基于观测与模拟结合的疏勒河流域辣椒灌溉制度优化
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摘要
针对田间灌溉试验的处理和水平设置有限,影响因素众多,且人力与物力成本较高等问题,该文提出了基于田间观测与数值模拟结合的灌溉制度分析方法,研究了疏勒河流域畦灌条件下的辣椒耗水特性与灌溉制度。结果表明,疏勒河流域现行灌溉制度下的辣椒全生育期耗水量为456.76 mm,各生育期作物日均耗水强度的大小排序为:膨大期>坐果期>开花期>成熟期>苗期;现行灌溉制度下作物水分胁迫和深层渗漏均较为严重。寻优后提出疏勒河流域辣椒适宜的畦灌灌溉制度为:灌溉次数9次,灌水间隔为30 d与15 d两种,每次灌水定额45-80 mm不等,灌溉定额525 mm。实践中可结合具体气候条件和土壤水分监测情况加以调整。
In order to overcome the barriers on conducting field irrigation experiments including limited number of treatments and level setting, a large number of influencing factors as well as the high cost of human and material resources, this paper establishes an irrigation scheduling analysis method through combination of field observation and numerical simulation. The method was applied to analyze the water consumption characteristics and irrigation scheduling of pepper under the condition of border irrigation in the Shule River Basin. Field observations included soil volumetric moisture content, crop plant height, meteorological data, and soil physical parameters. The Hydrus-1 D model was adopted in the method to simulate the water movement process during crop growth period. The calibration and verification of the model were conducted by using data of measured soil volumetric moisture content in the first and second half of pepper growth period, respectively. RMSE(root mean square error) and RMSD(root mean square deviation) were used to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the model. RMSE reflected the average degree of absolute error between the simulated value and the measured value. RMSD was the standardization of RMSE, and reflected the degree of deviation between the simulated value and the measured value. The calibrated and validated model was used to analyze the water consumption law of the crop growth process, and numerical experiments of the irrigation scheduling scenario were conducted to find the better irrigation scheduling with minimum water stress and deep percolation. The amount of water stress was defined as the cumulative amount of soil water content less than 60% of field capacity in the maximum root layer. The results of the method application showed that the total water consumption of pepper during the whole growth period was 456.76 mm under current irrigation scheduling. The ranking of average daily water consumption intensity was swelling stage > fruit setting stage > flowering stage > maturity stage > seedling stage. The results also showed that there was serious deep percolation loss, and water stress occurred in several growth periods, for the amount of deep percolation in the current scheduling during the whole growth period was 171.56 mm and that of water stress was 39.46 mm. In order to obtain the better irrigation scheduling, 96 new scenarios for irrigation scheduling were developed, which included 6 irrigation amounts for each application and 16 irrigation time intervals. With the increase of TIA(total irrigation amount), WC(water consumption) showed an increasing trend, and then became steady, and the range of TIA for WC peaks was 950-1 120 mm. WS(water stress) showed a trend of rapidly decreasing with the increase of TIA, and became extremely small after TIA exceeded 750 mm. With the increase of TIA, DP(deep percolation) showed a trend of slowly increasing first and then rapidly increasing linearly. According to the principle of minimum amount of deep percolation and water stress, taking into account the operating intensity and acceptability of the farmers, this paper proposed that the border irrigation scheduling of pepper in Shule River Basin should be: 525 mm for the total irrigation amount, 9 times irrigation per year, 30-day interval between 2 irrigations in the seedling period, 15-day interval in other growth periods, and 45-80 mm for the irrigation amounts for each application. In practice, it can be adjusted according to specific climatic conditions and soil moisture monitoring.
