南海三沙永乐龙洞悬浮体组分及其来源
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摘要
三沙永乐龙洞位于南海北部永乐环礁上,水深达300m,是世界已知最深的海洋蓝洞。采用扫描电镜和能谱仪对2016年10月和2017年3月在永乐龙洞从表层到270m的24个不同深度采集的水体悬浮体组分进行了分析,发现悬浮体组分种类丰富,粒度差异大,来源/成因多样,可分为生源碎屑、陆源碎屑、自生矿物颗粒、有机包膜-海洋雪花和人工产物碎屑等5类。生源碎屑以碳酸盐为主,主要来自现代珊瑚礁的松散沉积物,是悬浮体的主要组分。陆源碎屑主要是造岩矿物如石英和长石,以及一些包括重矿物的副矿物,其中细小的陆源造岩矿物碎屑,有可能来自气溶胶沉降,粗粒碎屑可能来自附近琛航岛工程散落的海南岛沿岸海砂。自生矿物颗粒包括重晶石、球状微粒氧化铁集合体和纳米黄铁矿。纳米黄铁矿及其集合体出现在130m以深水体中,是含硫化氢的无氧极端水体的特定产物。有机包膜在生物降解过程中形成,有时包覆多个不同组分的颗粒,常呈片状漂浮在水体中,形成海洋雪花。人工产物碎屑包括多种金属碎屑、微塑料纤维丝和过硫化铅丝。金属碎屑可能来自船只金属部件耗损,微塑料纤维可能来自渔网残余。本文是首次有关海洋蓝洞悬浮体组分的系统报道。永乐龙洞悬浮体组分特色鲜明,对认识其生态系统和沉积记录有重要意义。
The Sansha Yongle blue hole is located in the Yongle coral atoll in the northern South China Sea. Being deeper than 300 m, the Yongle blue hole is the deepest marine blue hole in the world. Water samples at 24 different depths from surface to 270 m in the blue hole were collected in October 2016 and March 2017. The particle components of suspended matter of the water samples were studied in SEM(scanning electron microscope) and X-ray energy dispersive analysis. The grain sizes, mineral components, and their sources/origins varied greatly. The mineral components could be classified into five groups: the biogenous debris, terrestrial debris, authigenic particles, organic films-marine snowflakes, and debris of modern artificial materials. The biogenous debris, composed mainly of carbonate particles, is originated from loose sediments on the coral reef flat and is the dominant component of the suspended matter. The terrestrial debris consists of rock-forming minerals such as quartz and feldspars, and are associated with some heavy minerals. The fine part of the terrestrial rock-forming debris may originate from aerosols deposition. The coarse part may come from the beach sands of the Hainan Island used for construction activities in Chenhang Island nearby. The authigenic components consist of barite, the spherical aggregate of micro-grains of iron hydroxide, and nano-pyrite. The nano-pyrites and their spherical aggregates were found in waters below 130 m as a specific component formed in the anoxic waters with sulfide hydrogen. Organic films are formed through the decay of organism relict in the water column and frequently cover or pack suspended grains. In low density, the films are often floating in water as marine snowflakes. The components of artificial product consist of different metallic debris, microplastic fibers, and lead sulfide wires. The metallic debris may come from the abrasion of the metallic parts of boats or ships. The microplastic fibers may come from the relict of fishing nets. This paper is the first report of a systematic research on particle components of suspended matter in the marine blue hole. Our results show that the suspended matter components in the Yongle blue hole are quite distinctive. This study would be helpful for the understanding of the unique ecology system and sedimentation history in the blue hole.
