降水与土壤水混合过程的生态水文分离现象及其研究进展
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摘要
以往通常假设降水与土壤水完全混合后形成径流,而基于δD-δ~(18)O关系研究表明,降水与土壤水混合存在生态水文分离现象,即土壤水可分为由土壤无效水和可供植物吸收的有效水构成的束缚水及自由移动形成径流的自由水,且两个水库间存在着部分混合即连接性.本研究系统阐述了"生态水文分离"的概念及其内涵,描述了降水与土壤水的混合过程以及两个水库δD和δ~(18)O的特征与关系,总结了土壤水、束缚水及自由水δD和δ~(18)O直接观测及替代观测方法的优缺点,并阐明了径流小区及流域尺度上基于直接及替代观测方法的土壤束缚水与自由水完全分离及连接性的定性研究进展,同时阐明了基于模型和控制试验的土壤束缚水与自由水完全分离及连接性的定量研究进展,并指出应加强生态水文分离过程的定性及定量方法以及对传统生态水文模型的影响和改进研究.
Within the framework of traditional translatory flow, infiltrating precipitation and water at any soil depth is firstly well mixed and eventually enters the stream. Based on the dual stable isotope approach(δD and δ~(18)O), recent studies showed that ecohydrologic separation occurs during the mixing process between precipitation and soil water. Namely, soil water has two pools: soil bound water which includes unavailable and available water used by plants, and soil mobile water entering the stream. The partial mixing of both water pools is defined as hydrologic connectivity. In this review, the concept and meaning of ecohydrologic separation are explained systematically. We described the mixing process between precipitation and soil water, and water isotopes(δD and δ~(18)O) of soil bound water and mobile water in detail. We summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the direct and substitute methods to measure δD and δ~(18)O in soil water, bound water, and mobile water. We reviewed the researches on hydrologic separation and connectivity of soil bound water and mobile water in runoff plot and watershed, including the qualitative research based on the direct and substitute methods, and the quantitative research using the models and control experiments. At last, we proposed that further studies should strengthen the research on the qualitative and quantitative methods of ecohydrological separation, and their influences on traditional ecohydrology models.
Within the framework of traditional translatory flow, infiltrating precipitation and water at any soil depth is firstly well mixed and eventually enters the stream. Based on the dual stable isotope approach(δD and δ~(18)O), recent studies showed that ecohydrologic separation occurs during the mixing process between precipitation and soil water. Namely, soil water has two pools: soil bound water which includes unavailable and available water used by plants, and soil mobile water entering the stream. The partial mixing of both water pools is defined as hydrologic connectivity. In this review, the concept and meaning of ecohydrologic separation are explained systematically. We described the mixing process between precipitation and soil water, and water isotopes(δD and δ~(18)O) of soil bound water and mobile water in detail. We summarized the advantages and disadvantages of the direct and substitute methods to measure δD and δ~(18)O in soil water, bound water, and mobile water. We reviewed the researches on hydrologic separation and connectivity of soil bound water and mobile water in runoff plot and watershed, including the qualitative research based on the direct and substitute methods, and the quantitative research using the models and control experiments. At last, we proposed that further studies should strengthen the research on the qualitative and quantitative methods of ecohydrological separation, and their influences on traditional ecohydrology models.
