面向流域的饮用水水源污染防治机制改革——以长江经济带为分析对象
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摘要
饮用水水源污染防治是长江经济带水资源、水生态、水环境系统保护工程的重心之一。由于横向管理职权划分不清、纵向末端监管缺位,生态补偿制度缺位、罚则设计不当以及饮用水水源水质监测制度漏洞丛生等诸多原因,导致长江经济带饮用水水源污染呈现恶化趋势,主要表现为由局部性污染转向普遍性污染、由单一型城市污染转向城市农村复合型污染以及工农业点源、面源污染成为主要污染源。破解当前饮用水源污染防治监管困境应当借助创新管理体制、厘清横纵关系,健全饮用水水源生态补偿制度、增加违法成本和完善饮用水水源水质监测制度等多项措施协同展开。
The prevention and control of drinking water source pollution is one of the focuses of water resources,water ecology and water environment protection project of Yangtze River economic belt. Due to unclear horizontal management authority division,the absence of longitudinal end regulation and ecological compensation system,improper punishment design,and the loopholes of drinking water source water quality monitoring system and other reasons,the pollution of the Yangtze River economic belt and drinking water sources showed a trend of worsening,which were mainly manifested on local pollution turning to universality pollution,single city type pollution turning to urban rural compounded type pollution,point and non-point sources of industrial and agricultural pollution become the main sources of pollution. The solution to the current drinking water pollution prevention dilemma should conduct innovative management system, clarify the relationship between transverse and longitudinal relationship,improve the ecological compensation system for drinking water source,increase illegal costs and complete the system of water quality monitoring of drinking water source.
The prevention and control of drinking water source pollution is one of the focuses of water resources,water ecology and water environment protection project of Yangtze River economic belt. Due to unclear horizontal management authority division,the absence of longitudinal end regulation and ecological compensation system,improper punishment design,and the loopholes of drinking water source water quality monitoring system and other reasons,the pollution of the Yangtze River economic belt and drinking water sources showed a trend of worsening,which were mainly manifested on local pollution turning to universality pollution,single city type pollution turning to urban rural compounded type pollution,point and non-point sources of industrial and agricultural pollution become the main sources of pollution. The solution to the current drinking water pollution prevention dilemma should conduct innovative management system, clarify the relationship between transverse and longitudinal relationship,improve the ecological compensation system for drinking water source,increase illegal costs and complete the system of water quality monitoring of drinking water source.
引文
[1]赵征南.长江岂能成为“中国下水道”[N].文汇报,2014-5-10(001).
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[7]凌斌.规则选择的效率比较:以环保制度为例[J].法学研究,2013(3):17-35.
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[9]PASINI F,胡晶媚.环境许可制度:中国路径之建议[J].中国政法大学学报,2017(6):118-131.
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[12]谢玲,黄锡生.城乡一体化背景下农村饮用水安全法律制度的重构[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(3):64-70.
[13]王志凤,郭忠兴.饮用水源地生态补偿机制设计[J].环境保护,2013(11):53-54.
[14]黄德林等.饮用水水源污染防治立法研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012:223.
(1)以处于长江经济带的重庆为例,全市自2005年以来业已取缔的库区范围内网箱养殖就达791箱,共18 909平方米。
(1)例如,早在2015年,重庆市主城区14个城市集中式饮用水源地即有11个安装了水质自动监测系统,实现了饮用水水质实时监测。
[2]闵继胜.改革开放以来农村环境治理的变迁[J].改革,2016(3):84-93.
[3]秦鹏,李汝义.长江流域跨区水污染的法律规制---基于现实考察与利益博弈的反思[J].西南民族大学学报(人文社会科学版),2012(11):89-93.
[4]王如琦.我国城市饮用水源安全保障体制改革的探索[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2012(S2):86-88.
[5]柯坚.我国农村饮用水安全的法律保障---以环境正义价值及其制度构建为进路的分析[J].江西社会科学,2011(8):28-33.
[6]李永宁.论生态补偿的法学涵义及其法律制度完善---以经济学的分析为视角[J].法律科学,2011(2):133-142.
[7]凌斌.规则选择的效率比较:以环保制度为例[J].法学研究,2013(3):17-35.
[8]胡德胜.论我国环境违法行为责任追究机制的完善---基于涉水违法行为“违法成本>守法成本”的考察[J].甘肃政法学院学报,2016(2):62-73.
[9]PASINI F,胡晶媚.环境许可制度:中国路径之建议[J].中国政法大学学报,2017(6):118-131.
[10]左锐,尹芝华,孟利,等.保障饮用水安全的水质监测分析[J].科技导报,2017(5):54-58.
[11]史玉成.论环境保护公众参与的价值目标与制度构建[J].法学家,2005(1):128-133.
[12]谢玲,黄锡生.城乡一体化背景下农村饮用水安全法律制度的重构[J].华中农业大学学报(社会科学版),2015(3):64-70.
[13]王志凤,郭忠兴.饮用水源地生态补偿机制设计[J].环境保护,2013(11):53-54.
[14]黄德林等.饮用水水源污染防治立法研究[M].北京:中国社会科学出版社,2012:223.
(1)以处于长江经济带的重庆为例,全市自2005年以来业已取缔的库区范围内网箱养殖就达791箱,共18 909平方米。
(1)例如,早在2015年,重庆市主城区14个城市集中式饮用水源地即有11个安装了水质自动监测系统,实现了饮用水水质实时监测。