马过河流域梯级开发对植被及景观格局的影响研究
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摘要
以金沙江一级支流马过河流域为研究对象,在GIS支持下,分析水利工程建设前后(2002年~2013年)流域土地利用类型、植被覆盖度变化;应用缓冲区分析法,选取斑块密度、边缘密度、分维数、蔓延度、香浓多样性指数等对景观结构变化进行评价,分析了水利工程建设前后流域景观结构的变化.结果表明:流域内不同地利用类型均发生了变化,流域尺度上表现为人工表面、水田面积明显增加,草地、水体、灌木等面积明显减少,但流域主要植被类型未发生变化,仍以森林为主;高覆盖度植被分布面积有一定程度减小,但总体仍以中覆盖度、中高覆盖度和高覆盖度面积最大;2013年的斑块密度、边缘密度、分维数值均高于2002年,2013年蔓延度指数低于2002年,香浓多样性指数变化不大;水利工程建设使区域景观异质性增强,在水电开发缓冲区1 000m范围内景观格局变化明显,1 000m范围外变化减弱.
Taking the tributary of Jinsha River,Maguohe River Basin,as research object,we studied the change of land use type and vegetation resulted from hydropower development based on GIS and buffer analysis.Fractal dimension,patch density,edge density,contagion index and Shannon diversity are chosen to quantify the landscape pattern change.The results show that land use has changed in the basin.The area of artificial surface and paddy field increased significantly,while the area of the grass,water,shrubs reduced.However,the main vegetation type is still forest in the basin.Vegetation coverage has changed little,but the area with high vegetation coverage has decreased.The hydroelectric project might enhance landscape heterogeneity.Landscape pattern changed significantly within 1 000 mbuffer zone.
Taking the tributary of Jinsha River,Maguohe River Basin,as research object,we studied the change of land use type and vegetation resulted from hydropower development based on GIS and buffer analysis.Fractal dimension,patch density,edge density,contagion index and Shannon diversity are chosen to quantify the landscape pattern change.The results show that land use has changed in the basin.The area of artificial surface and paddy field increased significantly,while the area of the grass,water,shrubs reduced.However,the main vegetation type is still forest in the basin.Vegetation coverage has changed little,but the area with high vegetation coverage has decreased.The hydroelectric project might enhance landscape heterogeneity.Landscape pattern changed significantly within 1 000 mbuffer zone.
引文
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[14]欧阳志云,王桥,郑华,等.全国生态环境十年变化(2000—2010年)遥感调查评估[J].中国科学院院刊,2014,1(4):462-466.OUYANG Z Y,WANG Q,ZHENG H,et al.National ecosystem survey and assessment of China(2000-2010)[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2014,1(4):462-466.(Ch).
[15]付素静,王伟,万宝春.基于RS和GIS的河北省生物丰度和植被覆盖度归一化系数研究[J].中国环境管理,2014,6(2):27-31.FU S J,WANG W,WAN B C.Study on Normalized Coefficient of Hebei Provincial Biology Abundances and Vegetation Abundances Based on RS and GIS Data[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2014,6(2):27-31.(Ch).
[16]赵霏,郭逍宇,赵文吉,等.城市河岸带土地利用和景观格局变化的生态环境效应研究——以北京市典型再生水补水河流河岸带为例[J].湿地科学,2013,11(1):100-107.ZHAO F,GUO X Y,ZHAO W J,et al.Ecological and environmental effect of change of land use and landscape pattern of urban riparian aone—a case study on riparian zone of typical rivers replenished with recycled water in Beijing[J].Wetland Science,2013,11(1):100-107.(Ch).
[17]孙永光,赵冬至,吴涛,等.河口湿地人为干扰度时空动态及景观响应——以大洋河口为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(12):3645-3655.SUN Y G,ZHAO D Z,WU T,et al.Temporal and spatial dynamic changes and landscape pattern response of Hemeroby in Dayang estuary of Liaoning Province,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(12):3645-3655.(Ch).
[18]常学礼,邬建国.科尔沁沙地景观格局特征分析[J].生态学报,1998,18(3):225-232.CHANG X L,WU J G.Spatial analysis of pattern of sandy landscapes in Kerqin Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1998,18(3):225-232.(Ch).
[19]张晓阳,梁国付,丁圣彦.不同干扰背景下农业景观异质性——以巩义市为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(12):3378-3385.ZHANG X Y,LIANG G F,DING S Y.Analysis of the characteristics of agro-landscape under the different disturbances:a case of Gongyi City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(12):3378-3385.(Ch).
