内蒙古呼伦湖水体水质时空变化特征
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摘要
为明晰呼伦湖水体水质时空变化特征和其富营养化的主要驱动环境因子,于2013至2015年每年的7、9月采集了湖中心区、沿岸区和主要河流进出口附近的共13个具有代表性的采样点的水样,对湖区水质及其时空分布进行了评价分析,并分析了影响呼伦湖水质的主要环境因子。结果显示,水质时空变异性显著,总氮、总磷、COD指标处于严重污染状态,大部分水域为Ⅴ类水,局部区域为劣Ⅴ类水,且9月湖水水质较7月普遍转好。其中,COD7月份呈南低北高,而9月呈中心低南北高的分布特点,COD区域有从南至北转移且范围变小的趋势;总氮、总磷在空间上分布规律性不强,从7月份至9月份,总氮含量在湖区南部和北部的大部分区域有所减小,在湖区中部则有增有减且变化幅度较小,总磷含量在湖区南部普遍下降在北部普遍升高;叶绿素a在7月仅东南部的I5点附近水域含量较高,到9月该较高含量区域扩大至南部大部水域。依据水环境差异性,7月水体聚为四小类,9月聚为两大类,其中影响7月水体的主要环境因子是水温、总氮,溶解氧,影响9月水体质量的环境因子为磷盐、水温、p H。
To better understand the spatial and temporal variation of water quality and the driving factors of eutrophication in Hulun Lake, water samples collected in July and September of 2013 to 2015 from 13 sites that cover the central, coastal, and the hydraulic control areas of the lake. The water quality, its distribution and variation, and factors affecting water quality were analyzed. The results showed that the water quality significantly varied both in space and with time. The concentrations of TN, TP and COD indicated that Hulun Lake was in a state of serious pollution. The water quality in most of the lake area could be classified as Class gradeⅤand some parts as worse than gradeⅤ. However, the water quality was getting better from July to September in most of the lake area. Among which, the concentration of COD decreased in the south area in July and then in the center area in September. The concentrations of TN and TP distributed irregularly over the lake in July and September. The concentration of TN reduced significantly in most of the south and north areas, but fluctuated in a small range. The concentration of TP increased in the north and reduced in the south from July to September. However, the concentration of chlorophyll a was only high at sampling site I5 in July, but in September it became high in most of the south area. The principal component analysis showed that the water quality could be classified to four small classes in July and two large classes in September. The main factors affecting water quality were water temperature, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen in July, and phosphate, salt, water temperature, and p H in September.
To better understand the spatial and temporal variation of water quality and the driving factors of eutrophication in Hulun Lake, water samples collected in July and September of 2013 to 2015 from 13 sites that cover the central, coastal, and the hydraulic control areas of the lake. The water quality, its distribution and variation, and factors affecting water quality were analyzed. The results showed that the water quality significantly varied both in space and with time. The concentrations of TN, TP and COD indicated that Hulun Lake was in a state of serious pollution. The water quality in most of the lake area could be classified as Class gradeⅤand some parts as worse than gradeⅤ. However, the water quality was getting better from July to September in most of the lake area. Among which, the concentration of COD decreased in the south area in July and then in the center area in September. The concentrations of TN and TP distributed irregularly over the lake in July and September. The concentration of TN reduced significantly in most of the south and north areas, but fluctuated in a small range. The concentration of TP increased in the north and reduced in the south from July to September. However, the concentration of chlorophyll a was only high at sampling site I5 in July, but in September it became high in most of the south area. The principal component analysis showed that the water quality could be classified to four small classes in July and two large classes in September. The main factors affecting water quality were water temperature, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen in July, and phosphate, salt, water temperature, and p H in September.
引文
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[19]张台凡,宋进喜,杨小刚,等.渭河陕西段沉积物中总磷、总氮时空分布特征及其影响因素研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(5):1394-1399.
[20]沈建.养殖水体中氨氮的危害及管理措施[J].科学养鱼,2014,38(1):91.
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[26]龚然,徐力刚,徐进,等.主成分分析法在城市小型湖泊水质评价中的应用[J].环境科学与技术,2014(S2).
