湘江流域长株潭段水污染负荷时空分布规律及成因
|
摘要
为厘清湘江流域长株潭段水污染现状,运用输出系数法及等标污染负荷法对2002—2015年长株潭三市下辖全部23个区县工业废水、城镇生活及农村农业水污染进行计算分析,全面解析水污染负荷的时空分布规律及成因。研究表明:水污染负荷尤其是工业废水污染负荷总体下降,工业废水污染物排放主要集中在株洲和湘潭段,城镇生活水污染负荷由大到小地区分布依次是长沙、株洲、湘潭,农业面源污染为三市主导水污染源,其污染负荷最大地区均是粮食种植和禽畜养殖规模大的区县;水体主要污染物为总氮、总磷、氨氮、化学需氧量、石油类及重金属,主要污染源为农业面源污染、城镇生活污水。产业结构不合理、污水处理能力不足及分散粗放的粮猪型经营模式,是湘江水污染的重要原因。本研究提出3条控制策略:优质高速发展株洲和湘潭的第三产业,优化产业结构及布局;继续加快推进三市污水处理设施建设与改造,提高县城污水处理能力;发展集约式粮猪业经营模式。
To clarify the current status of water pollution on Xiangjiang River Basin in Changzhutan,export coefficient modeling and equal standard pollution method are used to calculate the water pollution loads composing of industry waste water,city lives and agricultural pollution in Changzhutan's 23 counties from 2002 to 2015.The spatial-temporal distribution and causes of water pollution loads are fully analyzed.The results show that the water pollution loads especially industrial wastewater decreased in general,and the pollutions from industrial wastewater emission are mainly concentrated in Zhuzhou and Xiangtan City.The ascending order of contribution-rate of urban domestic sewage is Changsha,Zhuzhou and Xiangtan.The agricultural non-point source pollution is mainly contributed by the counties where are large scale of grain cultivations and livestock.The main pollutants includes total nitrogen,total phosphorus,ammonia nitrogen,chemical oxygen demand,petroleum and heavy metals.The primary pollution sources are agricultural non-point source pollution and urban waste water.The important reasons of water pollution in Xiangjiang River are irrational structure,inadequate sewage treatment and extensive operation of planting and pig-breeding.Three countermeasures are put forwarded at last:Rapid and high-quality tertiary industry should be developed in Xiangtan and Zhuzhou.Their industrial structures and region layouts should be optimized;The sewage treatment facilities in these three cities should be continuingly constructed and innovated;And the capacity of the sewage treatment in the counties should be improved;Intensive operation of planting and pig-breeding should be developed.
To clarify the current status of water pollution on Xiangjiang River Basin in Changzhutan,export coefficient modeling and equal standard pollution method are used to calculate the water pollution loads composing of industry waste water,city lives and agricultural pollution in Changzhutan's 23 counties from 2002 to 2015.The spatial-temporal distribution and causes of water pollution loads are fully analyzed.The results show that the water pollution loads especially industrial wastewater decreased in general,and the pollutions from industrial wastewater emission are mainly concentrated in Zhuzhou and Xiangtan City.The ascending order of contribution-rate of urban domestic sewage is Changsha,Zhuzhou and Xiangtan.The agricultural non-point source pollution is mainly contributed by the counties where are large scale of grain cultivations and livestock.The main pollutants includes total nitrogen,total phosphorus,ammonia nitrogen,chemical oxygen demand,petroleum and heavy metals.The primary pollution sources are agricultural non-point source pollution and urban waste water.The important reasons of water pollution in Xiangjiang River are irrational structure,inadequate sewage treatment and extensive operation of planting and pig-breeding.Three countermeasures are put forwarded at last:Rapid and high-quality tertiary industry should be developed in Xiangtan and Zhuzhou.Their industrial structures and region layouts should be optimized;The sewage treatment facilities in these three cities should be continuingly constructed and innovated;And the capacity of the sewage treatment in the counties should be improved;Intensive operation of planting and pig-breeding should be developed.