[20]罗光杰,李阳兵,王世杰,等.岩溶山区景观多样性变化的生态学意义对比——以贵州四个典型地区为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(14):3882-3889.LUO G J,LI Y B,WANG S J,et al.Comparison of ecological significance of landscape diversity changes in karst mountains:a case study of 4typical karst area in Guizhou Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(14):3882-3889.(Ch).
[21]蒋丽伟,孟佩.通天河干流水电梯级开发对区域景观格局的影响[J].林业资源管理,2013(3):106-111.JIANG L W,MENG P.Effects of cascade hydropower eevelopment on the landscape pattern in the Tongtian River[J].Forest Resources Management,2013(3):106-111.(Ch).
[22]黄勇.西南山地河流梯级水电开发的生态影响研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2016.HUANG Y.Impacts of Hydropower Cascade Development in Southwest Moutainous Area on River Ecological[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2016.(Ch).
[23]汤家喜,孙丽娜,孙铁珩,等.河岸缓冲带对氮磷的截留转化及其生态恢复研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(8):1514-1520.TANG J X,SUN L N,SUN T Y,et al.Research advances on retaining and transformation of N and P and ecological restoration of riparian buffer zone[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(8):1514-1520.(Ch).
[2]闫业庆,胡雅杰,孙继成,等.水电梯级开发对流域生态环境影响的评价——以白龙江干流(沙川坝—苗家坝河段)为例[J].兰州大学学报(自然科学版),2010,46(s1):42-47,53.YAN Y Q,HU Y J,SUN J C,et al.Evaluation of influence of cascaded hydro-power development in Bailong on ecosystem environment[J].Journal of Lanzhou University(Nature Sciences),2010,46(s1):42-47,53.(Ch).
[3]王超.西南水电高坝大库梯级开发的生态保护与恢复冶研究构想[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2017,49(1):1-8.WANG C.Research conception of ecological protection and restoration of high dams and large reservoirs construction and hydropower cascade development in southwestern China[J],Journal of Sichuan University(Advanced Engineering Sciences),2017,49(1):1-8.(Ch).
[4]李柏山,李海燕,周培疆,等.汉江流域水电梯级开发对生态环境影响评价研究[J].人民长江,2016,47(23):16-22.LI B S,LI H Y,ZHOU P J,et al.Study on eco-environmental effect assessment for cascade hydropower development in Hanjiang River basin[J].Yangtze River,2016,47(23):16-22.(Ch).
[5]邓伟琼,孙荣,李修明,等.水电开发对河岸植被影响研究进展[J].生态科学,2015,34(6):201-208.DENG W Q,SUN R,LI X M,et al.Review on impacts of cascade hydropower exploitation on the riparian vegetation[J].Ecological Science,2015,34(6):201-208.(Ch).
[6]王敏,张垚,肖志豪.基于“3S”技术的生态环境影响回顾性评价——以巫水流域水电梯级开发为例[J].华中师范大学学报(自然科学版),2013,47(5):687-691.WANG M,ZHANG Y,XIAO Z H.Retrospective assessment of ecological environmental impacts base on“3S”technology-a case of the Wushui Basin hydropower cascade development[J].Journal of Central China Normal University(Nature Sciences),2013,47(5):687-691.(Ch).
[7]徐海洋,魏浪,孙显春.水电梯级开发对乌江流域景观生态系统的影响[J].水力发电,2010,36(5):8-10.XUN H Y,WEI L,SUN X C.Impact of hydropower cascaded development on Wujiang landscape ecosystem[J].Water Power,2010,36(5):8-10.(Ch).
[8]温敏霞,刘世梁,崔保山,等.水利工程建设对自然保护区生态系统的影响[J].生态学报,2008,28(4):1663-1671.WEN B X,LIU S L,CUI B S,et al.Impacts of hydroelectric project construction on nature reserve and assessment[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2008,28(4):1663-1671.(Ch).
[9]贾坤,姚云军,魏香琴,等.植被覆盖度遥感估算研究进展[J].地球科学进展,2013,28(7):774-782.JIA K,YAO Y J,WEI X Q,et al.A review on fractional vegetation cover estimation using Remote Sensing[J].Advances in Earth Science,2013,28(7):74-782.(Ch).
[10]魏石磊,翟亮,桑会勇,等.像元分解模型的植被覆盖度遥感估算[J].测绘科学,2016,41(1):139-143.WEI S L,ZAI L,SANG H Y,et al.Remote sensing estimation of vegetation coverage based on sub-pixel analysismodel[J].Science of Surveying and Mapping,2016,41(1):139-143.(Ch).
