蒙陕大型煤矿开采区水质化学特征与健康风险
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摘要
以蒙陕大型煤矿开采区地下水为研究对象,采用水质分析仪、离子色谱、原子荧光分析仪(AFS)、等离子质谱(ICP-MS)等分析仪器和方法对地下水样品的理化性质、水体主要阴阳离子和As、Hg、Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn、Ni等22种水体参数进行了测定,并运用模糊综合评价法和化学致癌物的健康风险评价模型对水质进行了评价。结果表明,蒙陕大型煤矿开采区地下深水(300 m)均属于一级水质,水质良好,危险金属污染并不明显。其主要阳离子含量总体呈现出Mg2+>Na+>Ca2+>K+的特征,主要阴离子的含量总体呈现出SO42->Cl->NO3->F-的特征,主要的水质类型为SO4·Cl-Na型和重碳酸盐型。虽然大多危险金属对成人和儿童的致癌和非致癌风险均在可接受范围内,但危险元素Cr和As,无论成人还是儿童,其健康风险值均高于其他元素,说明Cr和As比其他元素更容易引起成人和儿童的健康风险,相比之下,危险金属Cr对儿童的致癌风险最大,而As对成人致癌风险较大。从各危险金属总体健康风险数值来看,危险元素引起成人和儿童总健康风险不容忽视,儿童总健康风险大于成人,尤其是在哈拉沟煤矿、王渠沟煤矿和瓜地湾露天煤矿区地下水危险金属总健康风险已经超过ICRP推荐的最大可接受风险值5.0×10-5a-1,应该引起高度重视。
Twenty-two water parameters of groundwater collected from six large coal-mining areas in Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia of China,including physical and chemical properties,major ions and potential toxic elements( PTE)( As,Hg,Cr,Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and Ni),were investigated with automatic water analyzer,ion chromatography( IC),atomic fluorescence analyzer( AFS),and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS). The pollution status and health risk were evaluated by fuzzy comprehensive method and USEPA chemical carcinogens model,respectively. Results showed that the ground water( below 300 m) ranked the first grade in water quality according to the standard of GB/T 14848-93. The contents of main cations and anions decreased as Mg2+>Na+>Ca2+>K+and SO42->Cl->NO3->F-. SO4·Cl-Na and bicarbonate were the main water types. Although the cancer and non-cancer risk of most PTEs exposure to adults and children were within acceptable limits,the PTEs Cr and As were more likely to cause health risks to children and adults than other elements. Moreover,Cr had a greater cancer risk for children compared to As for adults. It is important to note that the health risk from PTEs to children was greater than that to adults. The total health risks of PTEs in groundwater from Halagou,Wangqugou and Guadiwan coal mine areas exceeded the critical load of 5.0 × 10-5 a-1 recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection( ICRP). Our results highlight that more attention should be paid on the health risk of PTEs in groundwater from those areas.
Twenty-two water parameters of groundwater collected from six large coal-mining areas in Shaanxi and Inner Mongolia of China,including physical and chemical properties,major ions and potential toxic elements( PTE)( As,Hg,Cr,Cu,Cd,Pb,Zn and Ni),were investigated with automatic water analyzer,ion chromatography( IC),atomic fluorescence analyzer( AFS),and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry( ICP-MS). The pollution status and health risk were evaluated by fuzzy comprehensive method and USEPA chemical carcinogens model,respectively. Results showed that the ground water( below 300 m) ranked the first grade in water quality according to the standard of GB/T 14848-93. The contents of main cations and anions decreased as Mg2+>Na+>Ca2+>K+and SO42->Cl->NO3->F-. SO4·Cl-Na and bicarbonate were the main water types. Although the cancer and non-cancer risk of most PTEs exposure to adults and children were within acceptable limits,the PTEs Cr and As were more likely to cause health risks to children and adults than other elements. Moreover,Cr had a greater cancer risk for children compared to As for adults. It is important to note that the health risk from PTEs to children was greater than that to adults. The total health risks of PTEs in groundwater from Halagou,Wangqugou and Guadiwan coal mine areas exceeded the critical load of 5.0 × 10-5 a-1 recommended by International Commission on Radiological Protection( ICRP). Our results highlight that more attention should be paid on the health risk of PTEs in groundwater from those areas.
