旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的影响及秸秆的改良作用
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摘要
本研究以江汉平原旱改水为研究背景,采用土壤盆栽试验和室内淹水培养相结合的方法,以多年水稻土为对照,研究了多年棉田土旱改水及添加秸秆(9 g·kg-1)对水稻幼苗生长和矿质元素吸收的影响以及土壤氧化还原电位和有效态铁、锰、铜、锌含量变化,为旱改水水稻的种植提供参考。结果表明,棉田土旱改水后,水稻幼苗生长缓慢并出现失绿黄化症状,其地上部干重和叶绿素含量仅分别约为水稻土处理的30%和20%。旱改水处理水稻植株Fe含量显著低于、而Cu和Zn含量则显著高于水稻土处理。棉田土旱改水土壤氧化还原电位(Eh)显著高于水稻土;淹水处理10 d,土壤DTPA-Fe含量仅为水稻土的7%左右,而DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量则分别是水稻土的1.4~2.5倍和1.6~1.8倍。随着淹水时间的延长,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁含量逐渐增加,有效态锰、铜和锌含量呈先升高后降低趋势;到淹水处理的第28 d,棉田土旱改水土壤有效态铁、锰、铜和锌含量与水稻土之间的差异逐渐缩小。Fe不足及Cu过量可能是导致旱改水水稻幼苗生长缓慢、失绿黄化的主要原因。旱改水条件下添加秸秆可以降低土壤的Eh值,提高土壤DTPA-Fe含量及降低土壤DTPA-Cu和DTPA-Zn含量,显著提高旱改水初期水稻幼苗叶绿素含量,但对水稻生物量无显著影响。添加秸秆并不能完全消除旱改水对水稻幼苗生长的抑制作用。
In recent years, panicle deformity of rice(Oryza sativa L.) characterized by blank florets/spikelets and distorted lemma and palea has caused significant yield loss of rice grown in uplands reclaimed into paddy lands in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Up to now, it remains unclear why rice panicle deformity is prevalent in reclaimed paddy lands from uplands. However, studies have shown that panicle deformity is largely related with soil characteristics. Using old paddy field as control, a pot soil experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of old cotton fields reclaimed into paddy fields and rice straw application on the growth of rice seedlings. The study also analyzed rice mineral elements uptake, soil Eh, and soil available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents. Soil waterlogged incubation test was adopted to study the effects of straw application on dynamic changes of DTPA-Fe, DTPA-Mn, DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn contents in the old paddy fields and paddy fields from cotton field. The results showed that rice seedlings in cotton fields reclaimed into paddy fields growth poorly and had symptoms of chlorosis, with dry weight and chlorophyll content of respectively 30% and 20% those of rice seedlings in old paddy fields. While Fe content was significantly lower, Cu and Zn contents were markedly higher in rice plants in cotton fields than in old paddy fields. Eh was significantly higher in soil of cotton field reclaimed into paddy than in old paddy soils. In the pot experiment, when submerged under water for 10 days, DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn contents in upland soils were respectively by 1.4–2.5 times and 1.6–1.8 times of those in old paddy soils while DTPA-Fe content was only 7% of that in old paddy soils. With prolonged inundation, DTPA-Fe content in cotton field soils gradually increased while DTPA-Mn, DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn contents initially increased and then decreased. Incubation test results showed that after submergence for 28 days, the differences in soil DTPA-Fe, DTPA-Mn, DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn between upland soils and old paddy soils diminished. Straw application of upland soils reclaimed into paddy soils reduced soil Eh and soil DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn contents but increased soil DTPA-Fe content. This resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll content of rice seedlings. In conclusion, it was better to sow rice seeds or transplant rice seedlings after one month of flooding old cotton fields reclaimed into paddy fields. This prevented imbalance in soil trace elements that in turn inhibited rice growth. Straw application partly but not completely eliminated inhibiting effects on rice seedlings growth of reclamation of cotton field into paddy.
