中国主要城市水资源价值评价与定价研究
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摘要
水资源价值评价与定价是编制水资源资产负债表的基础条件,也是确定城市供水价格和水权交易的前提。本文利用模糊数学评价方法,从供水、需水和水质三个方面构建指标体系,指标的选取既满足反映水价的代表性需要,又考虑数据的可获得性,力求指标体系具有可操作性和推广应用价值。基于该评价模型,本文选取中国32个大中城市为研究对象,对其水资源价值进行评价,同时计算出反映支付能力的水资源价格。结果显示,中国水资源价值具有明显的空间分布特征,北方城市水资源价值普遍高于南方城市,反映出中国水资源空间分布和经济社会发展的区域特征。其中,郑州和银川的水资源价值最高,太原、沈阳、石家庄等12个城市的水资源短缺形势也依然较为严峻。水资源价格方面,北京最高,为28.7元/t;青岛、济南、上海和太原等城市的水资源价格也较高(>15元/t)。
Water resource evaluation and pricing is the foundation for the preparation of a water resource balance sheet, urban water supply price determination and water rights transactions. This paper applied fuzzy mathematics evaluation methods and constructed the index system from the aspects of water supply, water demand and water quality. In selecting representative indexes, it both reflected the water intrinsic value and considered data availability to endow operationality and applicability. Based on the proposed evaluation model, we selected 32 large and medium cities in China as research subjects to evaluate the value of water resources according to water prices that reflect citizens' ability to pay. It is found that the water resource value in China shows obvious spatial distribution characteristics-water resource value in northern cities is generally higher than t southern cities, reflecting the spatial distribution of water resource supply and regional gaps in economic and social development. For instance, Zhengzhou, Taiyuan and Qingdao have higher value than Guangzhou, Changsha and Fuzhou from the perspective of water supply side; Yinchuan,Nanjing and Zhengzhou have high value than Chongqing, Hangzhou and Guiyang from the water demand side. A higher water resource means the according city either encounters limited water supply or requires plenty of water to satisfy development. Zhengzhou and Yinchuan have the highest comprehensive water resource values; the water shortage situation in 12 cities such as Taiyuan, Shenyang and Shijiazhuang is grim. By pricing water resources, Beijing is the city with the highest water price at 28.7 CNY/ton; followed by Qingdao, Jinan, Shanghai and Taiyuan, with price higher than 15 CNY/ton. Water prices in Chongqing, Guiyang and Nanning are relatively low at 5 CNY/ton.
Water resource evaluation and pricing is the foundation for the preparation of a water resource balance sheet, urban water supply price determination and water rights transactions. This paper applied fuzzy mathematics evaluation methods and constructed the index system from the aspects of water supply, water demand and water quality. In selecting representative indexes, it both reflected the water intrinsic value and considered data availability to endow operationality and applicability. Based on the proposed evaluation model, we selected 32 large and medium cities in China as research subjects to evaluate the value of water resources according to water prices that reflect citizens' ability to pay. It is found that the water resource value in China shows obvious spatial distribution characteristics-water resource value in northern cities is generally higher than t southern cities, reflecting the spatial distribution of water resource supply and regional gaps in economic and social development. For instance, Zhengzhou, Taiyuan and Qingdao have higher value than Guangzhou, Changsha and Fuzhou from the perspective of water supply side; Yinchuan,Nanjing and Zhengzhou have high value than Chongqing, Hangzhou and Guiyang from the water demand side. A higher water resource means the according city either encounters limited water supply or requires plenty of water to satisfy development. Zhengzhou and Yinchuan have the highest comprehensive water resource values; the water shortage situation in 12 cities such as Taiyuan, Shenyang and Shijiazhuang is grim. By pricing water resources, Beijing is the city with the highest water price at 28.7 CNY/ton; followed by Qingdao, Jinan, Shanghai and Taiyuan, with price higher than 15 CNY/ton. Water prices in Chongqing, Guiyang and Nanning are relatively low at 5 CNY/ton.
引文
[1]王浩,王建华.中国水资源与可持续发展[J].中国科学院院刊,2012,27(3):352-358.[Wang H,Wang J H.Sustainable utilization of China’s water resources[J].Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2012,27(3):352-358.]
[2]新华社.中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2017-08-30].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-11/15/content_2528179.htm.[Xinhua Net.Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2017-08-30].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-11/15/content_2528179.htm.]
[3]徐晓鹏,武春友.水资源价格理论研究综述[J].甘肃社会科学,2005,(3):218-221.[Xu X P,Wu C Y.Theory review of water resource pricing[J].Gansu Social Sciences,2005,(3):218-221.]
[4]刘兴远,宋小明,周兴华.关于城市供水成本与水价的思考[J].中国经贸导刊,2014,(24):76-79.[Liu X Y,Song X M,Zhou XH.Reflections on urban water supply cost and water price[J].China Economic&Trade Herald,2014,(24):76-79.]
