水氮供应对地下滴灌紫花苜蓿生产性能及水氮利用效率的影响
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摘要
为探讨不同水氮供应对紫花苜蓿生长、产量和水氮利用效率的影响,确定地下滴灌紫花苜蓿栽培草地的合理施氮量和灌溉量,以紫花苜蓿‘巨能7号'为供试品种,采用田间试验,全生长季共设置4个总滴灌量水平:480mm(W1)、550mm(W2)、620 mm(W3)和690 mm(W4);施氮量共设置4个水平:无氮(N0,0)、低氮(N1,60kg·hm-2)、中氮(N2,120kg·hm-2)和高氮(N3,180kg·hm-2)结合灌溉进行,试验采用田间裂区设计,研究了不同水氮供应对地下滴灌紫花苜蓿全生长季内生长状况、产量和水氮利用效率的影响。试验结果表明:1)水氮供应对紫花苜蓿不同茬次的株高和茎粗均有不同的影响,表现为第1、2茬紫花苜蓿的株高均随施氮量和滴灌量的增加而增高,第1茬紫花苜蓿的茎粗随滴灌量的增加而增粗。2)第1、2茬紫花苜蓿干草产量均随滴灌量的增加而增加,施氮量对第1、4茬和全年的紫花苜蓿干草产量有显著的提高,其中滴灌量、施氮量和水氮互作对紫花苜蓿增产效应极显著(P<0.01)。3)增加滴灌量,降低施氮量,紫花苜蓿的水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水利用效率(IWUE)均逐渐下降,WUE和IWUE最小值均出现在W4N0处理下,且该处理下的WUE和IWUE均明显小于其他处理。4)紫花苜蓿氮肥农学效率(ANUE)随施氮量增加在不同滴灌量下表现出不同的变化趋势,在W1、W2和W3水平下,ANUE随施氮量的增加表现为先增大后降低趋势,ANUE最大值均出现在N2水平,在W4水平下,ANUE随施氮量的增加而降低;氮肥偏生产力(PFPN)则随施氮量的增加而显著降低。ANUE随滴灌量的增加先降低后升高,而PFPN先增加后降低,说明适当增加滴灌量可以提高紫花苜蓿的ANUE和PFPN。综合考虑紫花苜蓿产量效应和资源利用、环境等综合效应,W3N2处理下(滴灌量为620mm,施氮量为120kg·hm-2)宁夏引黄灌区地下滴灌紫花苜蓿种植较为适宜。研究结果可为宁夏引黄灌区紫花苜蓿大面积推广节水、高产优质种植提供理论依据。
The effects of water and nitrogen supply on the growth,yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of alfalfa were investigated to find out the best combination of water and nitrogen in the production of alfalfa and to provide scientific reference data for actual production under drip irrigation in the Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia.A field experiment using a split-plot design was used.There were four irrigation levels(W1,480mm;W2,550mm;W3,620mm;W4,690mm)in main plots and four nitrogen levels(N0,0;N1,60kg·ha-1;N2,120kg·ha-1;N3,180kg·ha-1)in sub-plots.The results showed that water and nitrogen supply had different effects on the plant height and stem diameter of alfalfa for each harvest.The plant heights of first and second cutting of alfalfa increased with increased nitrogen application rate and with increased irrigation supply,and the stem diameter at the first cutting was increased with increased irrigation rate.The yields of alfalfa hay at the first and second cutting increased with increased irrigation rate.Applied nitrogen significantly increased the alfalfa hay yield at the first and fourth cuttings and over the whole growth season.The irrigation effect,the nitrogen application effect,and the irrigation and nitrogen interaction for hay yield were all extremely significant(P<0.01).The irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)and water use efficiency(WUE)were decreased with increased irrigation rate,and were increased by nitrogen application.The treatment W4N0 had the lowest IWUE and WUE.Alfalfa nitrogen use efficiency(ANUE)showed different patterns with different nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation rates.In the W1,W2 and W3treatments,ANUE was greatest in the N2 treatment and reduced at higher or lower N application rates,while in the W4 treatment,ANUE was decreased with increased nitrogen application rate.Nitrogen partial factor productivity(PFPN)was decreased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application rate.ANUE was decreased by irrigation at lower water application rates but was increased by irrigation at higher application rates,while PFPN showed the opposite pattern with highest PFPN at intermediate irrigation rates,indicating that irrigation at an appropriate rate can improve the ANUE and PFPN of alfalfa.From these results,to optimize hay yield while conserving water and fertilizer resources,W3N2(620mm,120kg·ha-1)was indicated as the best irrigation and fertilizer treatment combination for alfalfa under drip irrigation in this region.The study provides valuable information for improving management of alfalfa in the Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia.