引文
[1]陈咏淑,吴甫成,吕焕哲,姚成胜.近20年来湘江水质变化分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2004,13(5):508-512Chen Y S,Wu F C,Lv H Z,Yao C S.Analysis on the water quality changes in the Xiangjiang river from 1981to 2000[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangzte Basin,2004,13(5):508-512(in Chinese)
[2]唐敬知,杨仁斌,谈健.湘江流域水质环境演变特征研究[J].环境科学与管理,2014,5(39):62-66Tang J Z,Yang R B,Tan J.Study on water environment evolution characters of Xiangjiang River[J].Environmental Science and Management,2014,5(39):62-66(in Chinese)
[3]刘耀驰,高粟,李志光,刘素琴,黄可龙,李倦生.湘江重金属污染现状、污染原因及对策探讨[J].环境保护科学,2010,36(4):26-29Liu Y C,Gao L,Li Z G,Liu S Q,Huang K L,Li J S.Analysis on heavy metal pollution status and reasons in Xiangjiang River and discussion on its countermeasures[J].Environmental Protection Science,2010,36(4):26-29(in Chinese)
[4]何甜,帅红,朱翔.长株潭城市群污染空间识别与污染分布研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(7):1081-1090He T,Shuai H,Zhu X.Pollution space recognition and pollution distribution of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(7):1081-1090(in Chinese)
[5]湖南省水利厅湖南省水资源公报2016[M].长沙:湖南地图出版社,2017Hunan Water Conservancy Bureau.Hunan Water Resources Bulletin 2016[M].Changsha:Hunan Map Publishing Company,2017(in Chinese)
[6]熊剑、喻方琴、田琪、黄代中、李利强.近30年来洞庭湖水质营养状况演变特征分析[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(6):1217-1225Xiong J,Yu F Q,Tian Q,Huang D Z,Li L Q.The evolution of water quality and nutrient condition in Lake Dongting in recent 30years[J].Lake Science,2016,28(6):1217-1225(in Chinese)
[7]卢少勇,张萍,潘成荣,彭书传,刘晓晖.洞庭湖农业面源污染排放特征及控制对策研究[J].中国环境科学2017,37(6):2278-2286Lu S Y,Zhang P,Pan C R,Peng S C,Liu X H.Agricultural non-point source pollution discharge characteristic and its control measures of Dongtinghu Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(6):2278-2286
[8]刘潭秋,王巧玲.基于ARIMA模型的湘江流域DO和NH4+-N含量贝叶斯预测湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,5(43):575-580Liu T Q,Wang Q L.Prediction the contents of DO and NH+4-N in Xiangjiang river basin using Bayesian approach based on the ARIMA model[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University:Natural Sciences,2017,5(43):575-580(in Chinese)
[9]朱余银,戴塔根,吴堑虹.湘江长株潭段底泥重金属污染现状评价[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2012,43(9):3710-3717Zhu Y Y,Dai T G,Wu Q H.Assessment on heavy metals contamination in sediments of Changsha-Zhuzho-Xiangtan section of Xiangjiang River[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology,2012,43(9):3710-3717(in Chinese)
[10]李欢,潘琼,钟琼.湘江(长株潭段)表层沉积物Zn污染现状分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2016,41(5):174-175Li H,Pan Q,Zhong Q.Analysis of Zn in surface sediment in Xiangjiang River Changzhutan section[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2016,41(5):174-175(in Chinese)
[11]Ongley E D,Zhang X L,Yu T.Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution assessment in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158:1159-1168
[12]Johnes P J.Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters:The export coefficient modeling approach[J].Journal of Hydrology,1996,183:323-349
[13]Johnes P J,Heathwaite A L.Modelling the impact of land use change on water quality in agriculture catchments[J].Hydrological Processes,1997,(11):269-286
[14]Beasley D B,Huggins L F,Monke E J.Answers:A model for water-shed planning[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1980,23(4):938-944
