Sr~(2+)和H_3BO_3对罗氏沼虾幼体的存活变态以及仔虾体内代谢酶的影响
|
摘要
为探究锶(Sr~(2+))和硼酸(H_3BO_3)对罗氏沼虾幼体发育的影响,以含7组不同浓度Sr~(2+)和H_3BO_3的育苗用水进行了25 d育苗实验,分析了两者对幼体变态发育、存活及仔虾体内代谢酶活性的影响。育苗实验结果表明,育苗水Sr~(2+)和H_3BO_3浓度高、低不同明显影响幼体存活率与出苗率,高浓度影响强于低浓度,均不宜用作育苗。当Sr~(2+)质量浓度≥6. 53 mg/L、H_3BO_3质量浓度≥155. 60 mg/L时,幼体成活率和出苗率显著低于对照组(P <0. 05);同时发现当育苗用水中Sr~(2+)和H_3BO_3质量浓度接近0时,幼体仍分别有11. 7%与11. 3%的出苗率。可适育苗质量浓度范围分别为0. 72～3. 90 mg/L与2. 38～9. 66 mg/L,相应出苗率为12. 3%～16. 0%与12. 1%～16. 3%;其中最适浓度分别为(2. 80±0. 05) mg/L与(9. 66±0. 14) mg/L,与按大洋水和人工育苗水盐度比值换算得到的Sr~(2+)和H_3BO_3质量浓度接近。Sr~(2+)对碱性磷酸酶(AKP)活力有显著影响(P <0. 05),对Ca~(2+)-ATP活力无显著影响(P> 0. 05),但Sr~(2+)质量浓度为1. 29～3. 90 mg/L,AKP和Ca~(2+)-ATP均表现较高活力,且低质量浓度(小于0. 72 mg/L)时酶活较低。H_3BO_3对AKP和SOD活力均有显著影响(P <0. 05),质量浓度在9. 66～49. 50 mg/L时,AKP活力显著高于低质量浓度组(P <0. 05),和对照组相近;质量浓度在5. 60～9. 66 mg/L时,SOD活力较低。由代谢酶结果表明,Sr~(2+)和H_3BO_3的育苗水质量浓度范围分别为1. 29～3. 90 mg/L和5. 60～49. 50 mg/L时,代谢酶具良好活力。实验结果为罗氏沼虾人工海水配方的优化提供了实践指导。
In order to investigate the effects of Sr~(2+)and boric acid( H_3BO_3) on the development of Macrobrachium rosenbergii,25 days of nursery experiments with 7 groups of Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 water were conducted to analyze the abnormal development and survival of juveniles and the effect of metabolic enzyme activity in larval shrimp. The results of nursery experiments showed that the high and low concentrations of Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 in the nursery water significantly affected the survival rate and the emergence rate of the juveniles. The high concentration effect was stronger than the low concentration and was not suitable for nursery. When the mass concentration of Sr~(2+)≥6. 53 mg/L and the mass concentration of H_3BO_3≥155. 60 mg/L,the survival rate and seedling emergence rate of juveniles were significantly lower than those of C control group( P < 0. 05). When the mass concentrations of Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 in water were close to 0,the larvae still had 11. 7% and 11. 3% emergence rate,respectively. The range of suitable nursery seedlings was0. 72-3. 90 mg/L and 2. 38-9. 66 mg/L,corresponding emergence rate of 12. 3%-16. 0% and 12. 1%-16. 3%,The optimal concentration was( 2. 80 ± 0. 05) mg/L and( 9. 66 ± 0. 14) mg/L,respectively,which were similar to the Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 mass concentrations obtained by converting the ratio of salinity to oceanic water and artificial rearing water. Sr~(2+)had a significant effect on alkaline phosphatase( AKP) activity( P <0. 05) and had no significant effect on Ca~(2+)-ATP activity( P > 0. 05). However, when the mass concentration of Sr~(2+)was 1. 29-3. 90 mg/L,both AKP and Ca~(2+)-ATP showed higher viability,and the activity was lower at low mass concentrations( less than 0. 72 mg/L). H_3BO_3 had a significant effect on AKP and SOD activity( P < 0. 05). At 9. 66-49. 50 mg/L,AKP activity was significantly higher than that of low mass concentration group( P < 0. 05) in the control group; when mass concentrations were 5. 60-9. 66 mg/L,SOD activity is low. The result of metabolic enzyme showed that the metabolic enzyme had good vigor when the mass concentration of Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 was 1. 29-3. 90 mg/L and 5. 60-49. 50 mg/L,respectively. This experimental result provides a practical guidance for the optimization of artificial seawater formula of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