引文
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丁昊天,袁兴中,曾光明,等.2009.基于模糊化的长株潭地区地下水重金属健康风险评价.环境科学研究,22(11):1323-1328.
都平平.2012.生态脆弱区煤炭开采地质环境效应与评价技术研究(博士学位论文).北京:中国矿业大学.
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胡春华,周文斌,夏思奇.2011.鄱阳湖流域水化学主离子特征及其来源分析.环境化学,30(9):1620-1626.
姬亚东.2009.陕北煤矿区矿井水资源化及综合利用研究.地下水,31(1):84-86.
冀瑞君,彭苏萍,范立民,等.2015.神府矿区采煤对地下水循环的影响---以窟野河中下游流域为例.煤炭学报,40(4):938-943.
郎赟超,刘丛强,Satake H,等.2008.贵阳地表水-地下水的硫和氯同位素组成特征及其污染物示踪意义.地球科学进展,23(2):151-159.
刘卫国,肖庆凯.1998.硼,氯同位素测定方法及地球化学研究进展.地球科学进展,13(6):547-554.
孟凡生,王业耀.2007.煤矿开采环境影响评价中地下水问题探析.地下水,29(1):81-84.
莫宏伟,任志远,李振国.2009.陕西榆林市土地生态价值及生态风险动态分析.水土保持通报,29(6):189-197.
钱家忠,李如忠,汪家权,等.2004.城市供水水源地水质健康风险评价.水利学报,35(8):90-93.
宋晓敏,季宏兵,江用彬,等.2010.丰水期红枫湖流域氮污染特征的变化规律研究.矿物岩石地球化学通报,29(1):24-30.
佟浩,杨凤根,李汝君.2015.奎河与沿岸地下水水化学特征及形成作用分析.水资源保护,(6):109-114.
王百群,张卫,邢大韦.1994.神府-东胜煤田大柳塔矿区水质及其污染评价.水土保持研究,(4):100-111.
王兵,李心清,袁洪林,等.2009.西江干流河水主要离子及锶同位素地球化学组成特征.地球化学,38(4):342-350.
王大坤,李新建.1993.健康危害评价在环境质量评价中的应用.环境保护,(12):9-12.
王腾,延军平,刘新颜,等.2013.陕北煤矿区地表水环境评价与水矿捆绑模式研究.水土保持通报,33(2):209-212.
吴起鑫,韩贵琳,唐杨.2012.三峡水库坝前水体水化学及溶解无机碳时空分布特征.环境科学学报,32(3):654-661.
吴起鑫,韩贵琳,陶发祥,等.2011.西南喀斯特农村降水化学研究:以贵州普定为例.环境科学,32(1):26-32.
邢萌,刘卫国,胡婧.2010.沪河、涝河河水硝酸盐氮污染来源的氮同位素示踪.环境科学,31(10):2305-2310.
曾光明,卓利,钟政林,等.1997.水环境健康风险评价模型及其应用.水电能源科学,(4):28-33.
曾光明,卓利,钟政林,等.1998.水环境健康风险评价模型.水科学进展,9(3):212-217.
张东,杨伟,赵建立.2012.氮同位素控制下黄河及其主要支流硝酸盐来源分析.生态与农村环境学报,28(6):622-627.
Han G,Liu CQ.2004.Water geochemistry controlled by carbonate dissolution:A study of the river waters draining karst-dominated terrain,Guizhou Province,China.Chemical Geology,204:1-21.
Hu M,Stallard RF,Edmond JM.1982.Major ion chemistry of some large Chinese rivers.Nature,298:550-553.
Peng K,Li W,Cheng R,et al.2015.An application of system dynamics for evaluating planning alternatives to guide a green industrial transformation in a resource-based city.Journal of Cleaner Production,104:403-412.
US EPA.1986.Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,Incorporated I.Superfund public health evaluation manual.
US EPA.1997.Exposure Factors Hand Book.Washington DC:US EPA.
US EPA.2000.Available information on assessment exposure from pesticides on food.United States:Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticides Program.
Wang D,Zheng J,Song X,et al.2017.Assessing industrial ecosystem vulnerability in the coal mining area under economic fluctuations.Journal of Cleaner Production,142:4019-4031.
丁昊天,袁兴中,曾光明,等.2009.基于模糊化的长株潭地区地下水重金属健康风险评价.环境科学研究,22(11):1323-1328.
