水库群联合作用下长江中下游江湖关系响应机制
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摘要
长江干支流水库群的总库容约占长江入海年均径流量的37.6%,水库群的联合作用改变了进入长江中下游江湖系统的水沙条件,引起江湖系统水沙输移、冲淤演变及江湖关系等发生新的变化,呈现新的特点。本文在综述近年来长江中下游江湖系统水沙输移与冲淤演变特性及江湖关系变化等研究成果的基础上,重点阐述水库群联合作用下长江中下游江湖关系响应机制,形成的主要认识有:水库群联合作用下中下游江湖系统的径流量及比例组成没有明显变化,但输沙量及比例组成发生显著变化,干流宜昌站变化最为明显;中下游河道由自然条件下的中沙河流变为少沙河流,江湖系统由自然条件下的累积性淤积转为持续冲刷,并在较长时期内进行重新塑造与调整;水库群的联合作用对江湖水沙交换与湖区冲淤产生影响,两湖枯水期有所提前,湖区泥沙沉积率显著下降,江湖关系总体趋于向好的方向调整。鉴于长江水沙条件变化的不确定性、人类活动影响的加剧与江湖系统演变的复杂性,今后仍须加强变化环境下中下游江湖系统响应机理研究。
The total capacity of group reservoirs alongthe Yangtze River and its tributaries is about 37.6 % of the annual runoff of the Yangtze River. The combination of the group reservoirs has changed the water and sediment conditions of the rivers and lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This has in turn changed the water flow and sediment transport,erosion and deposition and the relationship between rivers and lakes,which are the focus of this study. The results show that,under the combined effect of group reservoirs,the runoff and the proportion of the middle and lower reaches of the rivers and lakes has no significant change,however,the sedimentation rate and proportion composition has significantly changed,particularly in Yichang station. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River transfer from high sediment concentration under natural conditions to low sediment concentration,while the deposition in rivers and lakes transfers from cumulative under the natural condition to continuous erosion and it will undergo adjustment in a longer period. The combined effect of the group reservoirs on water flow and sediment exchange, scouring and deposition in lakes causes the earlier arrival of the dry season in the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake,great decrease of the sediment deposition rate in lakes and the overall relationship between the rivers and lakes tending towards to improvement. Due to the uncertainty of the changes of flow and sediment conditions in the Yangtze River,the human activities and the complexity of the evolution of the rivers and lakes system,it is necessary to further investigate the response mechanism of the middle and lower reaches of the rivers and lakes in the future.
The total capacity of group reservoirs alongthe Yangtze River and its tributaries is about 37.6 % of the annual runoff of the Yangtze River. The combination of the group reservoirs has changed the water and sediment conditions of the rivers and lakes in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. This has in turn changed the water flow and sediment transport,erosion and deposition and the relationship between rivers and lakes,which are the focus of this study. The results show that,under the combined effect of group reservoirs,the runoff and the proportion of the middle and lower reaches of the rivers and lakes has no significant change,however,the sedimentation rate and proportion composition has significantly changed,particularly in Yichang station. The middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River transfer from high sediment concentration under natural conditions to low sediment concentration,while the deposition in rivers and lakes transfers from cumulative under the natural condition to continuous erosion and it will undergo adjustment in a longer period. The combined effect of the group reservoirs on water flow and sediment exchange, scouring and deposition in lakes causes the earlier arrival of the dry season in the Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake,great decrease of the sediment deposition rate in lakes and the overall relationship between the rivers and lakes tending towards to improvement. Due to the uncertainty of the changes of flow and sediment conditions in the Yangtze River,the human activities and the complexity of the evolution of the rivers and lakes system,it is necessary to further investigate the response mechanism of the middle and lower reaches of the rivers and lakes in the future.
引文
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[19]彭俊.1950年以来鄱阳湖流域水沙变化规律及影响因素分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(10):1751-1761.
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[21]罗蔚,张翔,邓志民,等.1956-2008年鄱阳湖流域水沙输移趋势及成因分析[J].水科学进展,2014,25(5):658-667.
[22]李微,李昌彦,吴敦银,等.1956~2011年鄱阳湖水沙特征及其变化规律分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(5):832-838.
[23]李景保,尹辉,卢承志,等.洞庭湖区的泥沙淤积效应[J].地理学报,2008,63(5):487-496.
[24]宋平,方春明,黎昔春,等.洞庭湖泥沙输移和淤积分布特性研究[J].长江科学院院报,2014,31(6):130-134.
[25]朱玲玲,陈剑池,袁晶,等.洞庭湖和鄱阳湖泥沙冲淤特征及三峡水库对其影响[J].水科学进展,2014,25(3):348-357.
[26]李义天,孙昭华,邓金运.论三峡水库下游的河床冲淤变化[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2003,11(3):283-295.
[27]陈飞,李义天,唐金武,等.水库下游分组沙冲淤特性分析[J].水力发电学报,2010,9(1):164-170.
