草带布设位置对坡沟系统水文连通性的影响
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摘要
为研究坡面不同草带布设位置对坡沟系统水文连通性的影响,在模拟降雨条件下,选取地形收敛指数和地形湿度指数作为结构连通性指标、简化水文曲线和相对地表连接函数作为功能连通性指标分析了不同草带布设位置(坡面中上、中、中下、下部)坡沟系统水文连通性。结果表明:不同草带布设位置对坡沟系统的连通过程影响不同。植被布设越靠近沟坡部分产流时间越长;植被布设在中下坡位、下坡位比中坡位和中上坡位的总径流量小,对径流汇集影响大。中上坡位布置植被比其他位置有较好的结构连通性,其降雨后的地形更利于水系连通。不同格局地形收敛指数分布类似正态分布,地形湿度指数分布符合正偏态分布。中上坡位布置植被降雨后地形比其他格局更利于汇流;中上坡位布置植被降雨后的地形湿度指数均值比降雨前减少10.59%,整体变化最大,也更利于产流。植被布设越靠近坡顶部分其功能连通性越好,但对于降水的储蓄能力较差。中上坡位布置植被相比其他格局需要较少的水量达到产流,功能连通性最好。降雨停止时,中下部和下部坡位布设植被约有70%的总降雨量用于储蓄,而中上部和上部仅为50%。
In order to investigate the effects of different slope grass strips patterns on hydrological connectivity of the slope-gully system, we selected topographic convergence index and topographic wetness index as structural connectivity indicators, and the simplified hydrograph and derived relative surface connection function as functional connectivity indicators which were used to analyze the hydrological connectivity of groove system in different grass strip patterns(upper, middle, lower and foot slopes). In this paper, we used artificial simulated rainfall experiment which was conducted in the State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China at Xi'an University of Technology from July to August 2014. According to the loess plateau typical geomorphic features design indoor slope gully system model, the model for steel soil bin, groove width was 1 m, including Liang Mao slope gradient of 12°, slope 8 m long; groove was 25° slope degree, slope length 5 m. Liang Mao slope and gully slope ratio was roughly control in 1.6:1.0, representing the proportion of slope gully loess plateau region. The experimental rainfall intensity was set at 1.5 mm/min, and the rainfall space was evenly distributed to more than 80% before the experiment began. We started to count the time after the rainfall was produced. All the muddy water samples were collected in every minute to calculate the runoff volume per minute. After 30 minutes of runoff, the rainfall experiment stopped. The results showed that different grass strip patterns had different influence on the connection process of slope ditch system. The closer to gully the grass strip was located, the longer the initial runoff time was. The total runoff was small in the grass strip layout in the middle and lower slope position. The lower slope and the foot slope had great influence on the runoff collection. The structural connectivity of grass strip was arranged on the placement of the middle and upper slopes which were superior to that of other positions,and were more conducive to the connection of water system after rainfall. The distribution of topographic convergence index was similar to normal distribution, while the distribution of the terrain moisture index was in line with the positively skewed distribution. The topography of the grass strip position which was arranged on the placement of the middle and upper slope was more conducive to the confluence than other patterns. In the middle and upper slope, the average topoqraphic wetness index of the grass strips after rainfall decreased by 10.59%. The closer the grass strip was to the top of the slope, the better the functional connectivity was, but the saving capacity of precipitation was poor. Compared with other patterns, the grass strip in the upper slope needed less water to produce flow and the functional connectivity was the best. When the rainfall stopped, there were about 70% of the total rainfall was used for saving with the grass strip laid in the lower and foot slope, while the one located in the middle and upper parts were only 50%. This study can provide reference for the prevention and treatment of slope gully in the Loess Plateau, China.
In order to investigate the effects of different slope grass strips patterns on hydrological connectivity of the slope-gully system, we selected topographic convergence index and topographic wetness index as structural connectivity indicators, and the simplified hydrograph and derived relative surface connection function as functional connectivity indicators which were used to analyze the hydrological connectivity of groove system in different grass strip patterns(upper, middle, lower and foot slopes). In this paper, we used artificial simulated rainfall experiment which was conducted in the State Key Laboratory of Eco-hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China at Xi'an University of Technology from July to August 2014. According to the loess plateau typical geomorphic features design indoor slope gully system model, the model for steel soil bin, groove width was 1 m, including Liang Mao slope gradient of 12°, slope 8 m long; groove was 25° slope degree, slope length 5 m. Liang Mao slope and gully slope ratio was roughly control in 1.6:1.0, representing the proportion of slope gully loess plateau region. The experimental rainfall intensity was set at 1.5 mm/min, and the rainfall space was evenly distributed to more than 80% before the experiment began. We started to count the time after the rainfall was produced. All the muddy water samples were collected in every minute to calculate the runoff volume per minute. After 30 minutes of runoff, the rainfall experiment stopped. The results showed that different grass strip patterns had different influence on the connection process of slope ditch system. The closer to gully the grass strip was located, the longer the initial runoff time was. The total runoff was small in the grass strip layout in the middle and lower slope position. The lower slope and the foot slope had great influence on the runoff collection. The structural connectivity of grass strip was arranged on the placement of the middle and upper slopes which were superior to that of other positions,and were more conducive to the connection of water system after rainfall. The distribution of topographic convergence index was similar to normal distribution, while the distribution of the terrain moisture index was in line with the positively skewed distribution. The topography of the grass strip position which was arranged on the placement of the middle and upper slope was more conducive to the confluence than other patterns. In the middle and upper slope, the average topoqraphic wetness index of the grass strips after rainfall decreased by 10.59%. The closer the grass strip was to the top of the slope, the better the functional connectivity was, but the saving capacity of precipitation was poor. Compared with other patterns, the grass strip in the upper slope needed less water to produce flow and the functional connectivity was the best. When the rainfall stopped, there were about 70% of the total rainfall was used for saving with the grass strip laid in the lower and foot slope, while the one located in the middle and upper parts were only 50%. This study can provide reference for the prevention and treatment of slope gully in the Loess Plateau, China.