In order to overcome the barriers on conducting field irrigation experiments including limited number of treatments and level setting, a large number of influencing factors as well as the high cost of human and material resources, this paper establishes an irrigation scheduling analysis method through combination of field observation and numerical simulation. The method was applied to analyze the water consumption characteristics and irrigation scheduling of pepper under the condition of border irrigation in the Shule River Basin. Field observations included soil volumetric moisture content, crop plant height, meteorological data, and soil physical parameters. The Hydrus-1 D model was adopted in the method to simulate the water movement process during crop growth period. The calibration and verification of the model were conducted by using data of measured soil volumetric moisture content in the first and second half of pepper growth period, respectively. RMSE(root mean square error) and RMSD(root mean square deviation) were used to quantitatively evaluate the performance of the model. RMSE reflected the average degree of absolute error between the simulated value and the measured value. RMSD was the standardization of RMSE, and reflected the degree of deviation between the simulated value and the measured value. The calibrated and validated model was used to analyze the water consumption law of the crop growth process, and numerical experiments of the irrigation scheduling scenario were conducted to find the better irrigation scheduling with minimum water stress and deep percolation. The amount of water stress was defined as the cumulative amount of soil water content less than 60% of field capacity in the maximum root layer. The results of the method application showed that the total water consumption of pepper during the whole growth period was 456.76 mm under current irrigation scheduling. The ranking of average daily water consumption intensity was swelling stage > fruit setting stage > flowering stage > maturity stage > seedling stage. The results also showed that there was serious deep percolation loss, and water stress occurred in several growth periods, for the amount of deep percolation in the current scheduling during the whole growth period was 171.56 mm and that of water stress was 39.46 mm. In order to obtain the better irrigation scheduling, 96 new scenarios for irrigation scheduling were developed, which included 6 irrigation amounts for each application and 16 irrigation time intervals. With the increase of TIA(total irrigation amount), WC(water consumption) showed an increasing trend, and then became steady, and the range of TIA for WC peaks was 950-1 120 mm. WS(water stress) showed a trend of rapidly decreasing with the increase of TIA, and became extremely small after TIA exceeded 750 mm. With the increase of TIA, DP(deep percolation) showed a trend of slowly increasing first and then rapidly increasing linearly. According to the principle of minimum amount of deep percolation and water stress, taking into account the operating intensity and acceptability of the farmers, this paper proposed that the border irrigation scheduling of pepper in Shule River Basin should be: 525 mm for the total irrigation amount, 9 times irrigation per year, 30-day interval between 2 irrigations in the seedling period, 15-day interval in other growth periods, and 45-80 mm for the irrigation amounts for each application. In practice, it can be adjusted according to specific climatic conditions and soil moisture monitoring.
引文
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[27]王忠静,王光谦,王建华,等.基于水联网及智慧水利提高水资源效能[J].水利水电技术,2013,44(1):1-6.Wang Zhongjing,Wang Guangqian,Wang Jianhua,et al.Developing the internet of water to prompt water utilization efficiency[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2013,44(1):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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[2]康绍忠,粟晓玲,杜太生,等.西北旱区流域尺度水资源转化规律及其节水调控模式:以甘肃石羊河流域为例[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2009.Kang Shaozhong,Su Xiaoling,Du Taisheng,et al.Transformation of water resources at basin scale and its water-saving regulation model in arid northwest china:Acase study in Shiyang River Basin,Gansu Province[M].Beijing:China Water&Power Press,2009.
[3]Li Yong,Simunek J,Jing Longfei,et al.Evaluation of water movement and water losses in a direct-seeded-rice field experiment using Hydrus-1D[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,142:38-46.
[4]Zitouna-Chebbi R,Mahjoub I,Mekki I,et al.Comparing evapotranspiration rates estimated from atmospheric flux,soil water balance and FAO56 method in a small orange orchard in Tunisia[J].Acta Horticulturae,2017,1150:23-30.
[5]Liu Changming,Zhang Xiying,Zhang Yongqiang.Determination of daily evaporation and evapotranspiration of winter wheat and maize by large-scale weighing lysimeter and micro-lysimeter[J].Agricultural&Forest Meteorology,2002,111(2):109-120.
[6]Testi L,Villalobos F J,Orgaz F.Evapotranspiration of a young irrigated olive orchard in southern Spain[J].Agricultural and Forest Meteorology,2004,121(1/2):1-18.
[7]刘绍民,孙中平,李小文,等.蒸散量测定与估算方法的对比研究[J].自然资源学报,2003,18(2):161-167.Liu Shaomin,Sun Zhongping,Li Xiaowen,et al.Acomparative study on models for estimating evapotranspiration[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2003,18(2):161-167.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[8]Green S R,Clothier B E.Water-use of kiwifruit vines and apple-trees by the heat-pulse technique[J].Journal of Experimental Botany,1988,39(1):115-123.
[9]张丛.基于遥感信息与统计资料的区域粮食作物耗水量时空变化研究[D].石家庄:河北师范大学,2014.Zhang Cong.Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water Consumption for Major Grains Production in the Northern China Based on Remote Sensing and Statistical Data[D].Shijiazhuang:Heibei Normal University,2014.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[10]Courault D,Seguin B,Olioso A.Review on estimation of evapotranspiration from remote sensing data:From empirical to numerical modeling approaches[J].Irrigation&Drainage Systems,2005,19(3/4):223-249.