The Sansha Yongle blue hole is located in the Yongle coral atoll in the northern South China Sea. Being deeper than 300 m, the Yongle blue hole is the deepest marine blue hole in the world. Water samples at 24 different depths from surface to 270 m in the blue hole were collected in October 2016 and March 2017. The particle components of suspended matter of the water samples were studied in SEM(scanning electron microscope) and X-ray energy dispersive analysis. The grain sizes, mineral components, and their sources/origins varied greatly. The mineral components could be classified into five groups: the biogenous debris, terrestrial debris, authigenic particles, organic films-marine snowflakes, and debris of modern artificial materials. The biogenous debris, composed mainly of carbonate particles, is originated from loose sediments on the coral reef flat and is the dominant component of the suspended matter. The terrestrial debris consists of rock-forming minerals such as quartz and feldspars, and are associated with some heavy minerals. The fine part of the terrestrial rock-forming debris may originate from aerosols deposition. The coarse part may come from the beach sands of the Hainan Island used for construction activities in Chenhang Island nearby. The authigenic components consist of barite, the spherical aggregate of micro-grains of iron hydroxide, and nano-pyrite. The nano-pyrites and their spherical aggregates were found in waters below 130 m as a specific component formed in the anoxic waters with sulfide hydrogen. Organic films are formed through the decay of organism relict in the water column and frequently cover or pack suspended grains. In low density, the films are often floating in water as marine snowflakes. The components of artificial product consist of different metallic debris, microplastic fibers, and lead sulfide wires. The metallic debris may come from the abrasion of the metallic parts of boats or ships. The microplastic fibers may come from the relict of fishing nets. This paper is the first report of a systematic research on particle components of suspended matter in the marine blue hole. Our results show that the suspended matter components in the Yongle blue hole are quite distinctive. This study would be helpful for the understanding of the unique ecology system and sedimentation history in the blue hole.
引文
毕乃双,傅亮,陈洪举等,2018.南海三沙永乐龙洞关键水体环境要素特征及其影响因素.科学通报,http://engine.scichina.com/doi/10.1360/N972017-01329
王国忠,吕炳全,全松青,1987.动物与磷的成矿作用--岛屿磷块岩的成矿机理.地质学报,(1):74-81,104
田洁,2015.南海西北陆坡区新生代碳酸盐台地周缘深水沉积体系研究.青岛:中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所)博士学位论文
毕东杰,张道军,翟世奎等,2017.青藏高原隆升、琼东南盆地沉降和西沙岛礁发育之间的耦合关系.海洋学报,39(1):52-63
余强,姜振春,2013.西沙琛航岛礁工程地质特征.土工基础,27(2):115-117
沙庆安,1986.西沙永乐群岛珊瑚礁一瞥.石油与天然气地质,7(4):412-418
邹仁林,朱袁智,王永川等,1979.西沙群岛珊瑚礁组成成份的分析和“海藻脊”的讨论.海洋学报,1(2):292-298
林明坤,林川善,潘燕俊等,2016.海南省东部浅海锆钛砂矿物特征及成矿条件浅析.西部探矿工程,28(11):141-143
钟晋樑,黄金森,1979.我国西沙群岛松散堆积物的粒度和组成的初步分析.海洋与湖沼,10(2):125-135
海南省海洋厅,海南省海岛资源综合调查领导小组办公室,1996.海南省海岛资源综合调查研究报告.北京:海洋出版社
曾昭璇,1986.南海诸岛.广州:广东人民出版社
Denommee K C,Bentley S J,Droxler A W,2014.Climatic controls on hurricane patterns:a 1200-y near-annual record from Lighthouse Reef,Belize.Scientific Reports,4:3876
Dong J D,Li Y C,Wang Y S et al,2015.The baseline of coral reef water quality in Xisha Islands waters of South China Sea under southwest monsoon.Aquatic Ecosystem Health&Management,18(4):424-432
Drobner E,Huber H,W?chtersh?user G et al,1990.Pyrite formation linked with hydrogen evolution under anaerobic conditions.Nature,346(6286):742-744
Fichez R,1991.Suspended particulate organic matter in a Mediterranean submarine cave.Marine Biology,108(1):167-174