In order to investigate the effects of Sr~(2+)and boric acid( H_3BO_3) on the development of Macrobrachium rosenbergii,25 days of nursery experiments with 7 groups of Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 water were conducted to analyze the abnormal development and survival of juveniles and the effect of metabolic enzyme activity in larval shrimp. The results of nursery experiments showed that the high and low concentrations of Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 in the nursery water significantly affected the survival rate and the emergence rate of the juveniles. The high concentration effect was stronger than the low concentration and was not suitable for nursery. When the mass concentration of Sr~(2+)≥6. 53 mg/L and the mass concentration of H_3BO_3≥155. 60 mg/L,the survival rate and seedling emergence rate of juveniles were significantly lower than those of C control group( P < 0. 05). When the mass concentrations of Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 in water were close to 0,the larvae still had 11. 7% and 11. 3% emergence rate,respectively. The range of suitable nursery seedlings was0. 72-3. 90 mg/L and 2. 38-9. 66 mg/L,corresponding emergence rate of 12. 3%-16. 0% and 12. 1%-16. 3%,The optimal concentration was( 2. 80 ± 0. 05) mg/L and( 9. 66 ± 0. 14) mg/L,respectively,which were similar to the Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 mass concentrations obtained by converting the ratio of salinity to oceanic water and artificial rearing water. Sr~(2+)had a significant effect on alkaline phosphatase( AKP) activity( P <0. 05) and had no significant effect on Ca~(2+)-ATP activity( P > 0. 05). However, when the mass concentration of Sr~(2+)was 1. 29-3. 90 mg/L,both AKP and Ca~(2+)-ATP showed higher viability,and the activity was lower at low mass concentrations( less than 0. 72 mg/L). H_3BO_3 had a significant effect on AKP and SOD activity( P < 0. 05). At 9. 66-49. 50 mg/L,AKP activity was significantly higher than that of low mass concentration group( P < 0. 05) in the control group; when mass concentrations were 5. 60-9. 66 mg/L,SOD activity is low. The result of metabolic enzyme showed that the metabolic enzyme had good vigor when the mass concentration of Sr~(2+)and H_3BO_3 was 1. 29-3. 90 mg/L and 5. 60-49. 50 mg/L,respectively. This experimental result provides a practical guidance for the optimization of artificial seawater formula of Macrobrachium rosenbergii.
引文
[1]刘恩生,万全.罗氏沼虾的养殖现状与发展前景(综述)[J].安徽农业大学学报,1997,24(2):189-192.LIU E S,WAN Q.Farming status and development prospect of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural University,1997,24(2):189-192.
[2]刘波,明俊超,谢骏,等.大黄蒽醌提取物对罗氏沼虾高温下抗氧化能力与热应激蛋白70基因表达的影响[J].水产学报,2010,34(6):792-800.LIU B,MING J C,XIE J,et al.Effects of anthraquinones extract from Rheum officinale Baill on the hepatopancreas antioxidative capacity and HSP70 gene expresssion under high temperature of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2010,34(6):792-800.
[3]李明云,张海琪,朱俊杰,等.罗氏沼虾浙江养殖群体与缅甸自然群体遗传差异的RAPD分析[J].水产学报,2004,28(4):360-364.LI M Y,ZHANG H Q,ZHU J J,et al.Genetic variation between cultured population from Zhejiang province and natural population from Burma of Macrobrachium rosenbergii revealed by RAPD method[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2004,28(4):360-364.
[4]潘家模,孙祖荣,周国良,等.罗氏沼虾养殖技术[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1997:63-65.PAN J M,SUN Z R,ZHOU G L,et al.Macrobrachium prawn breeding technology[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1997:63-65.
