不同喀斯特岩性区森林生态系统水源涵养功能分析
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摘要
喀斯特地貌受其自然条件的约束与影响,会形成特殊的生态系统以及较为脆弱的生态环境。而生态系统水源涵养功能则能有效地调节区域水分循环,控制河流源头水土流失,改善和净化水质并拦蓄降水,是喀斯特地区生态恢复与治理的重要功能之一。本文以降水、岩性及土地利用等数据为数据源,选取西南喀斯特地区为研究区,采用降水贮存量法,分析研究区不同喀斯特岩性区生态系统水源涵养功能,得出以下结论:1) 2015年西南喀斯特地区水源涵养总量为1.18×10~(17)m~3;2)水源涵养量的最大值出现在云南省孟连傣族拉祜族佤族自治县,最小值出现在贵州省毕节市;3)西南喀斯特地区以灰岩组合类岩性区为主,其中连续性灰岩岩性区分布最广;4)水源涵养功能随碳酸盐岩含量的增高而减少,以灰岩为主的岩性区的水源涵养功能比以白云岩为主的岩性区的水源涵养功能差。
The karst landform is restricted and influenced by its natural conditions,and will form special ecosystems and relatively fragile ecological environment.Water conservation function of the ecosystem can effectively regulate the water cycle,control soil erosion,improve water quality and intercept precipitation,thus being one of the most important functions of ecological restoration and management in karst areas.In this paper,we took precipitation,lithology and land use data as data sources,selected the karst areas in Southwest China as the target area,and used the precipitation storage method to analyze the water conservation function of the ecosystem in different karst lithologic areas.We reached the following conclusions:1) the total water conservation in the karst areas of Southwest China was 1.18×10~(17) m~3 in 2015;2) the maximum water conservation quantity appeared in Menglian County,Yunnan Province,and the minimum value appeared in Bijie City,Guizhou Province;3) the karst areas of Southwest China was mainly composed of limestone assemblage,among which the continuous limestone area was the most widely distributed;4) the water conservation function decreased with the increase of carbonate rock content,and the water conservation function of the limestone-dominated areas was worse than that of the dolomite-dominated areas.
The karst landform is restricted and influenced by its natural conditions,and will form special ecosystems and relatively fragile ecological environment.Water conservation function of the ecosystem can effectively regulate the water cycle,control soil erosion,improve water quality and intercept precipitation,thus being one of the most important functions of ecological restoration and management in karst areas.In this paper,we took precipitation,lithology and land use data as data sources,selected the karst areas in Southwest China as the target area,and used the precipitation storage method to analyze the water conservation function of the ecosystem in different karst lithologic areas.We reached the following conclusions:1) the total water conservation in the karst areas of Southwest China was 1.18×10~(17) m~3 in 2015;2) the maximum water conservation quantity appeared in Menglian County,Yunnan Province,and the minimum value appeared in Bijie City,Guizhou Province;3) the karst areas of Southwest China was mainly composed of limestone assemblage,among which the continuous limestone area was the most widely distributed;4) the water conservation function decreased with the increase of carbonate rock content,and the water conservation function of the limestone-dominated areas was worse than that of the dolomite-dominated areas.
引文
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[2]张庆费,周晓峰.黑龙江省汤旺河和呼兰河流域森林对河川年径流量的影响[J].植物资源与环境,1999(1):22-27.ZHANG Q F,ZHOU X F.Influence of forest on runoff discharges in Tangwang River and Hulan River basins of Heilongjiang Province[J].Journal of Plant Resources and Environment,1999(1):22-27.
[3]郎奎建,李长胜,殷有,等.林业生态工程10种森林生态效益计量理论和方法[J].东北林业大学学报,2000,28(1):1-7.LANG K J,LI C S,YIN Y,et al.The measurement theory and method of 10 forest ecological benefits for forestry ecological engineering[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2000,28(1):1-7.
[4]姜文来.森林涵养水源的价值核算研究[J].水土保持学报,2003,17(2):34-36.JIANG W L.Theory and method to accounting value of forest water conservative[J].Journal of Soil Water Conservation,2003,17(2):34-36.
[5]邓坤枚,石培礼,谢高地.长江上游森林生态系统水源涵养量与价值的研究[J].资源科学,2002,24(6):68-73.DENG K M,SHI P L,XIE G D.Water conservation of forest ecosystem in the upper reaches of Yangtze River and its benefits[J].Resources Science,2002,24(6):68-73.
[6]马雪华.森林水文学[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1993.
[7]侯元兆,张颖,曹克瑜.森林资源核算[M].北京:中国科学技术出版社,2005.
[8]王晓学,沈会涛,李叙勇,等.森林水源涵养功能的多尺度内涵、过程及计量方法[J].生态学报,2013,33(4):1019-1030.WANG X X,SHEN H T,LI X Y,et al.Concepts,processes and quantification methods of the forest water conservation at the multiple scales[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2013,33(4):1019-1030.
[9]张喜,薛建辉,生原喜久雄,等.黔中山地喀斯特森林的水文学过程和养分动态[J].植物生态学报,2007,31(5):757-768.ZHANG X,XUE J H,HAIBARA K,et al.Nutrient dynamics and hydrological process of karst forests in mountainous area of central Cuizhou Province,China[J].Journal of Plant Ecology,2007,31(5):757-768.
[10]张远东,张笑鹤,刘世荣.西南地区不同植被类型归一化植被指数与气候因子的相关分析[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(2):323-330.ZHANG Y D,ZHANG X H,LIU S R.Correlation analysis on normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI)of different vegetations and climatic factors in Southwest China[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2011,22(2):323-330.
[11]赵同谦,欧阳志云,郑华,等.中国森林生态系统服务功能及其价值评价[J].自然资源学报,2004,19(4):480-491.ZHAO T Q,OUYANG Z Y,ZHENG H,et al.Forest ecosystem services and their valuation in China[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2004,19(4):480-491.
[12]吴松,安裕伦,李远艳,等.2000-2010年贵州省生态系统水源涵养功能变化特征[J].环保科技,2016,22(2):1-6.WU S,AN Y L,LI Y Y,et al.Characteristics of variation of water conservation in Guizhou Province from 2000 to 2010[J].Environmental Protection and Technology,2016,22(2):1-6.
[13]李大通.碳酸盐岩层的分类原则和确定类型的BASIC程序[J].中国岩溶,1985(4):55-64.LI D T.Classification principles and basic program for analysis and determination of carbonate stratum types[J].Carsologica Sinica,1985(4):55-64.
[14]李瑞玲,王世杰,周德全,等.贵州岩溶地区岩性与土地石漠化的相关分析[J].地理学报,2003,58(2):314-320.LI R L,WANG S J,ZHOU D Q,et al.The correlation between rock desertification and lithology in karst area of Guizhou[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2003,58(2):314-320.
[15]聂跃平.碳酸盐岩性因素控制下喀斯特发育特征---以黔中南为例[J].中国岩溶,1994,13(1):31-36.NIE Y P.Karst development characteristics and the lithologic control of carbonate rocks:a case study in south-central Guizhou[J].Carsologica Sinica,1994,13(1):31-36.