旅游发展的生态系统服务价值增值效应研究
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摘要
旅游发展是生态系统服务价值置换的重要方式,具有增值效应。以黄山风景区为案例地,依据实地调研与访谈,采用功能价值法,分析2005～2015年黄山风景区(包括核心区和缓冲区)生态系统服务价值的动态变化特征及其旅游发展的增值效应。研究发现:(1)生态系统服务价值具有年际增长特征,2005～2015年黄山风景区生态系统服务价值总量由23.59亿元增加至48.93亿元;(2)生态系统服务价值具有空间分异特性,2005～2015年核心区生态系统服务价值由10.45亿元增加至19.48亿元,而缓冲区则由13.14亿元增加至29.45亿元,核心区年均单位面积生态系统服务价值增量为1.12元/(hm~2·a),显著高于缓冲区的0.55元/(hm~2·a);(3)旅游发展对生态系统服务价值具有增值效应,2005～2015年景区土地利用变化微小,林地、草地、水域和未利用地面积10年间变化率皆小于1%,对景区生态系统服务价值增加影响很小。而旅游休闲服务价值在核心区和缓冲区的生态系统服务价值总量中占比均最高,2015年旅游休闲服务价值在核心区生态系统服务总价值中占比78.99%,在缓冲区中占比48.55%,旅游休闲服务价值的增加成为推动景区生态系统服务价值增值的最重要因素。该研究表明发展旅游业是践行"绿水青山就是金山银山"的重要路径,但旅游发展过程中需要强化生态环境保护,以利于旅游地生态系统服务价值的有效置换。
Tourism development is an important way for ecosystem to provide ecosystem service values and it has a value-added effect. Taking Huangshan Scenic Area as a case, based on field surveys and interviews, by means of the functional value method, this paper analyzes the dynamic change of ecosystem service values in Huangshan Scenic Area(including core area and buffer zone) and the value-added effect of tourism development from 2005 to 2015. This paper argues that:(1) The value of ecosystem services kept growing annually. The total value of ecosystem services in Huangshan Scenic Area increased from 2.359 billion yuan in 2005 to 4.893 billion yuan in 2015.(2)The value of ecosystem services showed spatial differentiation as it increased from 1.045 billion yuan in 2005 to 1.948 billion yuan in 2015 in the core area, while the buffer area increased from 1.314 billion yuan in 2005 to 2.945 billion yuan in 2015. The average annual service value increase per unit area of the core area was 1.12 yuan/(hm~2·a), significantly higher than the buffer zone of 0.55 yuan/(hm~2·a).(3)Tourism development had a value-added effect on ecosystem services values. From 2005 to 2015, the change of land use in Huangshan Scenic Area was subtle, with change rates of the area of forest land, grassland, water area and unused land were less than 1% during 10 years, which had little impact on the increase of the value of ecosystem services. The value of tourism and leisure services accounted for the highest proportion both in the core area and buffer zone, with 78.99% of the total value of ecosystem services in the core area and 48.55% in the buffer zone. The increase in the value of tourism and leisure services played the most important role in increasing elosystem service values in Huangshan Scenic Area. This study shows that the development of tourism is an important way to practice the idea of 'Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets'. However, we need to strengthen the protection of ecosystem and environment during tourism develop, in order to effectively provide ecosystem service values in tourism destinations.