[5]臧维玲,戴习林,张建达,等.罗氏沼虾育苗用水中Mg2+与Ca2+含量及Mg2+/Ca2+对出苗率的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,1995,26(5):552-557.ZANG W L,DAI X L,ZHANG J D,et al.Effects of Mg2+,Ca2+and Mg2+/Ca2+contents on survival rates of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae reared in mixed water[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1995,26(5):552-557.
[6]邓潜,江林源,黄光华.调整人工海水配方中钙镁钾离子浓度对罗氏沼虾蚤状幼体的影响研究[J].农业与技术,2012,32(7):105-106.DENG Q,JIANG L Y,HUANG G H.Effects of adjusting calcium,magnesium and potassium ions concentrations in artificial seawater formulations on Macrozoic larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Agriculture&Technology,2012,32(7):105-106.
[7]刘存岐,王安利,王维娜,等.海水中Cu2+,Mn2+和Sr2+对中国对虾糠虾幼体成活率与变态率的影响[J].中山大学学报,2000,39(s1):132-134.LIU C Q,WANG A L,WANG W N,et al.The effects of Cu2+,Mn2+and Sr2+in seawater on the survival and metamorphosis of Penaeus chinensis mysis[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2000,39(s1):132-134.
[8]宋洪建,刘伟,王继隆,等.锶对大麻哈鱼稚鱼生长发育及肌肉ATP酶活性的影响[J].水产学杂志,2013,26(4):23-28.SONG H J,LIU W,WANG J L,et al.Effects of strontium ion on growth and Atpase activity in muscle of chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta)juveniles[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2013,26(4):23-28.
[9]卢岩,宿英英,冯景阳,等.大鼠急性脑缺血时肺脏病理改变及内皮素-1含量变化[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2002,4(5):337-340.LU Y,SU Y Y,FENG J Y,et al.The pathomorphological changes of lung and the changes in endothelin-1 contents in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in rats with acute cerebral ischemia[J].Chinese Journal of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases,2002,4(5):337-340.
[10]王卓,么宗利,林听听,等.碳酸盐碱度对青海湖裸鲤幼鱼肝和肾SOD、ACP和AKP酶活性的影响[J].中国水产科学,2013,20(6):1212-1218.WANG Z,YAO Z L,LIN T T,et al.Effects of carbonate alkalinity stress on SOD,ACP,and AKP activities in the liver and kidney of juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2013,20(6):1212-1218.
[11]汪蕴璞,王翠霞.大洋水物质模型及其理论解释[J].水文地质工程地质,1991,18(6):33-36.WANG Y P,WANG C X.Ocean-water material model and its theoretical inerpretation[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1991,18(6):33-36.
[12]李其才,王振龙,徐延震,等.罗氏沼虾人工海水育苗试验[J].水利渔业,1996(2):11-14.LI Q C,WANG Z L,XU Y Z,et al.Experiment on artificial seawater breeding of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Water Fishery,1996(2):11-14.
[13]段光顺,曹慧婕.原子吸收分光光度法测定矿泉水中的锶[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2006,16(9):1138,1146.DUAN G S,CAO H J.Atomic absorption spectrophotometer for determination of thallium in mineral water[J].China Health Inspection Magazine,2006,16(9):1138,1146.
[14]王卫成,由波.分光光度法测定水溶液中硼酸的含量[J].黑龙江环境通报,2005,29(2):27-28.WANG W C,YOU B.Spectrophotometric determination of boric acid in aqueous solution[J].Heilongjiang Environmental Journal,2005,29(2):27-28.
[15]李晓明,唐任寰,张庆熹,等.钕、铯、锶、钡及银对梨形四膜虫的营养作用和毒性[J].微量元素,1985(4):7-12.LI X M,TANG R H,ZHANG Q X,et al.Nutritional effects and toxicity of earthworms,cockroaches,earthworms,earthworms and silver on tetrahymena piriformis[J].Trace Elements and Health Research,1985(4):7-12.