In recent years, panicle deformity of rice(Oryza sativa L.) characterized by blank florets/spikelets and distorted lemma and palea has caused significant yield loss of rice grown in uplands reclaimed into paddy lands in Jianghan Plain, Hubei Province, China. Up to now, it remains unclear why rice panicle deformity is prevalent in reclaimed paddy lands from uplands. However, studies have shown that panicle deformity is largely related with soil characteristics. Using old paddy field as control, a pot soil experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of old cotton fields reclaimed into paddy fields and rice straw application on the growth of rice seedlings. The study also analyzed rice mineral elements uptake, soil Eh, and soil available Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn contents. Soil waterlogged incubation test was adopted to study the effects of straw application on dynamic changes of DTPA-Fe, DTPA-Mn, DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn contents in the old paddy fields and paddy fields from cotton field. The results showed that rice seedlings in cotton fields reclaimed into paddy fields growth poorly and had symptoms of chlorosis, with dry weight and chlorophyll content of respectively 30% and 20% those of rice seedlings in old paddy fields. While Fe content was significantly lower, Cu and Zn contents were markedly higher in rice plants in cotton fields than in old paddy fields. Eh was significantly higher in soil of cotton field reclaimed into paddy than in old paddy soils. In the pot experiment, when submerged under water for 10 days, DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn contents in upland soils were respectively by 1.4–2.5 times and 1.6–1.8 times of those in old paddy soils while DTPA-Fe content was only 7% of that in old paddy soils. With prolonged inundation, DTPA-Fe content in cotton field soils gradually increased while DTPA-Mn, DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn contents initially increased and then decreased. Incubation test results showed that after submergence for 28 days, the differences in soil DTPA-Fe, DTPA-Mn, DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn between upland soils and old paddy soils diminished. Straw application of upland soils reclaimed into paddy soils reduced soil Eh and soil DTPA-Cu and DTPA-Zn contents but increased soil DTPA-Fe content. This resulted in a significant increase in chlorophyll content of rice seedlings. In conclusion, it was better to sow rice seeds or transplant rice seedlings after one month of flooding old cotton fields reclaimed into paddy fields. This prevented imbalance in soil trace elements that in turn inhibited rice growth. Straw application partly but not completely eliminated inhibiting effects on rice seedlings growth of reclamation of cotton field into paddy.
引文
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[12]瞿丙年,刘海轮,尚浩博,等.植物吸收利用铁的机理[J].西北植物学报,2002,22(1):184–189Zhai B N,Liu H L,Shang H B,et al.Mechanism of iron uptake and utilization by plant[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2002,22(1):184–189
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[14]Kgel-Knabner I,Amelung W,Cao Z H,et al.Biogeochemistry of paddy soils[J].Geoderma,2010,157(1/2):1–14
[15]Alcántara E,Romera F J,Caete M,et al.Effects of heavy metals on both induction and function of root Fe(Ⅲ)reductase in Fe-deficient cucumber(Cucumis Sativas L.)plants[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1994,45(12):1893–1898
[16]安志装,王校常,施卫明,等.重金属与营养元素交互作用的植物生理效应[J].土壤与环境,2002,11(4):392–396An Z Z,Wang X C,Shi W M,et al.Plant physiological responses to the interactions between heavy metal and nutrients[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,2002,11(4):392–396
[17]饶玉春,郑婷婷,马伯军,等.微量元素铁、锰、铜对水稻生长的影响及缺素防治[J].中国稻米,2012,18(4):31–35Rao Y C,Zheng T T,Ma B J,et al.Effects of trace elements iron,manganese,copper on rice growth and nutrient deficiency prevention[J].China Rice,2012,18(4):31–35