Gischler E,Shinn E A,Oschmann W et al,2008.A 1500-year Holocene Caribbean climate archive from the Blue Hole,Lighthouse Reef,Belize.Journal of Coastal Research,24(6):1495-1505
Gonzalez B C,2010.Novel bacterial diversity in an Anchialine blue hole on Abaco island,Bahamas.Texas:Master's thesis of Texas A&M University.http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8614
Iliffe T M,Bishop R E,2007.Adaptations to life in marine caves.Fisheries and Aquaculture:Towards Sustainable Aquatic Living Resources Management.In:Safran P,ed.Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems(EOLSS),Oxford,UK:UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers
Iliffe T M,Kornicker L S,2009.Worldwide diving discoveries of living fossil animals from the depths of anchialine and marine caves.Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences,38:269-280
Martínez A,Kvindebjerg K,Iliffe T M et al,2016.Evolution of cave suspension feeding in Protodrilidae(Annelida).Zoologica Scripta,46(2):214-226
Pohlman J W,Iliffe T M,Cifuentes L A,1997.A stable isotope study of organic cycling and the ecology of an anchialine cave ecosystem.Marine Ecology Progress Series,155:17-27
Pohlman J W,2011.The biogeochemistry of anchialine caves:progress and possibilities.Hydrobiologia,677(1):33-51
Rastorgueff P A,Bellan-Santini D,Bianchi C N et al,2015.An ecosystem-based approach to evaluate the ecological quality of Mediterranean undersea caves.Ecological Indicators,54:137-152
Rickard D,Luther III G W,1997.Kinetics of pyrite formation by the H2S oxidation of iron(II)monosulfide in aqueous solutions between 25 and 125°C:The mechanism.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,61(1):135-147
Seymour J R,Humphreys W F,Mitchell J G,2007.Stratification of the microbial community inhabiting an anchialine sinkhole.Aquatic Microbial Ecology,50:11-24
Shinn E A,Reich C D,Hine A C,1996.A giant sediment trap in the florida keys.Journal of Coastal Research,12(4):953-959
Sun X X,Yang Z S,Fan D J et al,2015.Crystals of suspended marine barite in the eastern equatorial Pacific:processes of dissolution and effects on crystal morphology.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,33(1):194-203
Suri?M,Lon?ari?R,Lon?ar N,2010.Submerged caves of Croatia:distribution,classification and origin.Environmental Earth Sciences,61(7):1473-1480
Van Hengstum P J,Donnelly J P,Toomey M R et al,2014.Heightened hurricane activity on the Little Bahama Bank from 1350 to 1650 AD.Continental Shelf Research,86:103-115
Wu S G,Yang Z,Wang D W et al,2014.Architecture,development and geological control of the Xisha carbonate platforms,northwestern South China Sea.Marine Geology,350:71-83
Yan H,Soon W,Wang Y H,2015.A composite sea surface temperature record of the northern South China Sea for the past 2500 years:A unique look into seasonality and seasonal climate changes during warm and cold periods.EarthScience Reviews,141:122-135
Zhao M X,Yu K F,Shi Q et al,2016.The coral communities of Yongle atoll:status,threats and conservation significance for coral reefs in South China Sea.Marine&Freshwater Research,67(12):1888-1896
王国忠,吕炳全,全松青,1987.动物与磷的成矿作用--岛屿磷块岩的成矿机理.地质学报,(1):74-81,104
田洁,2015.南海西北陆坡区新生代碳酸盐台地周缘深水沉积体系研究.青岛:中国科学院研究生院(海洋研究所)博士学位论文
毕东杰,张道军,翟世奎等,2017.青藏高原隆升、琼东南盆地沉降和西沙岛礁发育之间的耦合关系.海洋学报,39(1):52-63
余强,姜振春,2013.西沙琛航岛礁工程地质特征.土工基础,27(2):115-117
沙庆安,1986.西沙永乐群岛珊瑚礁一瞥.石油与天然气地质,7(4):412-418
邹仁林,朱袁智,王永川等,1979.西沙群岛珊瑚礁组成成份的分析和“海藻脊”的讨论.海洋学报,1(2):292-298
林明坤,林川善,潘燕俊等,2016.海南省东部浅海锆钛砂矿物特征及成矿条件浅析.西部探矿工程,28(11):141-143
钟晋樑,黄金森,1979.我国西沙群岛松散堆积物的粒度和组成的初步分析.海洋与湖沼,10(2):125-135
海南省海洋厅,海南省海岛资源综合调查领导小组办公室,1996.海南省海岛资源综合调查研究报告.北京:海洋出版社
曾昭璇,1986.南海诸岛.广州:广东人民出版社