Tourism development is an important way for ecosystem to provide ecosystem service values and it has a value-added effect. Taking Huangshan Scenic Area as a case, based on field surveys and interviews, by means of the functional value method, this paper analyzes the dynamic change of ecosystem service values in Huangshan Scenic Area(including core area and buffer zone) and the value-added effect of tourism development from 2005 to 2015. This paper argues that:(1) The value of ecosystem services kept growing annually. The total value of ecosystem services in Huangshan Scenic Area increased from 2.359 billion yuan in 2005 to 4.893 billion yuan in 2015.(2)The value of ecosystem services showed spatial differentiation as it increased from 1.045 billion yuan in 2005 to 1.948 billion yuan in 2015 in the core area, while the buffer area increased from 1.314 billion yuan in 2005 to 2.945 billion yuan in 2015. The average annual service value increase per unit area of the core area was 1.12 yuan/(hm~2·a), significantly higher than the buffer zone of 0.55 yuan/(hm~2·a).(3)Tourism development had a value-added effect on ecosystem services values. From 2005 to 2015, the change of land use in Huangshan Scenic Area was subtle, with change rates of the area of forest land, grassland, water area and unused land were less than 1% during 10 years, which had little impact on the increase of the value of ecosystem services. The value of tourism and leisure services accounted for the highest proportion both in the core area and buffer zone, with 78.99% of the total value of ecosystem services in the core area and 48.55% in the buffer zone. The increase in the value of tourism and leisure services played the most important role in increasing elosystem service values in Huangshan Scenic Area. This study shows that the development of tourism is an important way to practice the idea of 'Lucid waters and lush mountains are invaluable assets'. However, we need to strengthen the protection of ecosystem and environment during tourism develop, in order to effectively provide ecosystem service values in tourism destinations.
引文
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[2] EHRLICH P R, EHRLICH A H. Extinction: The causes and consequences of the disappearance of species[M]. New York: Random House, 1981.
[3] COSTANZA R, D’ARGE R, DE G R, et al. The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital[J]. Nature, 1997(387): 253-260.
[4] DAILY G C. Nature’s services: Societal dependence on natural ecosystems[M]. Washington DC: Island Press, 1997.
[5] MCDONOUGH K, HUTCHINSON S, MOORE T, et al. Analysis of publication trends in ecosystem services research[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2017(25): 82-88.
[6] REITSMA S, SLAAF D W, VINK H, et al. A typology for the classification, description and valuation of ecosystem function, goods and services[J]. Ecological Economics, 2008, 41(3): 393-408.
[7] HAINES-YOUNG R, POTSCHIN M. Proposal for a common international classification of ecosystem goods and services (CICES) for integrated environmental and economic accounting(V1)[R]. European Environment Agency, 2010.
[8] COSTANZA R, GROOT R D, SUTTON P, et al. Changes in the global value of ecosystem services[J]. Global Environmental Change, 2014, 26(1): 152-158.
[9] BATEMAN I J, HARWOOD A R, MACE G M, et al. Bringing ecosystem services into economic decision-making: Land use in the United Kingdom[J]. Science, 2013, 341(6141): 45-50.
[10] KIBRIA A S M G, BEHIE A, COSTANZA R, et al. The value of ecosystem services obtained from the protected forest of Cambodia: The case of Veun Sai-Siem Pang National Park[J]. Ecosystem Services, 2017(26): 27-36.
[11] SEIDL R, SPIES T A, PETERSON D L, et al. Searching for resilience: Addressing the impacts of changing disturbance regimes on forest ecosystem services[J]. Journal of Applied Ecology, 2016, 53(1): 120-129.
[12] POTTS T, BURDON D, JACKSON E, et al. Do marine protected areas deliver flows of ecosystem services to support human welfare?[J]. Marine Policy, 2014(44): 139-148.
[13] GARBACH K, MILDER J C, DECLERCK F A J, et al. Examining multi-functionality for crop yield and ecosystem services in five systems of agroecological intensification[J]. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 2017, 15(1): 11-28.
[14] LESTER S E, COSTELLO C, HALPERN B S, et al. Evaluating tradeoffs among ecosystem services to inform marine spatial planning[J]. Marine Policy, 2013, 38(1): 80-89.
[15] GRêTREGAMEY A, WEIBEL B, BAGSTAD K J, et al. On the effects of scale for ecosystem services mapping[J]. Plos One,2014, 9(12): e112601.
[16] RAUDSEPPHEARNE C, PETERSON G D, BENNETT E M. Ecosystem service bundles for analyzing tradeoffs in diverse landscapes.[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2010, 107(11): 5242-5247.