[11]李根明,董治宝,孙虎,等.基于3S的豫北内黄县近30年来植被覆被变化研究[J].地域研究与开发,2010,29(4):127-130,144.LI G M,DONG Z B,SUN H,et al.Researches on change of vegetation covereage of Neihuang County in the North Plain of Henan Province based on 3Sin the Past 30Years[J].Areal Research and Development,2010,29(4):127-130,144.(Ch).
[12]师旭颖,郝芳华,林隆,等.黄河水电开发区域土地利用与景观格局分析[J].水土保持研究,2009,16(4):174-179.SHI S Y,HAO F L,LIN L,et al.The analysis of land use and landscape pattern in hydropower cascade exploitation region of the Yellow River[J].Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2009,16(4):174-179.(Ch).
[13]邬建国.景观生态学—格局、过程、尺度与等级[M].2版.北京:高等教育出版社,2007.WU J G.Landscape Ecology:Pattern,Process,Scale and Hierarchy[M].2nd ed.Beijing:Higher Education Press,2007.(Ch).
[14]欧阳志云,王桥,郑华,等.全国生态环境十年变化(2000—2010年)遥感调查评估[J].中国科学院院刊,2014,1(4):462-466.OUYANG Z Y,WANG Q,ZHENG H,et al.National ecosystem survey and assessment of China(2000-2010)[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences 2014,1(4):462-466.(Ch).
[15]付素静,王伟,万宝春.基于RS和GIS的河北省生物丰度和植被覆盖度归一化系数研究[J].中国环境管理,2014,6(2):27-31.FU S J,WANG W,WAN B C.Study on Normalized Coefficient of Hebei Provincial Biology Abundances and Vegetation Abundances Based on RS and GIS Data[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2014,6(2):27-31.(Ch).
[16]赵霏,郭逍宇,赵文吉,等.城市河岸带土地利用和景观格局变化的生态环境效应研究——以北京市典型再生水补水河流河岸带为例[J].湿地科学,2013,11(1):100-107.ZHAO F,GUO X Y,ZHAO W J,et al.Ecological and environmental effect of change of land use and landscape pattern of urban riparian aone—a case study on riparian zone of typical rivers replenished with recycled water in Beijing[J].Wetland Science,2013,11(1):100-107.(Ch).
[17]孙永光,赵冬至,吴涛,等.河口湿地人为干扰度时空动态及景观响应——以大洋河口为例[J].生态学报,2012,32(12):3645-3655.SUN Y G,ZHAO D Z,WU T,et al.Temporal and spatial dynamic changes and landscape pattern response of Hemeroby in Dayang estuary of Liaoning Province,China[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2012,32(12):3645-3655.(Ch).
[18]常学礼,邬建国.科尔沁沙地景观格局特征分析[J].生态学报,1998,18(3):225-232.CHANG X L,WU J G.Spatial analysis of pattern of sandy landscapes in Kerqin Inner Mongolia[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,1998,18(3):225-232.(Ch).
[19]张晓阳,梁国付,丁圣彦.不同干扰背景下农业景观异质性——以巩义市为例[J].生态学报,2014,34(12):3378-3385.ZHANG X Y,LIANG G F,DING S Y.Analysis of the characteristics of agro-landscape under the different disturbances:a case of Gongyi City[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(12):3378-3385.(Ch).
[20]罗光杰,李阳兵,王世杰,等.岩溶山区景观多样性变化的生态学意义对比——以贵州四个典型地区为例[J].生态学报,2011,31(14):3882-3889.LUO G J,LI Y B,WANG S J,et al.Comparison of ecological significance of landscape diversity changes in karst mountains:a case study of 4typical karst area in Guizhou Province[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2011,31(14):3882-3889.(Ch).
[21]蒋丽伟,孟佩.通天河干流水电梯级开发对区域景观格局的影响[J].林业资源管理,2013(3):106-111.JIANG L W,MENG P.Effects of cascade hydropower eevelopment on the landscape pattern in the Tongtian River[J].Forest Resources Management,2013(3):106-111.(Ch).
[22]黄勇.西南山地河流梯级水电开发的生态影响研究[D].哈尔滨:东北林业大学,2016.HUANG Y.Impacts of Hydropower Cascade Development in Southwest Moutainous Area on River Ecological[D].Harbin:Northeast Forestry University,2016.(Ch).
[23]汤家喜,孙丽娜,孙铁珩,等.河岸缓冲带对氮磷的截留转化及其生态恢复研究进展[J].生态环境学报,2012,21(8):1514-1520.TANG J X,SUN L N,SUN T Y,et al.Research advances on retaining and transformation of N and P and ecological restoration of riparian buffer zone[J].Ecology and Environmental Sciences,2012,21(8):1514-1520.(Ch).