[5]汪恕诚.水利部部长:水市场不可能离开政府宏观调控[EB/OL].(2000-11-17)[2017-09-11].http://finance.sina.com.cn/2000-11-17/23201.html.[Wang S C.Minister of Water Resources:Water Market Cannot Leave the Government Macro-Control[EB/OL].(2000-11-17)[2017-09-11].http://finance.sina.com.cn/2000-11-17/23201.html.]
[6]李春雨,石海宽.水资源价格理论研究综述[J].山西水利科技,2002,(1):79-81.[Li C Y,Shi H K.Introduction on theory of water resources price[J].Shanxi Hydrotechnics,2002,(1):79-81.]
[7]Schneider L,Whitlatch E.User-specific water demand elasticities[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning&Management,1991,117(1):52-73.
[8]Fotopoulos A,Taylor T R.Simulation versus optimization in the assessment of the resource opportunity cost in complex water resources systems[J].Journal of Neurophysiology,2009,108(11):3096-3104.
[9]Tilmant A,Marques G,Mohamed Y.A dynamic water accounting framework based on marginal resource opportunity cost[J].Hydrology&Earth System Sciences Discussions,2014,11(10):1457-1467.
[10]姜文来.水资源价值模型研究[J].资源科学,1998,13(1):35-43.[Jiang W L.A study on model of water resources value[J].Resources Science,1998,13(1):35-43.]
[11]钦丽娟,曹剑峰,平建华,等.模糊数学在郑州市水资源价值评价中的应用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(4):487-490.[Qin L J,Cao J F,Ping J H,et al.Application of fuzzy mathematics in evaluation of water resources value in Zhengzhou city[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2005,35(4):487-490.]
[12]简富缋,宋晓谕,虞文宝.水资源资产价格模糊数学综合评价指标体系构建-以黑河中游张掖市为例[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(2):567-572.[Jian F H,Song X Y,Yu W B.Construction of the evaluation system of water asset price with fuzzy comprehensive assessment indexes:Taking Zhangye Prefecture in Heihe River basin as an example[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(2):567-572.]
[13]国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.[National Environmental Protection Administration,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine.GB 3838-2002 Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.]
[14]国家技术监督局.GB/T 14848-93地下水质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1993.[National Technical Supervision Bureau.GB/T 14848-93 Quality Standard for Ground Water[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,1993.]
[15]冷艳杰,杨培岭,刘玉龙.水费支出系数分析[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2004,35(5-6):522-524.[Leng Y J,Yang P L,Liu Y L.Analysis on the coefficient of water fee[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2004,35(5-6):522-524.]
[16]施熙灿.国外及我国部分地区水价概况[J].水利水电科技进展,2003,23(3):60-64.[Shi X C.Overview of water prices in foreign countries and parts of China[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2003,23(3):60-64.]
[17]国家计委,建设部.城市供水价格管理办法[EB/OL].(1998-9-23)[2017-08-30].http://www.yzx.gov.cn/5/149/366/369/26682.html.[National Planning Commission,Ministry of Construction.Urban Water Supply Price Management Measures[EB/OL].(1998-9-23)[2017-08-30].http://www.yzx.gov.cn/5/149/366/369/26682.html.]
[18]中华人民共和国水利部.中国水资源公报[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2010-2015.[The Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China.China Water Resources Bulletin[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2000-2015.]
[19]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2011-2016.[National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.China Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2001-2016.]
1)总用水可分为生产用水、生活用水和生态用水。其中生态用水指回补生态环境的用水,用水比例较小,因此一般主要考虑生产用水和生活用水。生产用水以农业用水和工业用水为主,其中工业用水一般用万元工业增加值用水量表示,其与万元GDP用水量较为一致,因此本文在单项用水方面主要考虑农业用水和生活用水。
2)农业用水与生活用水、城镇居民生活用水和农村居民生活用水均形成用水竞争关系,对城镇居民生活用水的水价带来一定影响。
1)各城市的数据完备度差异很大,部分城市数据缺失,可由监测站点的水质等级所占比重作为隶属度。
2)根据世界银行等资料研究,水费支出占家庭收入的比例不同时,对居民心理的影响或其承受能力不同:水费占比1%时,对心理影响不大;占比2%时,有一定影响,并开始关心用水量;当水费占比3%时,比较重视用水,并注意节约用水;水费占比5%以上时,对心理影响很大,并考虑水重复利用问题。
[2]新华社.中共中央关于全面深化改革若干重大问题的决定[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2017-08-30].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-11/15/content_2528179.htm.[Xinhua Net.Decision of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China on Some Major Issues Concerning Comprehensively Deepening the Reform[EB/OL].(2013-11-15)[2017-08-30].http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2013-11/15/content_2528179.htm.]
[3]徐晓鹏,武春友.水资源价格理论研究综述[J].甘肃社会科学,2005,(3):218-221.[Xu X P,Wu C Y.Theory review of water resource pricing[J].Gansu Social Sciences,2005,(3):218-221.]
[4]刘兴远,宋小明,周兴华.关于城市供水成本与水价的思考[J].中国经贸导刊,2014,(24):76-79.[Liu X Y,Song X M,Zhou XH.Reflections on urban water supply cost and water price[J].China Economic&Trade Herald,2014,(24):76-79.]