引文
[1] Bowen G.Hydrology:The diversified economics of soil water.Nature,2015,525:43-44
[2] Maxwell RM,Condon LE.Connections between groundwater flow and transpiration partitioning.Science,2016,353:377-380
[3] Phillips FM.HYDROLOGY Soil-water bypass.Nature Geoscience,2010,3:77-78
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[13] Berry ZC,Evaristo J,Moore G,et al.The two water worlds hypothesis:Addressing multiple working hypothe-ses and proposing a way forward.Ecohydrology,2017:e1843,doi:10.1002/eco.1843
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[16] Tetzlaff D,Buttle J,Carey SK,et al.A preliminary assessment of water partitioning and ecohydrological coupling in northern headwaters using stable isotopes and conceptual runoff models.Hydrological Processes,2015,29:5153-5173
[17] Good SP,Noone D,Bowen G.Hydrologic connectivity constrains partitioning of global terrestrial water fluxes.Science,2015,349:175-177
[18] Vargas AI,Schaffer B,Li YH,et al.Testing plant use of mobile vs immobile soil water sources using stable isotope experiments.New Phytologist,2017,215:582-594
[19] McMillan H,Tetzlaff D,Clark M,et al.Do time-variable tracers aid the evaluation of hydrological model structure?A multimodel approach.Water Resources Research,2012,48:W05501
[20] Zhao P,Tang X,Zhao P,et al.Tracing water flow from sloping farmland to streams using oxygen-18 isotope to study a small agricultural catchment in southwest China.Soil and Tillage Research,2013,134:180-194
[21] Evaristo J,Jasechko S,McDonnell JJ.Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow.Nature,2015,525:91-94
[22] Petersen LW,Moldrup P,Jacobsen OH,et al.Relations between specific surface area and soil physical and chemical properties.Soil Science,1996,161:9-21
[23] Gardner WR.Dynamic aspects of water availability in plants.Soil Science,1960,89:63-73
[24] Gaj M,Beyer M,Koeniger P,et al.In situ unsaturated zone water stable isotope (2H and 18O) measurements in semi-arid environments:A soil water balance.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2016,20:715-731
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[26] Sprenger M,Leistert H,Gimbel K,et al.Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes.Reviews of Geophysics,2016,54:674-704
[27] Yepez EA,Williams DG,Scott RL,et al.Partitioning overstory and understory evapotranspiration in a semiarid savanna woodland from the isotopic composition of water vapor.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2003,119:53-68
[28] Lin G,Sternberg LSL.Hydrogen isotope fractionation by plant roots during water uptake in coastal wetland plants// Ehleringer JR,Hall AE,Farquhar GID,eds.Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-water Relations.London:Academic Press,1993
[29] Oshun J,Dietrich WE,Dawson TE,et al.Dynamic,structured heterogeneity of water isotopes inside hill-slopes.Water Resources Research,2016,52:164-189
[30] Abdul AS,Gillham RW.Laboratory studies of the effects of the capillary fringe on streamflow generation.Water Resource Research,1984,20:691-698
[31] Gouet-Kaplan M,Tartakovsky A,Berkowitz B.Simulation of the interplay between resident and infiltrating water in partially saturated porous media.Water Resources Research,45:W05416,doi:10.1029/2008WR007350
[32] Landwehr JM,Coplen TB.Line-conditioned excess:A new method for characterizing stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in hydrologic systems.International Conference on Isotopes in Environmental Studies,Vienna,2006:132-135
[33] Sprenger M,Herbstritt B,Weiler M.Established metho-ds and new opportunities for pore water stable isotope analysis.Hydrological Processes,2015,29:5174-5192
[34] West AG,Patrickson SJ,Ehleringer JR.Water extraction times for plant and soil materials used in stable isotope analysis.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2006,20:1317-1321
[35] Brand WA,Geilmann H,Crosson ER,et al.Cavity ring-down spectroscopy versus high-temperature conversion isotope ratio mass spectrometry:A case study on δ2H and δ18O of pure water samples and alcohol/water mixtures.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2009,23:1879-1884
[36] Wassenaar LI,Hendry MJ,Chostner VL,et al.High resolution pore water δ2H and δ18O measurements by H2O(liquid)-H2O(vapor) equilibration laser spectro-scopy.Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42:9262-9267