[15]Arnold J G,Srinivasan R,Muttiah R S,Williams J R.Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment Part I:Model development[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1998,34(1):73-89
[16]李怀恩.估算非点源污染负荷的平均浓度法及其应用[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4):397-400Li H E.Mean concentration method for estimation of nonpoint source load and its application[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2000,20(4):397-400(in Chinese)
[17]杨珏.钱新.张玉超,钱瑜.两种新型流域非点源污染负荷估算模型的比较[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(7):762-766Yang J,Qian X,Zhang Y C,Qian Y.Comparison of two machine learning models for non-point source pollution load of watershed[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(7):762-766(in Chinese)
[18]胡芸芸,王永东,李廷轩,郑子成,蒲勇.沱江流域农业面源污染排放特征解析[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(18):3654-3665Hu Y Y,Wang Y D,Li T X,Zheng Z C,Pu Y.Characteristics analysis of agricultural nonpoint source pollution on Tuojiang River Basin[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(18):3654-3665,(in Chinese)
[19]王雁,高俊峰,刘正文,张志明.潼湖流域污染负荷与水环境容量[J].湿地科学,2016,14(3):354-359Wang Y,Gao J F,Liu Z W,Zhang Z M.Pollution load and environment capacity in Tonghu Lake Basin[J].Wetland Science,2016,14(3):354-359(in Chinese)
[20]黄亚丽,张丽,朱昌雄.山东省南四湖流域农业面源污染状况分析[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(11):1243-1249Huang Y L,Zhang L,Zhu C X.Survey and analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution in Nansi Lake Basin,Shandong Province[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(11):1243-1249(in Chinese)
[21]石丽红,纪雄辉,李洪顺,田发祥,彭华.湖南双季稻田不同氮磷施用量的径流损失[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(4):551-557Shi L H,Ji X H,Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from surface runoff under different application in the double cropping rice fields in Hunan[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2010,31(4):551-557(in Chinese)
[2]唐敬知,杨仁斌,谈健.湘江流域水质环境演变特征研究[J].环境科学与管理,2014,5(39):62-66Tang J Z,Yang R B,Tan J.Study on water environment evolution characters of Xiangjiang River[J].Environmental Science and Management,2014,5(39):62-66(in Chinese)
[3]刘耀驰,高粟,李志光,刘素琴,黄可龙,李倦生.湘江重金属污染现状、污染原因及对策探讨[J].环境保护科学,2010,36(4):26-29Liu Y C,Gao L,Li Z G,Liu S Q,Huang K L,Li J S.Analysis on heavy metal pollution status and reasons in Xiangjiang River and discussion on its countermeasures[J].Environmental Protection Science,2010,36(4):26-29(in Chinese)
[4]何甜,帅红,朱翔.长株潭城市群污染空间识别与污染分布研究[J].地理科学,2016,36(7):1081-1090He T,Shuai H,Zhu X.Pollution space recognition and pollution distribution of Changsha-Zhuzhou-Xiangtan urban agglomeration[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2016,36(7):1081-1090(in Chinese)
[5]湖南省水利厅湖南省水资源公报2016[M].长沙:湖南地图出版社,2017Hunan Water Conservancy Bureau.Hunan Water Resources Bulletin 2016[M].Changsha:Hunan Map Publishing Company,2017(in Chinese)
[6]熊剑、喻方琴、田琪、黄代中、李利强.近30年来洞庭湖水质营养状况演变特征分析[J].湖泊科学,2016,28(6):1217-1225Xiong J,Yu F Q,Tian Q,Huang D Z,Li L Q.The evolution of water quality and nutrient condition in Lake Dongting in recent 30years[J].Lake Science,2016,28(6):1217-1225(in Chinese)
[7]卢少勇,张萍,潘成荣,彭书传,刘晓晖.洞庭湖农业面源污染排放特征及控制对策研究[J].中国环境科学2017,37(6):2278-2286Lu S Y,Zhang P,Pan C R,Peng S C,Liu X H.Agricultural non-point source pollution discharge characteristic and its control measures of Dongtinghu Lake[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(6):2278-2286