引文
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[5]Antoine M,Javaux M,Bielders C.What indicators can capture runoff-relevant connectivity properties of the micro-topography at the plot scale?[J].Advances in Water Resources,2009,32(8):1297-1310.
[6]Appels W M,Bogaart P W,Sjoerd E A T M van der Zee.Surface runoff in flat terrain:How field topography and runoff generating processes control hydrological connectivity[J].Journal of Hydrology,2016,534:493-504.
[7]夏军,高扬,左其亭,等.河湖水系连通特征及其利弊[J].地理科学进展,2012,31(1):26-31.Xia Jun,Gao Yang,Zuo Qiting,et al.Characteristics of interconnected rivers system and its ecological effects on water environment[J].Progress in Geography,2012,31(1):26-31.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]李宗礼,李原园,王中根,等.河湖水系连通研究:概念框架[J].自然资源学报,2011,26(3):513-522.Li Zongli,Li Yuanyuan,Wang Zhonggen,et al.Research on interconnected river system network:conceptual framework[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2011,26(3):513-522.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[11]赵进勇,董哲仁,杨晓敏,等.基于图论边连通度的平原水网区水系连通性定量评价[J].水生态学杂志,2017,38(5):1-6.Zhao Jinyong,Dong Zheren,Yang Xiaomin,et al.Connectivity evaluation technology for plain river network regions based on edge connectivity from graph theory[J].Journal of Hydroecology.2017,38(5):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[13]王盛萍,姚安坤,赵小婵.基于人工降雨模拟试验的坡面水文连通性[J].水科学进展,2014.25(4):526-533.Wang Shengping,Yao Ankun,Zhao Xiaochan.Analyzing hydrological connectivity for a slope-surface on the basis of rainfall simulation experiment[J].Advances in Water Science,2014,25(4):526-533.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[14]曹梓豪,赵清贺,左宪禹,等.基于坡面水文连通性的黄河下游河岸缓冲带植被格局优化[J].应用生态学报.2018,29(3).https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201803.014.Cao Zihao,Zhao Qinghe,Zuo Xianyu,et al.Optimizing vegetation pattern for the riparian buffer zone along the lower Yellow River based on slope hydrological connectivity[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2018,29(3).https://doi.org/10.13287/j.1001-9332.201803.014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]肖培青,郑粉莉,姚文艺.坡沟系统坡面径流流态及水力学参数特征研究[J].水科学进展,2009,20(2):236-240.Xiao Peiqing,Zheng Fenli,Yao Wenyi.Flow pattern and hydraulic parameter characteristics in hillslope-gullyslope system[J].Advances in Water Science,2009,20(2):236-240.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[16]高建恩,杨世伟,吴普特,等.水力侵蚀调控物理模拟试验相似律的初步确定[J].农业工程学报,2006,22(1):27-31.Gao Jian'en,Yang Shiwei,Wu Pute,et al.Preliminary study on similitude law in simulative experiment for controlling hydraulic erosion[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the CSAE),22(1):27-31.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]魏霞,李占斌,李勋贵.黄土高原坡沟系统土壤侵蚀研究进展[J].中国水土保持科学,2012,10(1):108-113.Wei Xia,Li Zhanbin,Li Xungui.Research progress on soil erosion of slope-gully systems in the Loess Plateau[J].Science of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,10(1):108-113.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[18]Jia Xiaoxu,Shao Mingan,Zhu Yuanjun,et al.Soil moisture decline due to afforestation across the Loess Plateau,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2017,546:113-122.
[19]韩鹏,李秀霞.黄河流域土壤侵蚀及植被水保效益研究[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2008,16(2):181-190.Han Peng,Li Xiuxia.Study on soil erosion and vegetation effect on soil conservation in the Yellow River Basin[J].Journal of Basic Science and Engineering,2008,16(2):181-190.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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