Denommee K C,Bentley S J,Droxler A W,2014.Climatic controls on hurricane patterns:a 1200-y near-annual record from Lighthouse Reef,Belize.Scientific Reports,4:3876
Dong J D,Li Y C,Wang Y S et al,2015.The baseline of coral reef water quality in Xisha Islands waters of South China Sea under southwest monsoon.Aquatic Ecosystem Health&Management,18(4):424-432
Drobner E,Huber H,W?chtersh?user G et al,1990.Pyrite formation linked with hydrogen evolution under anaerobic conditions.Nature,346(6286):742-744
Fichez R,1991.Suspended particulate organic matter in a Mediterranean submarine cave.Marine Biology,108(1):167-174
Gischler E,Shinn E A,Oschmann W et al,2008.A 1500-year Holocene Caribbean climate archive from the Blue Hole,Lighthouse Reef,Belize.Journal of Coastal Research,24(6):1495-1505
Gonzalez B C,2010.Novel bacterial diversity in an Anchialine blue hole on Abaco island,Bahamas.Texas:Master's thesis of Texas A&M University.http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-2010-12-8614
Iliffe T M,Bishop R E,2007.Adaptations to life in marine caves.Fisheries and Aquaculture:Towards Sustainable Aquatic Living Resources Management.In:Safran P,ed.Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems(EOLSS),Oxford,UK:UNESCO-EOLSS Publishers
Iliffe T M,Kornicker L S,2009.Worldwide diving discoveries of living fossil animals from the depths of anchialine and marine caves.Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences,38:269-280
Martínez A,Kvindebjerg K,Iliffe T M et al,2016.Evolution of cave suspension feeding in Protodrilidae(Annelida).Zoologica Scripta,46(2):214-226
Pohlman J W,Iliffe T M,Cifuentes L A,1997.A stable isotope study of organic cycling and the ecology of an anchialine cave ecosystem.Marine Ecology Progress Series,155:17-27
Pohlman J W,2011.The biogeochemistry of anchialine caves:progress and possibilities.Hydrobiologia,677(1):33-51
Rastorgueff P A,Bellan-Santini D,Bianchi C N et al,2015.An ecosystem-based approach to evaluate the ecological quality of Mediterranean undersea caves.Ecological Indicators,54:137-152
Rickard D,Luther III G W,1997.Kinetics of pyrite formation by the H2S oxidation of iron(II)monosulfide in aqueous solutions between 25 and 125°C:The mechanism.Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta,61(1):135-147
Seymour J R,Humphreys W F,Mitchell J G,2007.Stratification of the microbial community inhabiting an anchialine sinkhole.Aquatic Microbial Ecology,50:11-24
Shinn E A,Reich C D,Hine A C,1996.A giant sediment trap in the florida keys.Journal of Coastal Research,12(4):953-959
Sun X X,Yang Z S,Fan D J et al,2015.Crystals of suspended marine barite in the eastern equatorial Pacific:processes of dissolution and effects on crystal morphology.Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology,33(1):194-203
Suri?M,Lon?ari?R,Lon?ar N,2010.Submerged caves of Croatia:distribution,classification and origin.Environmental Earth Sciences,61(7):1473-1480
Van Hengstum P J,Donnelly J P,Toomey M R et al,2014.Heightened hurricane activity on the Little Bahama Bank from 1350 to 1650 AD.Continental Shelf Research,86:103-115
Wu S G,Yang Z,Wang D W et al,2014.Architecture,development and geological control of the Xisha carbonate platforms,northwestern South China Sea.Marine Geology,350:71-83
Yan H,Soon W,Wang Y H,2015.A composite sea surface temperature record of the northern South China Sea for the past 2500 years:A unique look into seasonality and seasonal climate changes during warm and cold periods.EarthScience Reviews,141:122-135
Zhao M X,Yu K F,Shi Q et al,2016.The coral communities of Yongle atoll:status,threats and conservation significance for coral reefs in South China Sea.Marine&Freshwater Research,67(12):1888-1896