[16]王建梅,王维娜,刘存歧,等.海水中Zn2+(锌离子)和Sr2+(锶离子)对卤虫卵孵化率和幼体变态率的影响[J].水产科技情报,2003,30(2):51-55.WANG J M,WANG W N,LIU C Q,et al.The effects of Zn2+and Sr2+in seawater on the hatchability and metamorphosis rate of Artemia saline[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,2003,30(2):51-55.
[17]顾德平,方卫星,叶维明.刀额新对虾淡水驯化存活率的观察[J].水产科技情报,1998,25(1):35-36.GU D P,FANG W X,YE W M.Observation on the domestication survival rate of shrimp[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,1998,25(1):35-36.
[18]LATIF M A,BROWN J H,WICKINS J F.Effects of environmental alkalinity on calcium-stimulated dephosphorylating enzyme activity in the gills of postmoult and intermoult giant freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii(de Man)[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Physiology,1994,107(4):597-601.
[19]WASSERMAN R H.Strontium as a tracer for calcium in biological and clinical research[J].Clinical Chemistry,1998,44(3):437-439.
[20]ATSDR.Toxicological profile for strontium[M].Atlanta:US Department of Health and Human Services,2004.
[21]HOENDEROP J G J,NILIUS B,BINDELS R J M.Calcium absorption across epithelia[J].Physiological Reviews,2005,85(1):373-422.
[22]FLIK G,VERBOST P M,BONGA S E W.Calcium transport processes in fishes[M]//WOOD C M,SHUTTLEWORTH TJ.Fish Physiology.New York:Academic Press,1995:317-343.
[23]BUSANI G,TIMELLINI G.Boron removal in wastewater from ceramic tile factories[M]//WACHTMAN Jr J B.Materials&Equipment/Whitewares Manufacturing.The American Ceramic Society,1993:457-467.
[24]RISTI C’M D,RAJAKOVI C’L V.Boron removal by anion exchangers impregnated with citric and tartaric acids[J].Separation Science and Technology,1996,31(20):2805-2814.
[25]ZTRK N,KAVAK D.Boron removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on waste sepiolite and activated waste sepiolite using full factorial design[J].Adsorption,2004,10(3):245-257.
[26]刘艳辉,潘献辉,葛云红.反渗透海水淡化脱硼技术研究现状[J].中国给水排水,2008,24(24):91-93.LIU Y H,PAN X H,GE Y H.Present status of research on boron removal in RO seawater desalination[J].China Water&Wastewater,2008,24(24):91-93.
[27]PRATS D,CHILLON-ARIAS M F,RODRIGUEZ-PASTORM.Analysis of the influence of p H and pressure on the elimination of boron in reverse osmosis[J].Desalination,2000,128(3):269-273.
[28]孙金艳,刘大森,潘玉武,等.硼对绵羊血液生化指标的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2004,35(2):154-158.SUN J Y,LIU D S,PAN Y W,et al.Effects of dietary boron on serum biochemistry indexes in sheep[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2004,35(2):154-158.
[29]黄旭雄,周洪琪.甲壳动物免疫机能的衡量指标及科学评价[J].海洋科学,2007,31(7):90-96.HUANG X X,ZHOU H Q.The parameters reflecting immune state of crustacea and its scientific evaluation[J].Marine Sciences,2007,31(7):90-96.
[2]刘波,明俊超,谢骏,等.大黄蒽醌提取物对罗氏沼虾高温下抗氧化能力与热应激蛋白70基因表达的影响[J].水产学报,2010,34(6):792-800.LIU B,MING J C,XIE J,et al.Effects of anthraquinones extract from Rheum officinale Baill on the hepatopancreas antioxidative capacity and HSP70 gene expresssion under high temperature of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2010,34(6):792-800.
[3]李明云,张海琪,朱俊杰,等.罗氏沼虾浙江养殖群体与缅甸自然群体遗传差异的RAPD分析[J].水产学报,2004,28(4):360-364.LI M Y,ZHANG H Q,ZHU J J,et al.Genetic variation between cultured population from Zhejiang province and natural population from Burma of Macrobrachium rosenbergii revealed by RAPD method[J].Journal of Fisheries of China,2004,28(4):360-364.