The effects of water and nitrogen supply on the growth,yield and water and nitrogen use efficiency of alfalfa were investigated to find out the best combination of water and nitrogen in the production of alfalfa and to provide scientific reference data for actual production under drip irrigation in the Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia.A field experiment using a split-plot design was used.There were four irrigation levels(W1,480mm;W2,550mm;W3,620mm;W4,690mm)in main plots and four nitrogen levels(N0,0;N1,60kg·ha-1;N2,120kg·ha-1;N3,180kg·ha-1)in sub-plots.The results showed that water and nitrogen supply had different effects on the plant height and stem diameter of alfalfa for each harvest.The plant heights of first and second cutting of alfalfa increased with increased nitrogen application rate and with increased irrigation supply,and the stem diameter at the first cutting was increased with increased irrigation rate.The yields of alfalfa hay at the first and second cutting increased with increased irrigation rate.Applied nitrogen significantly increased the alfalfa hay yield at the first and fourth cuttings and over the whole growth season.The irrigation effect,the nitrogen application effect,and the irrigation and nitrogen interaction for hay yield were all extremely significant(P<0.01).The irrigation water use efficiency(IWUE)and water use efficiency(WUE)were decreased with increased irrigation rate,and were increased by nitrogen application.The treatment W4N0 had the lowest IWUE and WUE.Alfalfa nitrogen use efficiency(ANUE)showed different patterns with different nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation rates.In the W1,W2 and W3treatments,ANUE was greatest in the N2 treatment and reduced at higher or lower N application rates,while in the W4 treatment,ANUE was decreased with increased nitrogen application rate.Nitrogen partial factor productivity(PFPN)was decreased significantly with the increase of nitrogen application rate.ANUE was decreased by irrigation at lower water application rates but was increased by irrigation at higher application rates,while PFPN showed the opposite pattern with highest PFPN at intermediate irrigation rates,indicating that irrigation at an appropriate rate can improve the ANUE and PFPN of alfalfa.From these results,to optimize hay yield while conserving water and fertilizer resources,W3N2(620mm,120kg·ha-1)was indicated as the best irrigation and fertilizer treatment combination for alfalfa under drip irrigation in this region.The study provides valuable information for improving management of alfalfa in the Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia.
引文
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[15] Huo X,LüZ Y,Fang Z D,et al.Couple effect of fertilizer and water on growth and yield of alfalfa at Maowusu Sandland.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,32(2):111-115.霍星,吕志远,范志东,等.水肥耦合对毛乌素沙地紫花苜蓿生长与产量的影响.灌溉排水学报,2013,32(2):111-115.
[16] Wang X,Ji S R,Shen Y X.Interactive effects of soil moisture and nitrogen application rate on seedling growth of alfalfa.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(12):48-55.王茜,纪树仁,沈益新.土壤水分和施氮水平对紫花苜蓿苗期生长的互作效应分析.草业学报,2017,26(12):48-55.
[17] Zhu T X,Deng B,Wang X G,et al.The influence of irrigation amount on alfalfa yield,soil water content and correlationship in Keerqin Sandyland.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2017,39(4):36-40.朱铁霞,邓波,王显国,等.灌水量对科尔沁沙地苜蓿草产量、土壤含水量及二者相关性的影响.中国草地学报,2017,39(4):36-40.