[5]汪恕诚.水利部部长:水市场不可能离开政府宏观调控[EB/OL].(2000-11-17)[2017-09-11].http://finance.sina.com.cn/2000-11-17/23201.html.[Wang S C.Minister of Water Resources:Water Market Cannot Leave the Government Macro-Control[EB/OL].(2000-11-17)[2017-09-11].http://finance.sina.com.cn/2000-11-17/23201.html.]
[6]李春雨,石海宽.水资源价格理论研究综述[J].山西水利科技,2002,(1):79-81.[Li C Y,Shi H K.Introduction on theory of water resources price[J].Shanxi Hydrotechnics,2002,(1):79-81.]
[7]Schneider L,Whitlatch E.User-specific water demand elasticities[J].Journal of Water Resources Planning&Management,1991,117(1):52-73.
[8]Fotopoulos A,Taylor T R.Simulation versus optimization in the assessment of the resource opportunity cost in complex water resources systems[J].Journal of Neurophysiology,2009,108(11):3096-3104.
[9]Tilmant A,Marques G,Mohamed Y.A dynamic water accounting framework based on marginal resource opportunity cost[J].Hydrology&Earth System Sciences Discussions,2014,11(10):1457-1467.
[10]姜文来.水资源价值模型研究[J].资源科学,1998,13(1):35-43.[Jiang W L.A study on model of water resources value[J].Resources Science,1998,13(1):35-43.]
[11]钦丽娟,曹剑峰,平建华,等.模糊数学在郑州市水资源价值评价中的应用[J].吉林大学学报(地球科学版),2005,35(4):487-490.[Qin L J,Cao J F,Ping J H,et al.Application of fuzzy mathematics in evaluation of water resources value in Zhengzhou city[J].Journal of Jilin University(Earth Science Edition),2005,35(4):487-490.]
[12]简富缋,宋晓谕,虞文宝.水资源资产价格模糊数学综合评价指标体系构建-以黑河中游张掖市为例[J].冰川冻土,2016,38(2):567-572.[Jian F H,Song X Y,Yu W B.Construction of the evaluation system of water asset price with fuzzy comprehensive assessment indexes:Taking Zhangye Prefecture in Heihe River basin as an example[J].Journal of Glaciology and Geocryology,2016,38(2):567-572.]
[13]国家环境保护总局,国家质量监督检验检疫总局.GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准[S].北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002.[National Environmental Protection Administration,General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine.GB 3838-2002 Environmental Quality Standards for Surface Water[S].Beijing:China Environmental Science Press,2002.]
[14]国家技术监督局.GB/T 14848-93地下水质量标准[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1993.[National Technical Supervision Bureau.GB/T 14848-93 Quality Standard for Ground Water[S].Beijing:China Standard Press,1993.]
[15]冷艳杰,杨培岭,刘玉龙.水费支出系数分析[J].沈阳农业大学学报,2004,35(5-6):522-524.[Leng Y J,Yang P L,Liu Y L.Analysis on the coefficient of water fee[J].Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University,2004,35(5-6):522-524.]
[16]施熙灿.国外及我国部分地区水价概况[J].水利水电科技进展,2003,23(3):60-64.[Shi X C.Overview of water prices in foreign countries and parts of China[J].Advances in Science and Technology of Water Resources,2003,23(3):60-64.]
[17]国家计委,建设部.城市供水价格管理办法[EB/OL].(1998-9-23)[2017-08-30].http://www.yzx.gov.cn/5/149/366/369/26682.html.[National Planning Commission,Ministry of Construction.Urban Water Supply Price Management Measures[EB/OL].(1998-9-23)[2017-08-30].http://www.yzx.gov.cn/5/149/366/369/26682.html.]
[18]中华人民共和国水利部.中国水资源公报[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2010-2015.[The Ministry of Water Resources of the People’s Republic of China.China Water Resources Bulletin[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2000-2015.]
[19]中华人民共和国国家统计局.中国统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,2011-2016.[National Bureau of Statistics of the People’s Republic of China.China Statistical Yearbook[M].Beijing:China Statistics Press,2001-2016.]
1)总用水可分为生产用水、生活用水和生态用水。其中生态用水指回补生态环境的用水,用水比例较小,因此一般主要考虑生产用水和生活用水。生产用水以农业用水和工业用水为主,其中工业用水一般用万元工业增加值用水量表示,其与万元GDP用水量较为一致,因此本文在单项用水方面主要考虑农业用水和生活用水。
2)农业用水与生活用水、城镇居民生活用水和农村居民生活用水均形成用水竞争关系,对城镇居民生活用水的水价带来一定影响。
1)各城市的数据完备度差异很大,部分城市数据缺失,可由监测站点的水质等级所占比重作为隶属度。
2)根据世界银行等资料研究,水费支出占家庭收入的比例不同时,对居民心理的影响或其承受能力不同:水费占比1%时,对心理影响不大;占比2%时,有一定影响,并开始关心用水量;当水费占比3%时,比较重视用水,并注意节约用水;水费占比5%以上时,对心理影响很大,并考虑水重复利用问题。