温州三垟湿地水生生态系统现状调查及修复思路
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摘要
2016年1月～2017年7月,对温州三垟湿地水体中主要水质指标、大型水生动植物和水华状况等进行了调查研究。结果表明,近年来,三垟湿地水质逐步好转,但氮、磷营养盐含量仍高于地表水Ⅴ类水域标准。三垟湿地内缺乏大型水生植物,只有4～10月人工种植的经济水生作物菱(Trapa bispinosa)为优势种,水生动物以人工放养的鲢(Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)和鳙(Aristichthys nobilis)为优势种,外来物种福寿螺(Pomacea canaliculata)入侵严重。2017年春季和夏季,多处河段发生水华,4月发生绿眼虫(Euglena viridis)水华,5月发生尖尾蓝隐藻(Chroomonas acuta)和卵形隐藻(Cryptomonas cvata)水华,7月发生膝口藻(Gonyostomum semen)水华。目前,三垟湿地水生生态系统食物网结构简单,以浮游植物—白鲢和浮游植物—浮游动物—鳙鱼为主,是能量流动的主渠道,生态系统的能量流动和物质循环不畅。针对三洋湿地水生生态系统现状,提出了构建以有机碎屑为起点的碎屑食物链和以大型水生植物为起点的牧食食物链生态修复计划。
Aquatic ecosystem status of Sanyang wetland in Wenzhou was investigated from 2016 to 2017. The results showed that the water quality of the wetland in recent years gradually improved, but the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient level were still at V class. There was few aquatic macrophyte in Sanyang wetland, just water caltro, Trapa bispinosa,a kind of cultured economic aquatic crop, planted from April to October.Artificial stocking silver carps, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and variegated carps, Aristichthys nobilis were dominant aquatic animal species. An apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata was a serious invasive species in the wetland. Euglena viridis bloom emerged in many channel segments in April 2017, followed by Chroomonas acuta and Cryptomonas cvata bloom in May, and Gonyostomum semen bloom in July. As the principal channel for energy flow, the food web of aquatic ecosystem was simple, mainly composed of phytoplankton to silver carp, and phytoplankton to zooplankton then to variegated carp. The energy flow and material circulation of ecological system were blocked and frustrated. In view of the aquatic ecosystem status of Sanyang wetland, an ecological restoration plans are proposed. It mostly involves detritus food chain and grazing food chain, respectively starting from organic detritus and large aquatic plants. In addition, natural enemies can be used to control the population of Pomacea canaliculata, and water transparency can be improved by stocking benthic filter feeding animals to rebuild submerged forest. The structure of fish communities should be modulated and biodiversity be enhanced to improve the stability of aquatic ecosystem.
Aquatic ecosystem status of Sanyang wetland in Wenzhou was investigated from 2016 to 2017. The results showed that the water quality of the wetland in recent years gradually improved, but the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient level were still at V class. There was few aquatic macrophyte in Sanyang wetland, just water caltro, Trapa bispinosa,a kind of cultured economic aquatic crop, planted from April to October.Artificial stocking silver carps, Hypophthalmichthys molitrix and variegated carps, Aristichthys nobilis were dominant aquatic animal species. An apple snail, Pomacea canaliculata was a serious invasive species in the wetland. Euglena viridis bloom emerged in many channel segments in April 2017, followed by Chroomonas acuta and Cryptomonas cvata bloom in May, and Gonyostomum semen bloom in July. As the principal channel for energy flow, the food web of aquatic ecosystem was simple, mainly composed of phytoplankton to silver carp, and phytoplankton to zooplankton then to variegated carp. The energy flow and material circulation of ecological system were blocked and frustrated. In view of the aquatic ecosystem status of Sanyang wetland, an ecological restoration plans are proposed. It mostly involves detritus food chain and grazing food chain, respectively starting from organic detritus and large aquatic plants. In addition, natural enemies can be used to control the population of Pomacea canaliculata, and water transparency can be improved by stocking benthic filter feeding animals to rebuild submerged forest. The structure of fish communities should be modulated and biodiversity be enhanced to improve the stability of aquatic ecosystem.
引文
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[3]韩茂森,束蕴芳.中国淡水生物图谱[M].北京:海洋出版社,1995.
[4]翁建中.中国常见淡水浮游藻类图谱[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社, 2010.
[5]国家环境保护总局.地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838—2002)[S].北京:中国环境出版社, 2002.
[6]马小雪,王腊春,廖玲玲.温瑞塘河流域水体污染时空分异特征及污染源识别[J].环境科学, 2015, 3636(1):64-71.
[7]潘琇,王亮,刘恩玲,等.温瑞塘河流域地表径流污染负荷的调查与评价[J].温州农业科技, 2006, 3:23-29.
[8]侯志珍,张明华.温瑞塘河流域水质评价方法比较及污染特征分析[J].浙江农业科学, 2014, 1:99-106.
[9]吴庆玲,夏晓岚,叶静,等.温州三垟湿地植物多样性及健康性评价[J].浙江大学学报(农业与生命科学版), 2012, 3838(4):421-428.
[10]周卫川,佘书生,肖琼.福寿螺天敌资源[J].亚热带农业研究,2009, 55(1):39-43.
[13]刘存歧,杨军,马晓利,等.种植菱和莲对白洋淀富营养化水体生态修复的效果[J].湿地科学, 2013, 11(4):510-514.
[14]闫子胜,陈敏东,李凤英,等.大面积种植红菱对富营养化水体修复效果的影响[J].科学技术与工程, 2016, 1166(9):103-108.
[15]Tilman D, Downing J A. Biodiversity and stability in grass-land[J]. Nature, 1994, 336677:363-365.
[16]李慧蓉.生物多样性和生态系统功能研究综述[J].生态学杂志, 2004, 2233(3):109-114.