[4]潘家模,孙祖荣,周国良,等.罗氏沼虾养殖技术[M].上海:上海科学技术出版社,1997:63-65.PAN J M,SUN Z R,ZHOU G L,et al.Macrobrachium prawn breeding technology[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Science and Technology Press,1997:63-65.
[5]臧维玲,戴习林,张建达,等.罗氏沼虾育苗用水中Mg2+与Ca2+含量及Mg2+/Ca2+对出苗率的影响[J].海洋与湖沼,1995,26(5):552-557.ZANG W L,DAI X L,ZHANG J D,et al.Effects of Mg2+,Ca2+and Mg2+/Ca2+contents on survival rates of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae reared in mixed water[J].Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica,1995,26(5):552-557.
[6]邓潜,江林源,黄光华.调整人工海水配方中钙镁钾离子浓度对罗氏沼虾蚤状幼体的影响研究[J].农业与技术,2012,32(7):105-106.DENG Q,JIANG L Y,HUANG G H.Effects of adjusting calcium,magnesium and potassium ions concentrations in artificial seawater formulations on Macrozoic larvae of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Agriculture&Technology,2012,32(7):105-106.
[7]刘存岐,王安利,王维娜,等.海水中Cu2+,Mn2+和Sr2+对中国对虾糠虾幼体成活率与变态率的影响[J].中山大学学报,2000,39(s1):132-134.LIU C Q,WANG A L,WANG W N,et al.The effects of Cu2+,Mn2+and Sr2+in seawater on the survival and metamorphosis of Penaeus chinensis mysis[J].Acta Scientiarum Naturalium Universitatis Sunyatseni,2000,39(s1):132-134.
[8]宋洪建,刘伟,王继隆,等.锶对大麻哈鱼稚鱼生长发育及肌肉ATP酶活性的影响[J].水产学杂志,2013,26(4):23-28.SONG H J,LIU W,WANG J L,et al.Effects of strontium ion on growth and Atpase activity in muscle of chum salmon(Oncorhynchus keta)juveniles[J].Chinese Journal of Fisheries,2013,26(4):23-28.
[9]卢岩,宿英英,冯景阳,等.大鼠急性脑缺血时肺脏病理改变及内皮素-1含量变化[J].中华老年心脑血管病杂志,2002,4(5):337-340.LU Y,SU Y Y,FENG J Y,et al.The pathomorphological changes of lung and the changes in endothelin-1 contents in plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in rats with acute cerebral ischemia[J].Chinese Journal of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases,2002,4(5):337-340.
[10]王卓,么宗利,林听听,等.碳酸盐碱度对青海湖裸鲤幼鱼肝和肾SOD、ACP和AKP酶活性的影响[J].中国水产科学,2013,20(6):1212-1218.WANG Z,YAO Z L,LIN T T,et al.Effects of carbonate alkalinity stress on SOD,ACP,and AKP activities in the liver and kidney of juvenile Gymnocypris przewalskii[J].Journal of Fishery Sciences of China,2013,20(6):1212-1218.
[11]汪蕴璞,王翠霞.大洋水物质模型及其理论解释[J].水文地质工程地质,1991,18(6):33-36.WANG Y P,WANG C X.Ocean-water material model and its theoretical inerpretation[J].Hydrogeology and Engineering Geology,1991,18(6):33-36.
[12]李其才,王振龙,徐延震,等.罗氏沼虾人工海水育苗试验[J].水利渔业,1996(2):11-14.LI Q C,WANG Z L,XU Y Z,et al.Experiment on artificial seawater breeding of Macrobrachium rosenbergii[J].Water Fishery,1996(2):11-14.
[13]段光顺,曹慧婕.原子吸收分光光度法测定矿泉水中的锶[J].中国卫生检验杂志,2006,16(9):1138,1146.DUAN G S,CAO H J.Atomic absorption spectrophotometer for determination of thallium in mineral water[J].China Health Inspection Magazine,2006,16(9):1138,1146.