[27]吴美琼,陈秀贵.基于主成分分析法的钦州市耕地面积变化及其驱动力分析[J].地理科学,2014,34(1):56-58.
[28]徐光宇,柴国平,徐明德,等.主成分分析法在汾河太原城区段水质评价中的应用[J].环境工程,2014,32(6):122-124.
[2]王荔弘.呼伦湖水环境及水质状况浅析[J].呼伦贝尔学院学报,2006,14(6):5-6.
[3]王俊,冯伟业,张利,等.呼伦湖水质和生物资源量监测及评价[J].水生态学杂志,2011,32(5):64-68.
[4]段超宇,张生,孙标,等.呼伦湖夏季与冬季水质现状评价研究[J].节水灌溉,2014(4):66-67.
[5]都达古拉,何江,吕昌伟,等.呼伦湖水-沉积物系统中重金属的含量特征[J].农业环境科学学报,2015,34(1):118-123.
[6]樊才睿,李畅游,贾克力,等.不同放牧制度下呼伦湖流域草原植被冠层截留[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4716-4724.
[7]吴用,史小红,赵胜男,等.内蒙古高原3大典型湖泊水化学特征及其控制因素分析[J].生态环境学报,2015(7):1202-1208.
[8]王天阳,王国祥.昆承湖水质参数空间分布特征研究[J].环境科学学报,2007,27(4):1384-1390.
[9]王俊,冯伟业,张利,等.呼伦湖水质和生物资源量监测及评价[J].水生态学杂志,2011,32(5):64-68.
[10]冯伟业.呼伦湖渔业水域四季水质的变化情况[J].当代畜禽养殖业,2013(6):29-33.
[11]SL88-1994叶绿素的测定(分光光度法)[S].
[12]GB11893-89水质总磷的测定钼酸铵分光光度法[S].
[13]GB11894-89水质总氮的测定碱性过硫酸钾消解紫外分光光度法[S].
[14]GB11914-89水质化学需氧量的测定重铬酸盐法[S].
[15]DAVID R M.Handbook of hydrology[M].New York:Mc Graw-Hill,1992.
[16]孙瑞,张雪芹,吴艳红.藏南羊卓雍错流域水化学主离子特征及其控制因素[J].湖泊科学,2012,24(4):600-608.
[17]黄锡荃.水文学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2000:150-151.
[18]宋祖华,凌娟,母应锋,等.COD与TOC测定方法的比较[J].环境监测管理与技术,2014,23(6):53-54.
[19]张台凡,宋进喜,杨小刚,等.渭河陕西段沉积物中总磷、总氮时空分布特征及其影响因素研究[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(5):1394-1399.
[20]沈建.养殖水体中氨氮的危害及管理措施[J].科学养鱼,2014,38(1):91.
[21]MEYBECK M.Carbon,nitrogen,and phosphorus transport by world rivers[J].American Journal of Science,1982,282(40):401-450.
[22]DOWNING J A,MCCAULCY E.The nitrogen:Phosphorus relationship in lakes[J].Limnol-Oceanogr,1992,37:936-945.
[23]LAU S S S,LANE S N.Biological and chemical factors influencing shallow lake eutrophication:A long-term study[J].The Science of the total Environment,2002,288:167-181.
[24]许畅.湖库藻类浓度预测技术研究及应用[D].杭州:浙江大学,2013.
[25]KARL D,LETELIER R,TUPAS L,et al.The role of nitrogen fixation in biogcochemical cycling in the subtropical North Pacific Ocean[J].Nature,1997,388:533-538.
[26]龚然,徐力刚,徐进,等.主成分分析法在城市小型湖泊水质评价中的应用[J].环境科学与技术,2014(S2).
[27]吴美琼,陈秀贵.基于主成分分析法的钦州市耕地面积变化及其驱动力分析[J].地理科学,2014,34(1):56-58.
[28]徐光宇,柴国平,徐明德,等.主成分分析法在汾河太原城区段水质评价中的应用[J].环境工程,2014,32(6):122-124.