[18]陆晓辉,涂成龙.有机物料对土壤有机结合态铜及有效性的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2009,48(5):1112–1114Lu X H,Tu C L.Effects of different organic matters on the contain and bioavailability of BO-Cu in soil[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2009,48(5):1112–1114
[19]朱玉祥,马良,朱黎明,等.氧化还原条件下有机物料对酸性土壤p H、铁形态和铜吸附解吸的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011(5):65–68Zhu Y X,Ma L,Zhu L M,et al.Effect of organic material incorporation on p H,iron species and adsorption and desorption of copper in acid soils under redox condition[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2011(5):65–68
[20]赵天一,黎成厚.淹水条件下不同有机物料对土壤外源铜有效性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(3):465–468Zhao T Y,Li C H.Effects of different organic matters on availability of added Cu in soils under submerged condition[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2005,24(3):465–468
[21]依艳丽,张大庚,刘珊珊,等.水分和有机物料对锌污染土壤改良的耦合效应[J].土壤通报,2010,41(2):437–441Yi Y L,Zhang D G,Liu S S,et al.Couple effects of water and organic materials on the amelioration of Zn-polluted soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2010,41(2):437–441
[22]潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,等.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):526–535Pan J L,Dai W A,Shang Z H,et al.Review of research progress on the influence and mechanism of field straw residue incorporation on soil organic matter and nitrogen availability[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(5):526–535
[23]夏海勇,王凯荣,赵庆雷,等.秸秆添加对土壤有机碳库分解转化和组成的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(4):386–393Xia H Y,Wang K R,Zhao Q L,et al.Effects of straw addition on decomposition,transformation and composition of soil organic carbon pool[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(4):386–393
[24]戴志刚,鲁剑巍,鲁明星,等.水稻秸秆用量对淹水培养土壤表层溶液理化性质的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):20–24Dai Z G,Lu J W,Lu M X,et al.Effect of rice straw on the physicochemical properties of field surface solution under waterlogged incubation[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(1):20-24
[25]金鑫.秸秆还田对稻田土壤还原性物质和水稻生长的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2013:17–27Jin X.Effects of straw application on rice growth and redox substance in rice fields[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2013:17–27
[26]张武益,朱利群,王伟,等.不同灌溉方式和秸秆还田对水稻生长的影响[J].作物杂志,2014(2):113–118Zhang W Y,Zhu L Q,Wang W,et al.Effect of wheat straw returning under different irrigation methods on rice growth[J].Crops,2014(2):113–118
[2]李春凤,马继武.水稻旱青立病发生特点及原因分析[J].湖北植保,2014(1):51–53Li C F,Ma J W.The occurrence characteristics and cause analysis of rice straighthead[J].Hubei Plant Protection,2014(1):51–53
[3]Belefant-Miller H,Beaty T.Distribution of arsenic and other minerals in rice plant affected by natural straighthead[J].Agronomy Journal,2007,99(6):1675–1681
[4]Dunn B W,Dunn T S.Influence of soil type on severity of straighthead in rice[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2012,43(12):1705–1719
[5]Kashem M A,Singh B R.Metal availability in contaminated soils:I.Effects of flooding and organic matter on changes in Eh,p H and solubility of Cd,Ni and Zn[J].Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems,2001,61(3):247–255
[6]Kashem M A,Singh B R.Transformations in solid phase species of metals as affected by flooding and organic matter[J].Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis,2004,35(9/10):1435–1456
[7]Charlatchka R,Cambier P.Influence of reducing conditions on solubility of trace metals in contaminated soils[J].Water,Air,and Soil Pollution,2000,118(1/2):143–168
[8]丁维新,朱其清,刘元昌,等.旱改水对砂姜黑土中锌含量影响的研究[J].土壤学报,2000,37(1):102–108Ding W X,Zhu Q Q,Liu Y C,et al.Effect of cropping system on zinc content in Shajiang black soils[J].Acta Pedologic Sinica,2000,37(1):102–108
