亚热带小流域COD负荷及影响因子分析
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摘要
化学需氧量(COD)是农业面源污染的重要方面。以湖南省长沙县9个典型小流域为研究对象,利用连续5 a(2011-2015)的定位观测资料,系统分析了亚热带典型小流域COD浓度与负荷的时空变化特征及其主要影响因素。结果表明:1)研究区近5 a来COD浓度的变化范围为0.31-42.63 mg/L,平均值为12.95 mg/L。不同类型小流域COD平均浓度的变化顺序为:种养>养殖>森林-种植>森林,从季节变化来看,COD浓度夏秋季节较高,而冬季与春季相对较低;从年际变化来看,从2011年到2015年COD浓度总体上呈波动上升趋势。2)COD月负荷的变化范围为3.15-1 086.6 kg/hm~2,研究区平均值为152.06 kg/hm2,不同类型小流域COD负荷时空变化规律与浓度基本一致。3)COD浓度主要与畜禽养殖密度及人口密度呈显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.86(P<0.05)和0.69(P<0.05);COD负荷则与养殖密度、种植比例、径流深等因子呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.87(P<0.05)、0.69(P<0.05)和0.54(P<0.05)。适当控制畜禽养殖密度、加强小流域生活污水治理以及促进养殖废弃物资源化利用是控制亚热带小流域COD排放的关键途径。
Chemical oxygen demand(COD) is an important aspect of agricultural non-point source pollution. Nine subtropical typical small watersheds were selected in Changsha County of Hunan Province. The characteristics of COD concentration and its spatial-temporal variation and their main influencing factors were analyzed using the five-year's observation data(2011-2015). The results showed that: 1) The COD concentrations in the study area varied in a range of 0.31–42.63 mg/L and the average was 12.95 mg/L in the past five years. For the different types of small watersheds, the averaged COD concentration sorted in the following order: cropping-livestock > livestock > forest-cropping > forest. The COD concentrations were higher in summer and autumn than those in winter and spring, and generally increased from 2011 to 2015. 2) The monthly COD loads ranged from 3.15 to 1,086.6 kg/hm~2, with average value of 152.06 kg/hm~2. The characteristics of spatial-temporal and variation of COD loads were similar to COD concentrations in different watersheds. 3) The COD concentrations were significantly correlated with the densities of livestock and poultry as well as the resident population, with the correlation coefficients of 0.86(P<0.05) and 0.69(P<0.05), respectively. The COD loads were positively correlated with the livestock and poultry density, cropping area ratio, and runoff depth. The correlation coefficients were 0.87(P<0.05), 0.69(P<0.05) and 0.54(P<0.05), respectively. Appropriate controlling the scale of livestock and poultry breeding, strengthening the domestic sewage treatment in watersheds, and promoting the recycling use of livestock waste are the critical approaches in reducing discharge of COD in the small subtropical watersheds.
Chemical oxygen demand(COD) is an important aspect of agricultural non-point source pollution. Nine subtropical typical small watersheds were selected in Changsha County of Hunan Province. The characteristics of COD concentration and its spatial-temporal variation and their main influencing factors were analyzed using the five-year's observation data(2011-2015). The results showed that: 1) The COD concentrations in the study area varied in a range of 0.31–42.63 mg/L and the average was 12.95 mg/L in the past five years. For the different types of small watersheds, the averaged COD concentration sorted in the following order: cropping-livestock > livestock > forest-cropping > forest. The COD concentrations were higher in summer and autumn than those in winter and spring, and generally increased from 2011 to 2015. 2) The monthly COD loads ranged from 3.15 to 1,086.6 kg/hm~2, with average value of 152.06 kg/hm~2. The characteristics of spatial-temporal and variation of COD loads were similar to COD concentrations in different watersheds. 3) The COD concentrations were significantly correlated with the densities of livestock and poultry as well as the resident population, with the correlation coefficients of 0.86(P<0.05) and 0.69(P<0.05), respectively. The COD loads were positively correlated with the livestock and poultry density, cropping area ratio, and runoff depth. The correlation coefficients were 0.87(P<0.05), 0.69(P<0.05) and 0.54(P<0.05), respectively. Appropriate controlling the scale of livestock and poultry breeding, strengthening the domestic sewage treatment in watersheds, and promoting the recycling use of livestock waste are the critical approaches in reducing discharge of COD in the small subtropical watersheds.
引文
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[2]Gassman P W,Osei E,Saleh A,et al.Alternative practices for sediment and nutrient loss control on livestock farms in Northeast Iowa[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2006,117(2/3):135-144.
[3]熊汉锋,万细华.农业面源氮磷污染对湖泊水体富营养化的影响[J].环境科学与技术,2008,31(2):25-27.Xiong H F,Wan X H.Investigation of nitrogen and phosphorus loadings on Liangzi Lake from agricultural non-point source[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,31(2):25-27.
[4]王雪蕾,王新新,朱利,等.巢湖流域氮磷面源污染与水华空间分布遥感解析[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(5):1511-1519.Wang X L,Wang X X,Zhu L,et al.Spatial analysis on diffuse pollution and alga bloom characteristic with remote sensing in Chao Lake Basin[J].China Environmental Science,2015,35(5):1511-1519.
[5]Kawabe M,Kawabe M.Factors determining chemical oxygen demand in Tokyo Bay[J].Journal of Oceanography,1997,53(2):443-453.