[37] Rothfuss Y,Vereecken H,Bruggemann N.Monitoring water stable isotopic composition in soils using gas-permeable tubing and infrared laser absorption spectroscopy.Water Resources Research,2013,49:3747-3755
[38] Orlowski N,Pratt DL,McDonnell JJ.Intercomparison of soil pore water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis.Hydrological Processes,2016,30:3434-3449
[39] Mali N,Urbanc J,Leis A.Tracing of water movement through the unsaturated zone of a coarse gravel aquifer by means of dye and deuterated water.Environmental Geology,2007,51:1401-1412
[40] Landon MK,Delin GN,Komor SC,et al.Comparison of the stable-isotopic composition of soil water collected from suction lysimeters,wick samplers,and cores in a sandy unsaturated zone.Journal of Hydrology,1999,224:45-54
[41] McCutcheon RJ,McNamara JP,Kohn MJ,et al.An evaluation of the ecohydrological separation hypothesis in a semiarid catchment.Hydrological Processes,2017,31:783-799
[42] Bertrand G,Masini J,Goldscheider N,et al.Determination of spatiotemporal variability of tree water uptake using stable isotopes (δ18O,δ2H) in an alluvial system supplied by a high-altitude watershed,Pfyn forest,Switzerland.Ecohydrology,2014,7:319-333
[43] Evaristo J,McDonnell JJ,Scholl MA,et al.Insights into plant water uptake from xylem-water isotope mea-surements in two tropical catchments with contrasting moisture conditions.Hydrological Processes,2016,30:3210-3227
[44] Gierke C,Newton BT,Phillips FM.Soil-water dynamics and tree water uptake in the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico (USA):A stable isotope study.Hydrogeo-logy Journal,2016,24:1-14
[45] Oerter EJ,Bowen G.In situ monitoring of H and O stable isotopes in soil water reveals ecohydrologic dynamics in managed soil systems.Ecohydrology,2017:e1841,doi:10.1002/eco.1841
[46] Geris J,Tetzlaff D,McDonnell JJ,et al.Spatial and temporal patterns of soil water storage and vegetation water use in humid northern catchments.Science of the Total Environment,2017,595:486-493
[47] Qian J,Zheng H,Wang PF,et al.Assessing the ecohydrological separation hypothesis and seasonal variations in water use by Ginkgo biloba L.in a subtropical riparian area.Journal of Hydrology,2017,553:486-500
[48] Zhao P,Tang X,Zhao P,et al.Identifying the water source for subsurface flow with deuterium and oxygen-18 isotopes of soil water collected from tension lysimeters and cores.Journal of Hydrology,2013,503:1-10
[49] Zhao P,Tang X,Zhao P,et al.Temporal partitioning of water between plants and hillslope flow in a subtropical climate.Catena,2018,165:133-144
[50] Hrachowitz M,Savenije H,Bogaard TA,et al.What can flux tracking teach us about water age distribution patterns and their temporal dynamics?Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2013,17:533-564
[51] Schlesinger WH,Jasechko S.Transpiration in the global water cycle.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014,189:115-117
[52] Ent RJVD,Wang-Erlandsson L,Keys PW,et al.Contrasting roles of interception and transpiration in the hydrological cycle.Part 2:Moisture recycling.Earth System Dymamics,2014,5:441-469
[53] Coenders-Gerrits AMJ,van der Ent RJ,Bogaard TA,et al.Uncertainties in transpiration estimates.Nature,2013,496:347-350
[54] Tetzlaff D,Buttle J,Carey SK,et al.Tracer-based assessment of flow paths,storage and runoff generation in northern catchments:A review.Hydrological Processes,2015,29:3475-3490
[2] Maxwell RM,Condon LE.Connections between groundwater flow and transpiration partitioning.Science,2016,353:377-380
[3] Phillips FM.HYDROLOGY Soil-water bypass.Nature Geoscience,2010,3:77-78
[4] Liang X,Lettenmaier DP,Wood EF,et al.A simple hydrologically based model of land-surface water and energy fluxes for general-circulation models.Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres,1994,99:14415-14428
[5] Brooks JR,Barnard HR,Coulombe R,et al.Ecohydrologic separation of water between trees and streams in a Mediterranean climate.Nature Geoscience,2010,3:100-104
[6] McDonnell JJ.The two water worlds hypothesis:Ecohydrological separation of water between streams and trees?Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews:Water,2014,1:323-329
[7] Goldsmith GR,Munoz-Villers LE,Holwerda F,et al.Stable isotopes reveal linkages among ecohydrological processes in a seasonally dry tropical montane cloud forest.Ecohydrology,2012,5:779-790