[18] Tao X,Su D R,Kou D,et al.Effects of irrigation methods on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of alfalfa in arid northwest China.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2015,37(4):35-41.陶雪,苏德荣,寇丹,等.西北旱区不同灌溉方式对苜蓿光合特性和产草量的影响.中国草地学报,2015,37(4):35-41.
[19] Zhang J,Wang Q,Xiao Y,et al.Effects of alternate furrow irrigation on the biomass allocation and water use efficiency of alfalfa.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(3):164-171.张静,王倩,肖玉,等.交替灌溉对紫花苜蓿生物量分配与水分利用效率的影响.草业学报,2016,25(3):164-171.
[20] Cao X S,Li H P,Zheng H X,et al.Effects of subsurface drip irrigation on water consumption,yield and water productivity of alfalfa.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(5):256-262.曹雪松,李和平,郑和祥,等.地埋滴灌对紫花苜蓿耗水、产量及水分生产率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(5):256-262.
[21] Wang Q S,Sun D B,Hou X Y.Optimization of irrigation frequency and application norm of phosphorus fertilizer for alfalfa in semiarid region of northern Shanxi Province.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2012,28(14):112-117.王庆锁,孙东宝,侯向阳.晋北半干旱区苜蓿灌水次数与磷肥施用水平优化.农业工程学报,2012,28(14):112-117.
[22] Wang D,He F,Xie K Y,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on alfalfa plant growth and soil nitrogen content.Pratacultural Science,2013,30(10):1569-1574.王丹,何峰,谢开云,等.施氮对紫花苜蓿生长及土壤氮含量的影响.草业科学,2013,30(10):1569-1574.
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[2] Fu B Z,Gao X Q,Zhang R,et al.Comparison of different alfalfa cultivars in the Yellow River irrigation region of Ningxia.Journal of Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University(Natural Science Edition),2017,45(2):71-78.伏兵哲,高雪芹,张蓉,等.宁夏引黄灌区不同紫花苜蓿品种比较.西北农林科技大学学报(自然科学版),2017,45(2):71-78.
[3] Wang Z J,Li D N,Yang D H,et al.Benefits analysis and evaluation of different alfalfa rotation models in yellow river irrigation area of Ningxia.Ningxia Journal of Agriculture and Forestry Science and Technology,2013,54(11):46-47.王占军,李东宁,杨东海,等.宁夏引黄灌区苜蓿不同轮作模式效益分析与评价.宁夏农林科技,2013,54(11):46-47.
[4] Rahmana M A,Yong-Gooa K,Iftekhar A.Proteome analysis of alfalfa roots in response to water deficit stress.Journal of Integrative Agriculture,2016,15(6):1275-1285.
[5] Altinok S,Yurtseven E,Avci S,et al.The effects of different irrigation water salinities and leaching ratios on green and forage yields of alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.).Agriculture and Forestry,2015,61(1):85-90.
[6] Ismail S M,Almarshadi M H.Maximizing productivity water use efficiency of alfalfa under precise subsurface irrigation in arid regions.Irrigation and Drainage,2013,62(1):57-66.
[7] Li X L,Mu H B,Hou X Y,et al.Effects of irrigation and phosphorus fertilization on alfalfa yield and water and fertilizer use efficiency.Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science,2014,20(5):1161-1167.李新乐,穆怀彬,侯向阳,等.水、磷对紫花苜蓿产量及水肥利用效率的影响.植物营养与肥料学报,2014,20(5):1161-1167.
[8] Huo H L,Wang Q,Zhang E H,et al.Effects of irrigation and phosphorus supply levels on hay yield and quality of alfalfa.Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,21(1):117-121.霍海丽,王琦,张恩和,等.灌溉和施磷对紫花苜蓿干草产量及营养成分的影响.水土保持研究,2014,21(1):117-121.
[9] Liu X J,Liu Y N,Kuai J L,et al.Effects of different N levels on productivity and quality of alfalfa varieties.Acta Agrectir Sinica,2013,21(4):702-707.刘晓静,刘艳楠,蒯佳林,等.供氮水平对不同紫花苜蓿产量及品质的影响.草地学报,2013,21(4):702-707.