[14]王卫成,由波.分光光度法测定水溶液中硼酸的含量[J].黑龙江环境通报,2005,29(2):27-28.WANG W C,YOU B.Spectrophotometric determination of boric acid in aqueous solution[J].Heilongjiang Environmental Journal,2005,29(2):27-28.
[15]李晓明,唐任寰,张庆熹,等.钕、铯、锶、钡及银对梨形四膜虫的营养作用和毒性[J].微量元素,1985(4):7-12.LI X M,TANG R H,ZHANG Q X,et al.Nutritional effects and toxicity of earthworms,cockroaches,earthworms,earthworms and silver on tetrahymena piriformis[J].Trace Elements and Health Research,1985(4):7-12.
[16]王建梅,王维娜,刘存歧,等.海水中Zn2+(锌离子)和Sr2+(锶离子)对卤虫卵孵化率和幼体变态率的影响[J].水产科技情报,2003,30(2):51-55.WANG J M,WANG W N,LIU C Q,et al.The effects of Zn2+and Sr2+in seawater on the hatchability and metamorphosis rate of Artemia saline[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,2003,30(2):51-55.
[17]顾德平,方卫星,叶维明.刀额新对虾淡水驯化存活率的观察[J].水产科技情报,1998,25(1):35-36.GU D P,FANG W X,YE W M.Observation on the domestication survival rate of shrimp[J].Fisheries Science&Technology Information,1998,25(1):35-36.
[18]LATIF M A,BROWN J H,WICKINS J F.Effects of environmental alkalinity on calcium-stimulated dephosphorylating enzyme activity in the gills of postmoult and intermoult giant freshwater prawns Macrobrachium rosenbergii(de Man)[J].Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A:Physiology,1994,107(4):597-601.
[19]WASSERMAN R H.Strontium as a tracer for calcium in biological and clinical research[J].Clinical Chemistry,1998,44(3):437-439.
[20]ATSDR.Toxicological profile for strontium[M].Atlanta:US Department of Health and Human Services,2004.
[21]HOENDEROP J G J,NILIUS B,BINDELS R J M.Calcium absorption across epithelia[J].Physiological Reviews,2005,85(1):373-422.
[22]FLIK G,VERBOST P M,BONGA S E W.Calcium transport processes in fishes[M]//WOOD C M,SHUTTLEWORTH TJ.Fish Physiology.New York:Academic Press,1995:317-343.
[23]BUSANI G,TIMELLINI G.Boron removal in wastewater from ceramic tile factories[M]//WACHTMAN Jr J B.Materials&Equipment/Whitewares Manufacturing.The American Ceramic Society,1993:457-467.
[24]RISTI C’M D,RAJAKOVI C’L V.Boron removal by anion exchangers impregnated with citric and tartaric acids[J].Separation Science and Technology,1996,31(20):2805-2814.
[25]ZTRK N,KAVAK D.Boron removal from aqueous solutions by adsorption on waste sepiolite and activated waste sepiolite using full factorial design[J].Adsorption,2004,10(3):245-257.
[26]刘艳辉,潘献辉,葛云红.反渗透海水淡化脱硼技术研究现状[J].中国给水排水,2008,24(24):91-93.LIU Y H,PAN X H,GE Y H.Present status of research on boron removal in RO seawater desalination[J].China Water&Wastewater,2008,24(24):91-93.
[27]PRATS D,CHILLON-ARIAS M F,RODRIGUEZ-PASTORM.Analysis of the influence of p H and pressure on the elimination of boron in reverse osmosis[J].Desalination,2000,128(3):269-273.
[28]孙金艳,刘大森,潘玉武,等.硼对绵羊血液生化指标的影响[J].东北农业大学学报,2004,35(2):154-158.SUN J Y,LIU D S,PAN Y W,et al.Effects of dietary boron on serum biochemistry indexes in sheep[J].Journal of Northeast Agricultural University,2004,35(2):154-158.
[29]黄旭雄,周洪琪.甲壳动物免疫机能的衡量指标及科学评价[J].海洋科学,2007,31(7):90-96.HUANG X X,ZHOU H Q.The parameters reflecting immune state of crustacea and its scientific evaluation[J].Marine Sciences,2007,31(7):90-96.