[8] Geris J,Tetzlaff D,McDonnell J,et al.Ecohydrological separation in wet,low energy northern environments?A preliminary assessment using different soil water extraction techniques.Hydrological Processes,2015,29:5139-5152
[9] Hervé-Fernández P,Oyarzún C,Brumbt C,et al.Assessing the “two water worlds” hypothesis and water sources for native and exotic evergreen species in south-central Chile.Hydrological Processes,2016,30:4227-4241
[10] Brooks JR.Water,bound and mobile.Science,2015,349:138-139
[11] Jasechko S,Sharp ZD,Gibson JJ,et al.Terrestrial water fluxes dominated by transpiration.Nature,2013,496:347-350
[12] Knighton J,Saia SM,Morris CK,et al.Ecohydrologic considerations for modeling of stable water isotopes in a small intermittent watershed.Hydrological Processes,2017,31:2438-2452
[13] Berry ZC,Evaristo J,Moore G,et al.The two water worlds hypothesis:Addressing multiple working hypothe-ses and proposing a way forward.Ecohydrology,2017:e1843,doi:10.1002/eco.1843
[14] Penna D,Hopp L,Scandellari F,et al.Ideas and perspectives:Tracing terrestrial ecosystem water fluxes using hydrogen and oxygen stable isotopes:Challenges and opportunities from an interdisciplinary perspective.Biogeosciences,2018,15:6399-6415
[15] Bowling DR,Schulze ES,Hall SJ.Revisiting streamside trees that do not use stream water:Can the two water worlds hypothesis and snowpack isotopic effects explain a missing water source?Ecohydrology,2017,e1771:1-12
[16] Tetzlaff D,Buttle J,Carey SK,et al.A preliminary assessment of water partitioning and ecohydrological coupling in northern headwaters using stable isotopes and conceptual runoff models.Hydrological Processes,2015,29:5153-5173
[17] Good SP,Noone D,Bowen G.Hydrologic connectivity constrains partitioning of global terrestrial water fluxes.Science,2015,349:175-177
[18] Vargas AI,Schaffer B,Li YH,et al.Testing plant use of mobile vs immobile soil water sources using stable isotope experiments.New Phytologist,2017,215:582-594
[19] McMillan H,Tetzlaff D,Clark M,et al.Do time-variable tracers aid the evaluation of hydrological model structure?A multimodel approach.Water Resources Research,2012,48:W05501
[20] Zhao P,Tang X,Zhao P,et al.Tracing water flow from sloping farmland to streams using oxygen-18 isotope to study a small agricultural catchment in southwest China.Soil and Tillage Research,2013,134:180-194
[21] Evaristo J,Jasechko S,McDonnell JJ.Global separation of plant transpiration from groundwater and streamflow.Nature,2015,525:91-94
[22] Petersen LW,Moldrup P,Jacobsen OH,et al.Relations between specific surface area and soil physical and chemical properties.Soil Science,1996,161:9-21
[23] Gardner WR.Dynamic aspects of water availability in plants.Soil Science,1960,89:63-73
[24] Gaj M,Beyer M,Koeniger P,et al.In situ unsaturated zone water stable isotope (2H and 18O) measurements in semi-arid environments:A soil water balance.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2016,20:715-731
[25] Sprenger M,Tetzlaff D,Soulsby C.Soil water stable isotopes reveal evaporation dynamics at the soil-plant-atmosphere interface of the critical zone.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2017,21:3839-3858
[26] Sprenger M,Leistert H,Gimbel K,et al.Illuminating hydrological processes at the soil-vegetation-atmosphere interface with water stable isotopes.Reviews of Geophysics,2016,54:674-704
[27] Yepez EA,Williams DG,Scott RL,et al.Partitioning overstory and understory evapotranspiration in a semiarid savanna woodland from the isotopic composition of water vapor.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2003,119:53-68
[28] Lin G,Sternberg LSL.Hydrogen isotope fractionation by plant roots during water uptake in coastal wetland plants// Ehleringer JR,Hall AE,Farquhar GID,eds.Stable Isotopes and Plant Carbon-water Relations.London:Academic Press,1993
[29] Oshun J,Dietrich WE,Dawson TE,et al.Dynamic,structured heterogeneity of water isotopes inside hill-slopes.Water Resources Research,2016,52:164-189
[30] Abdul AS,Gillham RW.Laboratory studies of the effects of the capillary fringe on streamflow generation.Water Resource Research,1984,20:691-698
[31] Gouet-Kaplan M,Tartakovsky A,Berkowitz B.Simulation of the interplay between resident and infiltrating water in partially saturated porous media.Water Resources Research,45:W05416,doi:10.1029/2008WR007350