[10] Guo X L,Li W J.Effects of different irrigation methods on alfalfa yield and irrigation water use efficiency.Acta Agrectir Sinica,2014,22(5):1086-1090.郭学良,李卫军.不同灌溉方式对紫花苜蓿产量及灌溉水利用效率的影响.草地学报,2014,22(5):1086-1090.
[11] Wu L F,Zhang F C,Zhou H M,et al.Effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer application on water use efficiency and cotton yield in North of Xinjiang.Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering,2014,30(20):137-146吴立峰,张富仓,周罕觅,等.不同滴灌施肥水平对北疆棉花水分利用率和产量的影响.农业工程学报,2014,30(20):137-146.
[12] Feng M,Yu C,Lin L G,et al.Effects of water and nitrogen fertilizer on biomass distribution and water use efficiency of alfalfa(Medicago sativa)in Hexi Corridor.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(12):1623-1632.冯萌,于成,林丽果,等.灌溉和施氮对河西走廊紫花苜蓿生物量分配与水分利用效率的影响.中国生态农业学报,2016,24(12):1623-1632.
[13] Wang T T,Shi S L,Zhang E H,et al.Effects of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization on hay yield and water use efficiency of Medicago sativa.Chinese Journal of Ecology,2010,29(7):1301-1306.王田涛,师尚礼,张恩和,等.灌溉与施氮对紫花苜蓿干草产量及水分利用效率的影响.生态学杂志,2010,29(7):1301-1306.
[14] Xu W T,Su D R,Liu Z X,et al.Effect of potassium coupled with water on alfalfa under drip irrigation.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2014,36(3):52-56.徐文婷,苏德荣,刘自学,等.地下滴灌条件下水钾耦合对紫花苜蓿的影响.中国草地学报,2014,36(3):52-56.
[15] Huo X,LüZ Y,Fang Z D,et al.Couple effect of fertilizer and water on growth and yield of alfalfa at Maowusu Sandland.Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2013,32(2):111-115.霍星,吕志远,范志东,等.水肥耦合对毛乌素沙地紫花苜蓿生长与产量的影响.灌溉排水学报,2013,32(2):111-115.
[16] Wang X,Ji S R,Shen Y X.Interactive effects of soil moisture and nitrogen application rate on seedling growth of alfalfa.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2017,26(12):48-55.王茜,纪树仁,沈益新.土壤水分和施氮水平对紫花苜蓿苗期生长的互作效应分析.草业学报,2017,26(12):48-55.
[17] Zhu T X,Deng B,Wang X G,et al.The influence of irrigation amount on alfalfa yield,soil water content and correlationship in Keerqin Sandyland.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2017,39(4):36-40.朱铁霞,邓波,王显国,等.灌水量对科尔沁沙地苜蓿草产量、土壤含水量及二者相关性的影响.中国草地学报,2017,39(4):36-40.
[18] Tao X,Su D R,Kou D,et al.Effects of irrigation methods on photosynthetic characteristics and yield of alfalfa in arid northwest China.Chinese Journal of Grassland,2015,37(4):35-41.陶雪,苏德荣,寇丹,等.西北旱区不同灌溉方式对苜蓿光合特性和产草量的影响.中国草地学报,2015,37(4):35-41.
[19] Zhang J,Wang Q,Xiao Y,et al.Effects of alternate furrow irrigation on the biomass allocation and water use efficiency of alfalfa.Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(3):164-171.张静,王倩,肖玉,等.交替灌溉对紫花苜蓿生物量分配与水分利用效率的影响.草业学报,2016,25(3):164-171.
[20] Cao X S,Li H P,Zheng H X,et al.Effects of subsurface drip irrigation on water consumption,yield and water productivity of alfalfa.Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2017,35(5):256-262.曹雪松,李和平,郑和祥,等.地埋滴灌对紫花苜蓿耗水、产量及水分生产率的影响.干旱地区农业研究,2017,35(5):256-262.
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