[6]朱梅,吴敬学,张希三.海河流域畜禽养殖污染负荷研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2010,29(8):1558-1565.Zhu M,Wu J X,Zhang X S.Pollutants loads of livestock and poultry breeding in Haihe Basin,China[J].Journal of AgroEnvironment Science,2010,29(8):1558-1565.
[7]Wang C,Sun Q,Jiang S,et al.Evaluation of pollution source of the bays in Fujian Province[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2011,10(1):685-690.
[8]彭滔.三峡库区(重庆段)农村面源污染动因分析[D].重庆:重庆师范大学,2015.Peng T.Analysis of influencing factors of agricultural non-point source pollution in the Three Gorges Reservoir Area(Chongqing section)[D].Chongqing:Chongqing Normal University,2015.
[9]廖义善,卓慕宁,李定强,等.珠江三角洲城市非点源COD影响因素分析及其负荷估算[J].环境科学,2013,34(8):3019-3024.Liao Y S,Zhuo M N,Li D Q,et al.Estimation of urban non-point source pollution loading and its factor analysis in the Pearl River Delta[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(8):3019-3024.
[10]杨福霞,简慧敏,田琳,等.大辽河口COD与DO的分布特征及其影响因素[J].环境科学,2014,35(10):3748-3754.Yang F X,Jian H M,Tian L,et al.Distribution characteristics of COD and DO and its influencing factors in the Daliaohe estuary[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(10):3748-3754.
[11]吕俊杰,杨浩,陈捷,等.滇池水体BOD5和CODMn空间变化研究[J].中国环境科学,2004,24(3):52-55.LüJ J,Yang H,Chen J,et al.Studies on the spatial variation of BOD5 and CODMn in Dianchi Lake waters[J].China Environmental Science,2004,24(3):52-55.
[12]Deborah P,Giuseppe G.Modeling of Po River water quality in Torino(Italy)[J].Water Resource Management,2010,2(24):2937-2958.
[13]Wu M,Tang X Q,Li Q Y,et al.Review of ecological engineering solutions for rural non-point source water pollution control in Hubei Province,China[J].Water,Air,&Soil Pollution,2013,24(3):1561-1567.
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[15]王美慧,周脚根,韩增,等.亚热带典型小流域磷收支及流失特征对比研究[J].自然资源学报,2016,31(2):321-330.Wang M H,Zhou J G,Han Z,et al.Comparison on phosphorus budgets in two typical subtropical small watersheds of China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2016,31(2):321-330.
[16]孟岑,李裕元,吴金水,等.亚热带典型小流域总氮最大日负荷(TMDL)及影响因子研究-以金井河流域为例[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(2):700-709.Meng C,Li Y Y,Wu J S,et al.A case study on non-point source pollution and environmental carrying capacity of animal raising industry in subtropical watershed[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(2):700-709.
[17]崔超,刘申,翟丽梅,等.香溪河流域土地利用变化过程对非点源氮磷输出的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2016,35(1):129-138.Cui C,Liu S,Zhai L M,et al.Effect of land use/cover changes on nitrogen and phosphorus losses via non-point source pathway in Xiangxi River basin[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2016,35(1):129-138.
[18]徐冯迪,高扬,董文渊,等.我国南方红壤区氮磷湿沉降对森林流域氮磷输出及水质的影响[J].生态学报,2016,20(11):6409-6419.Xu F D,Gao Y,Dong W Y,et al.Impact of atmospheric nitrogen and phosphorus wet deposition on nitrogen and phosphorus export and associated water quality:A case study of forest watershed in the red soil area,Southern China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2016,20(11):6409-6419.
[19]胥彦玲,王苏舰,李怀恩.土地覆被变化对流域非点源污染的影响研究——以黑河流域为例[J].水土保持研究,2010,17(3):250-253.Xu Y L,Wang S J,Li H E.Influence of land coverage change on non-point source pollution—Taking Shanxi Heihe river watershed as an example[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,17(3):250-253.
[20]张蕾娜,李秀彬.用水文特征参数变化表征人类活动的水文效应初探—以云州水库流域为例[J].资源科学,2004,11(2):62-67.Zhang L N,Li X B.Assessing hydrological effects of human activities by hydrological characteristic parameters:A case study in the Yunzhou Reservoir Basin[J].Resources Science,2004,11(2):62-67.
[21]裴宏伟,王彦芳,沈彦俊,等.美国高平原农业发展对地下水资源的影响及启示[J].农业现代化研究,2016,37(1):166-173.Pei H W,Wang Y F,Shen Y J,et al.The impacts and enlightenments of irrigated agriculture on groundwater resources in the U.S.High Plains[J].Research of Agricultural Modernization,2016,37(1):166-173.
[22]Jayakumar R,Dhanakumar S,Kalaiselvi K,et al.Water pollution in the vicinity of Stanley Reservoir by point and non-point sources,Cauvery Basin,India[J].Environmental Management of River Basin Ecosystems.2015,19(2):491-505.
[23]刘倩纯,余潮,张杰,等.鄱阳湖水体水质变化特征分析[J].农业环境科学学报,2013,23(6):1232-1237.Liu Q C,Yu C,Zhang J,et al.Water quality variations in Poyang Lake[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2013,23(6):1232-1237.
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