[8]刘潭秋,王巧玲.基于ARIMA模型的湘江流域DO和NH4+-N含量贝叶斯预测湖南农业大学学报:自然科学版,2017,5(43):575-580Liu T Q,Wang Q L.Prediction the contents of DO and NH+4-N in Xiangjiang river basin using Bayesian approach based on the ARIMA model[J].Journal of Hunan Agricultural University:Natural Sciences,2017,5(43):575-580(in Chinese)
[9]朱余银,戴塔根,吴堑虹.湘江长株潭段底泥重金属污染现状评价[J].中南大学学报:自然科学版,2012,43(9):3710-3717Zhu Y Y,Dai T G,Wu Q H.Assessment on heavy metals contamination in sediments of Changsha-Zhuzho-Xiangtan section of Xiangjiang River[J].Journal of Central South University:Science and Technology,2012,43(9):3710-3717(in Chinese)
[10]李欢,潘琼,钟琼.湘江(长株潭段)表层沉积物Zn污染现状分析[J].环境与可持续发展,2016,41(5):174-175Li H,Pan Q,Zhong Q.Analysis of Zn in surface sediment in Xiangjiang River Changzhutan section[J].Environment and Sustainable Development,2016,41(5):174-175(in Chinese)
[11]Ongley E D,Zhang X L,Yu T.Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution assessment in China[J].Environmental Pollution,2010,158:1159-1168
[12]Johnes P J.Evaluation and management of the impact of land use change on the nitrogen and phosphorus load delivered to surface waters:The export coefficient modeling approach[J].Journal of Hydrology,1996,183:323-349
[13]Johnes P J,Heathwaite A L.Modelling the impact of land use change on water quality in agriculture catchments[J].Hydrological Processes,1997,(11):269-286
[14]Beasley D B,Huggins L F,Monke E J.Answers:A model for water-shed planning[J].Transactions of the ASAE,1980,23(4):938-944
[15]Arnold J G,Srinivasan R,Muttiah R S,Williams J R.Large area hydrologic modeling and assessment Part I:Model development[J].Journal of the American Water Resources Association,1998,34(1):73-89
[16]李怀恩.估算非点源污染负荷的平均浓度法及其应用[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(4):397-400Li H E.Mean concentration method for estimation of nonpoint source load and its application[J].Journal of Environmental Sciences,2000,20(4):397-400(in Chinese)
[17]杨珏.钱新.张玉超,钱瑜.两种新型流域非点源污染负荷估算模型的比较[J].中国环境科学,2009,29(7):762-766Yang J,Qian X,Zhang Y C,Qian Y.Comparison of two machine learning models for non-point source pollution load of watershed[J].China Environmental Science,2009,29(7):762-766(in Chinese)
[18]胡芸芸,王永东,李廷轩,郑子成,蒲勇.沱江流域农业面源污染排放特征解析[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(18):3654-3665Hu Y Y,Wang Y D,Li T X,Zheng Z C,Pu Y.Characteristics analysis of agricultural nonpoint source pollution on Tuojiang River Basin[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(18):3654-3665,(in Chinese)
[19]王雁,高俊峰,刘正文,张志明.潼湖流域污染负荷与水环境容量[J].湿地科学,2016,14(3):354-359Wang Y,Gao J F,Liu Z W,Zhang Z M.Pollution load and environment capacity in Tonghu Lake Basin[J].Wetland Science,2016,14(3):354-359(in Chinese)
[20]黄亚丽,张丽,朱昌雄.山东省南四湖流域农业面源污染状况分析[J].环境科学研究,2012,25(11):1243-1249Huang Y L,Zhang L,Zhu C X.Survey and analysis of agricultural non-point source pollution in Nansi Lake Basin,Shandong Province[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,2012,25(11):1243-1249(in Chinese)
[21]石丽红,纪雄辉,李洪顺,田发祥,彭华.湖南双季稻田不同氮磷施用量的径流损失[J].中国农业气象,2010,31(4):551-557Shi L H,Ji X H,Nitrogen and phosphorus losses from surface runoff under different application in the double cropping rice fields in Hunan[J].Chinese Journal of Agrometeorology,2010,31(4):551-557(in Chinese)