[9]丁维新,陈冬峰,刘元昌.旱改水对土壤铜含量及其有效性的影响研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2004,12(3):68–71Ding W X,Chen D F,Liu Y C.Effects of cropping system of the rotation of upland crop and rice on the total and available copper contents in soils[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2004,12(3):68–71
[10]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].第3版.北京:中国农业出版社,2008Bao S D.Soil Agro-chemistrical Analysis[M].3rd ed.Beijing:China Agriculture Press,2008
[11]Alloway B J.Micronutrient Deficiencies in Global Crop Production[M].Netherlands:Springer,2008
[12]瞿丙年,刘海轮,尚浩博,等.植物吸收利用铁的机理[J].西北植物学报,2002,22(1):184–189Zhai B N,Liu H L,Shang H B,et al.Mechanism of iron uptake and utilization by plant[J].Acta Botanica Boreali-Occidentalia Sinica,2002,22(1):184–189
[13]Eusufzai M K,Tokida T,Okada M,et al.Methane emission from rice fields as affected by land use change[J].Agriculture,Ecosystem&Environment,2010,139(4):742–748
[14]Kgel-Knabner I,Amelung W,Cao Z H,et al.Biogeochemistry of paddy soils[J].Geoderma,2010,157(1/2):1–14
[15]Alcántara E,Romera F J,Caete M,et al.Effects of heavy metals on both induction and function of root Fe(Ⅲ)reductase in Fe-deficient cucumber(Cucumis Sativas L.)plants[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1994,45(12):1893–1898
[16]安志装,王校常,施卫明,等.重金属与营养元素交互作用的植物生理效应[J].土壤与环境,2002,11(4):392–396An Z Z,Wang X C,Shi W M,et al.Plant physiological responses to the interactions between heavy metal and nutrients[J].Soil and Environmental Sciences,2002,11(4):392–396
[17]饶玉春,郑婷婷,马伯军,等.微量元素铁、锰、铜对水稻生长的影响及缺素防治[J].中国稻米,2012,18(4):31–35Rao Y C,Zheng T T,Ma B J,et al.Effects of trace elements iron,manganese,copper on rice growth and nutrient deficiency prevention[J].China Rice,2012,18(4):31–35
[18]陆晓辉,涂成龙.有机物料对土壤有机结合态铜及有效性的影响[J].湖北农业科学,2009,48(5):1112–1114Lu X H,Tu C L.Effects of different organic matters on the contain and bioavailability of BO-Cu in soil[J].Hubei Agricultural Sciences,2009,48(5):1112–1114
[19]朱玉祥,马良,朱黎明,等.氧化还原条件下有机物料对酸性土壤p H、铁形态和铜吸附解吸的影响[J].中国土壤与肥料,2011(5):65–68Zhu Y X,Ma L,Zhu L M,et al.Effect of organic material incorporation on p H,iron species and adsorption and desorption of copper in acid soils under redox condition[J].Soil and Fertilizer Sciences in China,2011(5):65–68
[20]赵天一,黎成厚.淹水条件下不同有机物料对土壤外源铜有效性的影响[J].农业环境科学学报,2005,24(3):465–468Zhao T Y,Li C H.Effects of different organic matters on availability of added Cu in soils under submerged condition[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2005,24(3):465–468
[21]依艳丽,张大庚,刘珊珊,等.水分和有机物料对锌污染土壤改良的耦合效应[J].土壤通报,2010,41(2):437–441Yi Y L,Zhang D G,Liu S S,et al.Couple effects of water and organic materials on the amelioration of Zn-polluted soil[J].Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2010,41(2):437–441
[22]潘剑玲,代万安,尚占环,等.秸秆还田对土壤有机质和氮素有效性影响及机制研究进展[J].中国生态农业学报,2013,21(5):526–535Pan J L,Dai W A,Shang Z H,et al.Review of research progress on the influence and mechanism of field straw residue incorporation on soil organic matter and nitrogen availability[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2013,21(5):526–535
[23]夏海勇,王凯荣,赵庆雷,等.秸秆添加对土壤有机碳库分解转化和组成的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(4):386–393Xia H Y,Wang K R,Zhao Q L,et al.Effects of straw addition on decomposition,transformation and composition of soil organic carbon pool[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2014,22(4):386–393
[24]戴志刚,鲁剑巍,鲁明星,等.水稻秸秆用量对淹水培养土壤表层溶液理化性质的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2010,18(1):20–24Dai Z G,Lu J W,Lu M X,et al.Effect of rice straw on the physicochemical properties of field surface solution under waterlogged incubation[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2010,18(1):20-24
[25]金鑫.秸秆还田对稻田土壤还原性物质和水稻生长的影响[D].南京:南京农业大学,2013:17–27Jin X.Effects of straw application on rice growth and redox substance in rice fields[D].Nanjing:Nanjing Agricultural University,2013:17–27
[26]张武益,朱利群,王伟,等.不同灌溉方式和秸秆还田对水稻生长的影响[J].作物杂志,2014(2):113–118Zhang W Y,Zhu L Q,Wang W,et al.Effect of wheat straw returning under different irrigation methods on rice growth[J].Crops,2014(2):113–118