都平平.2012.生态脆弱区煤炭开采地质环境效应与评价技术研究(博士学位论文).北京:中国矿业大学.
高继军,张力平,黄圣彪,等.2004.北京市饮用水源水重金属污染物健康风险的初步评价.环境科学,25(2):47-50.
胡春华,周文斌,夏思奇.2011.鄱阳湖流域水化学主离子特征及其来源分析.环境化学,30(9):1620-1626.
姬亚东.2009.陕北煤矿区矿井水资源化及综合利用研究.地下水,31(1):84-86.
冀瑞君,彭苏萍,范立民,等.2015.神府矿区采煤对地下水循环的影响---以窟野河中下游流域为例.煤炭学报,40(4):938-943.
郎赟超,刘丛强,Satake H,等.2008.贵阳地表水-地下水的硫和氯同位素组成特征及其污染物示踪意义.地球科学进展,23(2):151-159.
刘卫国,肖庆凯.1998.硼,氯同位素测定方法及地球化学研究进展.地球科学进展,13(6):547-554.
孟凡生,王业耀.2007.煤矿开采环境影响评价中地下水问题探析.地下水,29(1):81-84.
莫宏伟,任志远,李振国.2009.陕西榆林市土地生态价值及生态风险动态分析.水土保持通报,29(6):189-197.
钱家忠,李如忠,汪家权,等.2004.城市供水水源地水质健康风险评价.水利学报,35(8):90-93.
宋晓敏,季宏兵,江用彬,等.2010.丰水期红枫湖流域氮污染特征的变化规律研究.矿物岩石地球化学通报,29(1):24-30.
佟浩,杨凤根,李汝君.2015.奎河与沿岸地下水水化学特征及形成作用分析.水资源保护,(6):109-114.
王百群,张卫,邢大韦.1994.神府-东胜煤田大柳塔矿区水质及其污染评价.水土保持研究,(4):100-111.
王兵,李心清,袁洪林,等.2009.西江干流河水主要离子及锶同位素地球化学组成特征.地球化学,38(4):342-350.
王大坤,李新建.1993.健康危害评价在环境质量评价中的应用.环境保护,(12):9-12.
王腾,延军平,刘新颜,等.2013.陕北煤矿区地表水环境评价与水矿捆绑模式研究.水土保持通报,33(2):209-212.
吴起鑫,韩贵琳,唐杨.2012.三峡水库坝前水体水化学及溶解无机碳时空分布特征.环境科学学报,32(3):654-661.
吴起鑫,韩贵琳,陶发祥,等.2011.西南喀斯特农村降水化学研究:以贵州普定为例.环境科学,32(1):26-32.
邢萌,刘卫国,胡婧.2010.沪河、涝河河水硝酸盐氮污染来源的氮同位素示踪.环境科学,31(10):2305-2310.
曾光明,卓利,钟政林,等.1997.水环境健康风险评价模型及其应用.水电能源科学,(4):28-33.
曾光明,卓利,钟政林,等.1998.水环境健康风险评价模型.水科学进展,9(3):212-217.
张东,杨伟,赵建立.2012.氮同位素控制下黄河及其主要支流硝酸盐来源分析.生态与农村环境学报,28(6):622-627.
Han G,Liu CQ.2004.Water geochemistry controlled by carbonate dissolution:A study of the river waters draining karst-dominated terrain,Guizhou Province,China.Chemical Geology,204:1-21.
Hu M,Stallard RF,Edmond JM.1982.Major ion chemistry of some large Chinese rivers.Nature,298:550-553.
Peng K,Li W,Cheng R,et al.2015.An application of system dynamics for evaluating planning alternatives to guide a green industrial transformation in a resource-based city.Journal of Cleaner Production,104:403-412.
US EPA.1986.Office of Emergency and Remedial Response,Incorporated I.Superfund public health evaluation manual.
US EPA.1997.Exposure Factors Hand Book.Washington DC:US EPA.
US EPA.2000.Available information on assessment exposure from pesticides on food.United States:Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticides Program.
Wang D,Zheng J,Song X,et al.2017.Assessing industrial ecosystem vulnerability in the coal mining area under economic fluctuations.Journal of Cleaner Production,142:4019-4031.