念的深圳市海绵城市建设方法与途径.中国水土保持,(8):19-21.[Li Longxiang and Huang Chunxia.Sponge City Construction Method and Way for Shenzhen based on the concept of urban soil and water conservation.Soil and Water Conservation in China,(8):19-21.]
李阳,贾瑞亮,周金龙,李巧,高业新.2016.干旱地区高盐度水面蒸发试验研究.水文,36(6):24-27.[Li Yang,Jia Ruiliang,Zhou Jinlong,Li Qiao and Gao Yexin.2016.Application of generalized beta distribution of second kind for flood frequency analysis.Hydrology,36(6):24-27.]
Majoube M.1971.Fractionnementen oxygene-18 et en deuterium entre l’eau et sa vapeur.Journa lde Chimie Physique,68(7/8):1423-1436.
Merlivat L and Jouzel J.1979.Global climatic interpretation of the deuterium-oxygen 18 relationship for precipitation.Journal of Geophysical Research,84(C8):5029-5033.
马斌,梁杏,靳孟贵,李静,牛宏.2015.华北平原典型区水体蒸发氢氧同位素分馏特征.水科学进展,26(5):639-648.[Ma Bin,Liang Xin,Jin Guimeng,Li Jing and Niu Hong.2015.Characteristics of fraction of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in evaporating water in the typical region of North China Plain.Advances in Water Science,26(5):639-648.]
马洪云,尹立河,马立军.2012.浅谈降水氘剩余值的产生.水科学进展,23(6):745-750.[Ma Hongyun,Yin Lihe and Ma Lijun.2012.Adiscussion of deuterium excess production in rain water.Advances in Water Science,23(6):745-750.]
Oroud I M.2001.Dynamics of evaporation from saline water bodies.Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres,106(D5):4695-4701.
Panin G N and Brezgunov V S.2007.Influence of the salinity of water on its evaporation.Izvestiya Atmospheric&Oceanic Physics,43(5):663-665.
齐文,郑绵平.2007.西藏盐湖卤水蒸发速率的实验与计算.地质学报,81(12):1727-1733.[Qi Wen and Zheng Mianping.2007.Rates of Evaporation from Saline Lakes on the Tibetan Platesu:an Approach to Measurements and Calculations.Acta Geologica Sinica,81(12):1727-1733.]
祁泽学.2015.水面蒸发盐度效应及影响因素研究.西安:长安大学.[Qi Zexue.2015.Study on the water evaporation salinity effect and the influencing factors.Xi’an:Chang’an University.]
邱国玉,熊育久.2014.水与能:蒸散发、热环境及其能量收支.北京:科学出版社.[QIU Guoyu and Xiong Yujiu.2014.Water and energy:evapotranspiration,thermal environment and energy budget.Beijing:Science Press.]
Salhotra A M,Adams E E and Harleman D R F.1985.Effect of salinity and ionic composition on evaporation:analysis of Dead Sea evaporation pans.Water Resources Research,21(9):1336-1344.
Stewart M K and Friedman I.1975.Deuterium fractionation between aqueous salt solutions and water vapor.Journal of Geophysical Research,80(27):3812-3818.
田立德,姚檀栋,孙维贞,Numaguti Atusi.2000.青藏高原中部水蒸发过程中的氧稳定同位素变化.冰川冻土,22(2):159-164.[Tian Lide,Yao Tandong,Sun Weizhen and Numaguti Atusi.2000.Study on stable isotope fractionation during water evaporation in the middle of the Tibetan Plateau.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,22(2):159-164.]
王永森,马振民,徐征和.2011.基于瑞利分馏模式的水体蒸发线斜率模型.水科学进展,22(6):795-800.[Wang Yongsen,Ma Zhengmin and Xu Zhenghe.2011.Slope of evaporation lines in a model based on Rayleigh fractionation formula.Advances in Water Science,22(6):795-800.]
Xiao W,Lee X,Hu Y,Liu S and Wang W.2017.An experimental investigation of kinetic fractionation of open-water evaporation over a large lake.Chinese Archives of Traditional Chinese Medicine,10(16):12-22.
Zhang X P,Yao T D and Tian L D.2003.Study on the fractionation mechanism of stable isotope in evaporating water body.Journal of Glaciology&Geocryology,25(1):65-71.
Zotarelli L,Dukes M D,Romero C C,Migliaccio K W and Morgan K T.2016.Step by Step Calculation of the Penman-Monteith Evapotranspiration(FAO-56 Method).[2018-03-21].http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/AE/AE45900.pdf.
章新平,姚檀栋,田立德.2003.水体蒸发过程中稳定同位素分馏的模拟.冰川冻土,25(1):65-71.[Zhang Xinping,Yao Tandong and Tian Lide.2003.Study on the fractionation mechanism of stable isotope in evaporating water body.Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,25(1):65-71.]
中华人民共和国水利部,中华人民共和国国家统计局.2013.第一次全国水利普查公报.中国水利,(7):64.[The Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China and The National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.2013.The first national communique on water conservancy surveys.China Water Resources,(7):64.]