[11]王鹏,宋献方,袁瑞强,等.基于Hydrus-1d模型的农田SPAC系统水分通量估算--以山西省运城市董村农场为例[J].地理研究,2011,30(4):622-634.Wang Peng,Song Xianfang,Yuan Ruiqiang,et al.Water flux estimation in SPAC system of farmland using Hydrus-1d model:A case of Dongcun Farm in Yuncheng City,Shanxi Province[J].Geographical Research,2011,30(4):622-634.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[12]杨大文,丛振涛,尚松浩,等.从土壤水动力学到生态水文学的发展与展望[J].水利学报,2016,47(3):390-397.Yang Dawen,Cong Zhentao,Shang Songhao,et al.Research advances from soil water dynamics to ecohydrology[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2016,47(3):390-397.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[13]Tafteh A,Sepaskhah A R.Application of HYDRUS-1D model for simulating water and nitrate leaching from continuous and alternate furrow irrigated rapeseed and maize fields[J].Agricultural Water Management,2012,113:19-29.
[14]马欢,杨大文,雷慧闽,等.Hydrus-1D模型在田间水循环规律分析中的应用及改进[J].农业工程学报,2011,27(3):6-12.Ma Huan,Yang Dawen,Lei Huimin,et al.Application and improvement of Hydrus-1D model for analyzing water cycle in an agricultural field[J].Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering(Transactions of the TCSAE),2011,27(3):6-12.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[15]Tan Xuezhi,Shao Dongguo,Liu Huanhuan.Simulating soil water regime in lowland paddy fields under different water managements using HYDRUS-1D[J].Agricultural Water Management,2014,132:69-78.
[16]卞建民,李育松,胡昱欣,等.基于Hydrus-1D模型的大安灌区旱田灌溉入渗补给研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2014,32(2):191-195.Bian Jianmin,Li Yusong,Hu Yuxin,et al.Study on recharge from dry farmland irrigation based on the Hydrus-1D model in Da'an irrigation district[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2014,32(2):191-195.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[17]Jha S K,Gao Yang,Liu Hao,et al.Root development and water uptake in winter wheat under different irrigation methods and scheduling for North China[J].Agricultural Water Management,2017,182:139-150.
[18]Simunek J,Genuchten M T,Sejna M.Development and applications of the HYDRUS and STANMOD software packages and related codes[J].Vadose Zone Journal,2008,7(9):587-600.
[19]Feddes R A,Kowalik P J,Zaradny H.Simulation of field water use and crop yield[M].New York:John Wiley&Sons,1978.
[20]Hoffman G J,Genuchten M T.Soil Properties and Efficient Water Use:Water Management for Salinity Control[M].//In:Limitations to Efficient Water Use in Crop Production.Madison:American Society of Agronomy,1983.
[21]Ritchie J T.Model for predicting evaporation from a row crop with incomplete cover[J].Water Resources Research,1972,8(5):1204-1213.
[22]Allan R G,Pereira L S,Raes D,et al.Crop Evapotranspiration:Guidelines for Computing Crop Water Requirements[M].Rome:Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,1998.
[23]韩国君,黄海霞,褚润,等.沙漠绿洲隔沟交替灌溉辣椒的耗水特征及作物系数研究[J].中国农学通报,2016,32(25):44-51.Han Guojun,Huang Haixia,Chu Run,et al.Water consumption and crop coefficient of pepper by alternative irrigation in desert oasis[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2016,32(25):44-51.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[24]马中华,张勃,张建香,等.疏勒河中游生态服务价值对土地利用变化的响应[J].生态学杂志,2011,30(11):2584-2589.Ma Zhonghua,Zhang Bo,Zhang Jianxiang,et al.Responses of ecological services value to land use change in middle reach of Shulehe River[J].Chinese Journal of Ecology,2011,30(11):2584-2589.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[25]黄海霞,韩国君,陈年来,等.荒漠绿洲调亏灌溉条件下辣椒耗水规律研究[J].自然资源学报,2012,27(5):747-756.Huang Haixia,Han Guojun,Chen Nianlai,et al.Water consumption pattern of Capsicum annuum under regulated deficit irrigation in desert oasis[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2012,27(5):747-756.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[26]任玉忠.干旱区枣园土壤水深层渗漏数值模拟研究[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2010.Ren Yuzhong.Numerical Simulation of Soil Water Deep Percolation of a Jujube Orchard in Arid Region[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2010.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[27]王忠静,王光谦,王建华,等.基于水联网及智慧水利提高水资源效能[J].水利水电技术,2013,44(1):1-6.Wang Zhongjing,Wang Guangqian,Wang Jianhua,et al.Developing the internet of water to prompt water utilization efficiency[J].Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering,2013,44(1):1-6.(in Chinese with English abstract)
[28]于芷婧,尚松浩.华北轮作农田灌溉制度多目标优化模型及应用[J].水利学报,2016,47(9):1188-1196.Yu Zhijing,Shang Songhao.Multi-objective optimization method for irrigation scheduling of crop rotation system and its application in North China[J].Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,2016,47(9):1188-1196.(in Chinese with English abstract)
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