[17] BENNETT E M, CRAMER W, BEGOSSI A, et al. Linking biodiversity, ecosystem services, and human well-being: three challenges for designing research for sustainability[J]. Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability, 2015(14): 76-85.
[18] JAYACHANDRAN S, De LAAT J, LAMBIN E F, et al. Cash for carbon: A randomized trial of payments for ecosystem services to reduce deforestation[J]. Science, 2017, 357(6348): 267-273.
[19] 孙艺杰,任志远,赵胜男,等. 陕西河谷盆地生态系统服务协同与权衡时空差异分析[J]. 地理学报, 2017, 72(3): 521-532.SUN Y J, REN Z Y, ZHAO S N, et al. Spatial and temporal changing analysis of synergy and trade-off between ecosystem services in valley basins of Shaanxi Province[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2017, 72 (3): 521-532.
[20] 臧正,邹欣庆,吴雷,等. 基于公平与效率视角的中国大陆生态福祉及生态-经济效率评价[J]. 生态学报, 2017, 37(7): 2403-2414.ZANG Z, ZOU X Q, WU L, et al. Evaluation of ecological well-being and eco-economic efficiency in the Chinese mainland: From the perspective of justice and efficiency[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37 (7): 2403-2414.
[21] 赖敏,吴绍洪,尹云鹤,等. 三江源区基于生态系统服务价值的生态补偿额度[J]. 生态学报, 2015, 35(2): 227-236.LAI M, WU S H, YIN Y H, et al. Accounting for eco-compensation in the three-river headwaters region based on ecosystem service value[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2015, 35 (2): 227-236.
[22] 章锦河,张捷. 旅游生态足迹模型及黄山市实证分析[J]. 地理学报, 2004(5): 763-771.ZHANG J H, ZHANG J. Touristic ecological footprint model and analysis of Huangshan City in 2002[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2004(5):763-771.
[23] 章锦河,张捷,梁玥琳,等. 九寨沟旅游生态足迹与生态补偿分析[J]. 自然资源学报, 2005(5): 735-744.ZHANG J H, ZHANG J, LIANG Y L, et al. An analysis of touristic ecological footprint and eco compensation of Jiuzhaigou in 2002[J]. Journal of Natural Resources, 2005, (5): 735-744.
[24] 章锦河,李曼,陈静,等. 旅游废弃物的环境库兹涅茨效应分析——以黄山风景区为例[J]. 地理学报, 2012, 67(11): 1537-1546.ZHANG J H, LI M, CHEN J, et al. Analysis of environmental kuznets effect of tourism waste: Case study of Huangshan National Park[J]. Acta Geographica Sinica, 2012, 67(11): 1537-1546.
[25] 王楠楠,章锦河,刘泽华,等. 九寨沟自然保护区旅游生态系统能值分析[J]. 地理研究, 2013, 32(12): 2346-2356.WANG N N, ZHANG J H, LIU Z H, et al. An emergy analysis of the tourism ecosystem of Jiuzhaigou Nature Reserve[J]. Geographical Research, 2013, 32(12): 2346-2356.
[26] 李哲,张飞,Hsiang-Te Kung,等. 1998-2014年艾比湖湿地自然保护区生态系统服务价值及其时空变异[J]. 生态学报, 2017, 37(15): 4984-4997.LI Z, ZHANG F, HSIANG-TE K, et al. Spatial and temporal ecosystem changes in the Ebinur Wetland Nature Reserve from 1998 to 2014[J]. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2017, 37(15): 4984-4997.
[27] 赵志刚,余德,韩成云,等. 2008～2016年鄱阳湖生态经济区生态系统服务价值的时空变化研究[J]. 长江流域资源与环境, 2017, 26(2): 198-208.ZHAO Z G, YU D, HAN C Y, et al. Study on the spatial and temporal changes in ecosystem services value in Poyang Lake ecological economic zone from 2008 to 2016[J]. Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin, 2017, 26 (2): 198-208.
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