国际河流水资源去安全化管理模型综述
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摘要
国际河流水资源安全化是指共享水资源竞争被国家视为"存在性威胁",因而被政治化、战略化的过程。水资源去安全化是将水问题从"威胁—防卫"这种序列中剔除,不再将其作为安全问题,使其进入普通的公共领域,成为常态的环境和社会问题。当前国际河流水资源管理主要围绕水资源稀缺、水资源公共属性、水资源流域安全三个方面展开,并分别形成了几种不同的模型和框架,如提出解决水冲突的自反模型、一阶二阶资源矩阵、水谈判四阶段框架等。但这类以水资源作为逻辑起点,以缺水流域为对象的研究对于全球大部分国际河流管理没有太多的应用价值。强调国际河流水资源的共享性,忽视流域国水权的存在,使去安全化管理理论与实践出现了脱节。只有在国际河流水权明确的基础上讨论资源和利益的共享性,才能提高流域各国对国际河流管理去安全化的积极性。
The securitization of water resources of international rivers refers to the process of politicization and strategizing when competing for shared water resources is treated as national"existential threat"by some countries. De-securitize the water resources is to remove the water issues from the sequence of"threat-defense". Water resources should no longer be regarded as a security issue but an environmental and social one for ordinary public. At present,management for international river water resources mainly focuses on three aspects: water scarcity,public properties of water resources,and water resources security. Several different models and frameworks have been formed respectively. For example,a self-reflective model to solve water conflicts,first-order and second-order resources matrix,four-stage framework for negotiation on water issues are proposed. However,these kind of researches which takes water resources as starting point and basins with water shortage as study subjects are hard to applicant in most of the international river basins in the world. Only emphasizing the sharing of water resources in international rivers but ignoring the existence of water rights in river basins make theories and practices of safety management divorced. Only discussing the sharing of resources and interests on the basis of a clear international water right can make countries active in the de-securitization of international river management.
The securitization of water resources of international rivers refers to the process of politicization and strategizing when competing for shared water resources is treated as national"existential threat"by some countries. De-securitize the water resources is to remove the water issues from the sequence of"threat-defense". Water resources should no longer be regarded as a security issue but an environmental and social one for ordinary public. At present,management for international river water resources mainly focuses on three aspects: water scarcity,public properties of water resources,and water resources security. Several different models and frameworks have been formed respectively. For example,a self-reflective model to solve water conflicts,first-order and second-order resources matrix,four-stage framework for negotiation on water issues are proposed. However,these kind of researches which takes water resources as starting point and basins with water shortage as study subjects are hard to applicant in most of the international river basins in the world. Only emphasizing the sharing of water resources in international rivers but ignoring the existence of water rights in river basins make theories and practices of safety management divorced. Only discussing the sharing of resources and interests on the basis of a clear international water right can make countries active in the de-securitization of international river management.
引文
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[16] WOLF A T. Healing the enlightenment rift:rationality,spirituality and shared waters[J]. Journal of International Affairs,2008,61(2):51-73.
[17] WARNER J. The politics of diversion:bridging troubled water in the middle east[D]. Master’s Thesis:University of Amsterdam,1992.
[18]ZEITOUN M,WARNER J. Hydro-Hegemony:A framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts[J]. Water Policy,2006,8(5):435-460.
[2]联合国开发计划署(UNDP):人类发展报告(中文版)[R]. New York:UNDP,2006.
[3]TURTON A R. The political aspects of institutional development in the water sector:south africa and its international river basins[D]. South Africa:University of Pretoria,2002.
[4]Global Water Partnership(GWP). Towards water security:a framework for action-executive Summary[C]. The Hague:World Water Forum,2000.
[5]HOMER-DIXON T F, BLITT J. Eco-violence:Links among environment,population and security”[M]. Washington D C:Rowman&Littlefield Pub Inc,1998.
[6] HOMER-DIXON T F. Environmental scarcities and violent conflict:evidence from cases[J]. International Security,1994,19(1):5-40.
[7]HOMER-DIXON T F,On the threshold:environmental changes as causes of acute conflict[J]. International Security,1991,16(2):77-116.
[8]HOMER-DIXON T F,The Ingenuity Gap[M]. Toronto:Alfred A. Knopf Canada,2000.
[9]MOLDEN D,SAKTHIVADIVEL R,SAMAD M. Accounting for Changes in Water Use and the Need for Institutional Adaptation[M]/ABERNETHY C L. Intersectoral Management of River Basins. Colombo:International Water Management Institute(IWMI),2001.
[10] TURTON A R,OHLSSON L. Water scarcity and social adaptive capacity:towards an understanding of the social dynamics of managing water scarcity in developing countries[R]. London:University of London,1999.
[11] ASHTON P,HAASBROEK B. Water demand management and social adaptive capacity:a south african case study[M]/TURTON A R,HENWOOD R. Hydropolitics in the Developing World:A Southern African Perspective. Pretoria:African Water Issues Research Unit(AWIRU),2002.
[12]OHLSSON L. Environment,Scarcity and Conflict,A Study of Malthusian Concerns:Department of Peace and Development Research[D]. Gothenburg:University of gothenburg,1999.
[13]OHLSSON L,LUNDQVIST J. The turning of a screw-social adaptation to water scarcity[M]/FALKENMARK M. New dimensions in water security:a study prepared for FAO.Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization,2000.
[14]TURTON A R,WARNER J. Exploring the population/water resources nexus in the developing world[M]/DABELKO G D. Finding the Source:the linkage between population and water. Environmental Change and Security Project(ECSP).Washington D C:The Woodrow Wilson Centre,2002.
[15]TURTON A R. Water scarcity and social adaptive capacity:towards an understanding of the social dynamics of managing water scarcity in developing countries[R]. London:University of London,1999.
[16] WOLF A T. Healing the enlightenment rift:rationality,spirituality and shared waters[J]. Journal of International Affairs,2008,61(2):51-73.
[17] WARNER J. The politics of diversion:bridging troubled water in the middle east[D]. Master’s Thesis:University of Amsterdam,1992.
[18]ZEITOUN M,WARNER J. Hydro-Hegemony:A framework for analysis of trans-boundary water conflicts[J]. Water Policy,2006,8(5):435-460.