[32] Landwehr JM,Coplen TB.Line-conditioned excess:A new method for characterizing stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in hydrologic systems.International Conference on Isotopes in Environmental Studies,Vienna,2006:132-135
[33] Sprenger M,Herbstritt B,Weiler M.Established metho-ds and new opportunities for pore water stable isotope analysis.Hydrological Processes,2015,29:5174-5192
[34] West AG,Patrickson SJ,Ehleringer JR.Water extraction times for plant and soil materials used in stable isotope analysis.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2006,20:1317-1321
[35] Brand WA,Geilmann H,Crosson ER,et al.Cavity ring-down spectroscopy versus high-temperature conversion isotope ratio mass spectrometry:A case study on δ2H and δ18O of pure water samples and alcohol/water mixtures.Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry,2009,23:1879-1884
[36] Wassenaar LI,Hendry MJ,Chostner VL,et al.High resolution pore water δ2H and δ18O measurements by H2O(liquid)-H2O(vapor) equilibration laser spectro-scopy.Environmental Science & Technology,2008,42:9262-9267
[37] Rothfuss Y,Vereecken H,Bruggemann N.Monitoring water stable isotopic composition in soils using gas-permeable tubing and infrared laser absorption spectroscopy.Water Resources Research,2013,49:3747-3755
[38] Orlowski N,Pratt DL,McDonnell JJ.Intercomparison of soil pore water extraction methods for stable isotope analysis.Hydrological Processes,2016,30:3434-3449
[39] Mali N,Urbanc J,Leis A.Tracing of water movement through the unsaturated zone of a coarse gravel aquifer by means of dye and deuterated water.Environmental Geology,2007,51:1401-1412
[40] Landon MK,Delin GN,Komor SC,et al.Comparison of the stable-isotopic composition of soil water collected from suction lysimeters,wick samplers,and cores in a sandy unsaturated zone.Journal of Hydrology,1999,224:45-54
[41] McCutcheon RJ,McNamara JP,Kohn MJ,et al.An evaluation of the ecohydrological separation hypothesis in a semiarid catchment.Hydrological Processes,2017,31:783-799
[42] Bertrand G,Masini J,Goldscheider N,et al.Determination of spatiotemporal variability of tree water uptake using stable isotopes (δ18O,δ2H) in an alluvial system supplied by a high-altitude watershed,Pfyn forest,Switzerland.Ecohydrology,2014,7:319-333
[43] Evaristo J,McDonnell JJ,Scholl MA,et al.Insights into plant water uptake from xylem-water isotope mea-surements in two tropical catchments with contrasting moisture conditions.Hydrological Processes,2016,30:3210-3227
[44] Gierke C,Newton BT,Phillips FM.Soil-water dynamics and tree water uptake in the Sacramento Mountains of New Mexico (USA):A stable isotope study.Hydrogeo-logy Journal,2016,24:1-14
[45] Oerter EJ,Bowen G.In situ monitoring of H and O stable isotopes in soil water reveals ecohydrologic dynamics in managed soil systems.Ecohydrology,2017:e1841,doi:10.1002/eco.1841
[46] Geris J,Tetzlaff D,McDonnell JJ,et al.Spatial and temporal patterns of soil water storage and vegetation water use in humid northern catchments.Science of the Total Environment,2017,595:486-493
[47] Qian J,Zheng H,Wang PF,et al.Assessing the ecohydrological separation hypothesis and seasonal variations in water use by Ginkgo biloba L.in a subtropical riparian area.Journal of Hydrology,2017,553:486-500
[48] Zhao P,Tang X,Zhao P,et al.Identifying the water source for subsurface flow with deuterium and oxygen-18 isotopes of soil water collected from tension lysimeters and cores.Journal of Hydrology,2013,503:1-10
[49] Zhao P,Tang X,Zhao P,et al.Temporal partitioning of water between plants and hillslope flow in a subtropical climate.Catena,2018,165:133-144
[50] Hrachowitz M,Savenije H,Bogaard TA,et al.What can flux tracking teach us about water age distribution patterns and their temporal dynamics?Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2013,17:533-564
[51] Schlesinger WH,Jasechko S.Transpiration in the global water cycle.Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2014,189:115-117
[52] Ent RJVD,Wang-Erlandsson L,Keys PW,et al.Contrasting roles of interception and transpiration in the hydrological cycle.Part 2:Moisture recycling.Earth System Dymamics,2014,5:441-469
[53] Coenders-Gerrits AMJ,van der Ent RJ,Bogaard TA,et al.Uncertainties in transpiration estimates.Nature,2013,496:347-350
[54] Tetzlaff D,Buttle J,Carey SK,et al.Tracer-based assessment of flow paths,storage and runoff generation in northern catchments:A review.Hydrological Processes,2015,29:3475-3490