[28]沈磊,姚仕明,卢金友.三峡水库下游河道水沙输移特性研究[J].长江科学院院报,2011,28(5):75-82.
[29]姚仕明,卢金友.长江中下游河道演变规律及冲淤预测[J].人民长江,2013,44(23):22-28.
[30]姚仕明,岳红艳,何广水,等.长江中游河道崩岸机理与综合治理技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[31]卢金友,黄悦,宫平.三峡工程运用后长江中下游冲淤变化[J].人民长江,2006,37(9):55-57.
[32]卞鸿翔,龚循礼.洞庭湖区围垦问题的初步研究[J].地理学报,1985,40(2):131-139
[33]长江水利委员会长江科学院,长江水资源保护科学研究所,等.三峡工程蓄水运用对长江与洞庭湖、鄱阳湖关系及湖区生态环境影响初步研究总报告[R].2010.
[34]徐照明,胡维忠,游中琼.三峡水库运用后鄱阳湖区枯水情势及成因分析[J].人民长江,2014,45(7):18-22.
[35]卢金友,刘兴年,姚仕明.长江泥沙调控与干流河床演变及治理中的关键科学技术问题与预期成果展望[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2017,49(1):33-40.
[2]长江勘测规划设计研究有限责任公司.长江流域第一次全国水利普查水利工程普查成果报告[R].2013.
[3]卢金友.三峡工程运用初期坝下游江湖响应过程[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[4]曹广晶.长江三峡工程水文泥沙观测与研究[M].北京:科学出版社,2015.
[5]胡春宏.三峡工程泥沙运动规律与模拟技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2017.
[6]李义天.长江中下游河道演变与航道整治[M].北京:科学出版社,2012.
[7]仲志余.三峡工程运用后泥沙与防洪关键技术研究[M].武汉:长江出版社,2012.
[8]姚仕明,卢金友.三峡水库蓄水运用前后坝下游水沙输移特性研究[J].水力发电学报,2011,30(3):117-123.
[9]王延贵,刘茜,史红玲.长江中下游水沙态势变异及主要影响因素[J].泥沙研究,2014(5):38-47.
[10]长江水利委员会水文局.2016年度三峡水库进出库水沙特性、水库淤积及坝下游河道冲刷分析[R].2017.
[11]LI Q F,YU M X,LU G B,et al.Impacts of the Gezhouba and Three Gorges reservoirs on the sediment regime inthe Yangtze River,China[J].Journal of Hydrology,2011,403:224-233.
[12]郭小虎,李义天,渠庚,等.三峡工程蓄水后长江中游泥沙输移规律分析[J].泥沙研究,2014(5):11-17.
[13]ZHANG Wei,YANG Yunping,ZHANG Mingjin,et al.Mechanisms of suspended sediment restoration and bed level compensation in downstream reaches of the Three Gorges Projects(TGP)[J].Joarnal of Geographical Sciences,2017,27(4):463-480.
[14]长江防汛抗旱总指挥部办公室.三峡水库试验蓄水期综合利用调度研究[M].北京:中国水利水电出版社,2015.
[15]郭小虎,姚仕明,晏黎明.荆江三口分流分沙及洞庭湖出口水沙输移的变化规律[J].长江科学院院报,2011,28(8):80-86.
[16]许全喜,胡功宇,袁晶.近50年来荆江三口分流分沙变化研究[J].泥沙研究,2009(5):1-8.
[17]覃红燕,谢永宏,邹冬生.湖南四水入洞庭湖水沙演变及成因分析[J].地理科学,2012,32(5):609-615.
[18]长江水利委员会.长江泥沙公报(2016)[M].武汉:长江出版社,2017.
[19]彭俊.1950年以来鄱阳湖流域水沙变化规律及影响因素分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(10):1751-1761.
[20]刘志刚,倪兆奎.鄱阳湖发展演变及江湖关系变化影响[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(5):1265-1273.
[21]罗蔚,张翔,邓志民,等.1956-2008年鄱阳湖流域水沙输移趋势及成因分析[J].水科学进展,2014,25(5):658-667.
[22]李微,李昌彦,吴敦银,等.1956~2011年鄱阳湖水沙特征及其变化规律分析[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(5):832-838.
[23]李景保,尹辉,卢承志,等.洞庭湖区的泥沙淤积效应[J].地理学报,2008,63(5):487-496.
[24]宋平,方春明,黎昔春,等.洞庭湖泥沙输移和淤积分布特性研究[J].长江科学院院报,2014,31(6):130-134.
[25]朱玲玲,陈剑池,袁晶,等.洞庭湖和鄱阳湖泥沙冲淤特征及三峡水库对其影响[J].水科学进展,2014,25(3):348-357.
[26]李义天,孙昭华,邓金运.论三峡水库下游的河床冲淤变化[J].应用基础与工程科学学报,2003,11(3):283-295.
[27]陈飞,李义天,唐金武,等.水库下游分组沙冲淤特性分析[J].水力发电学报,2010,9(1):164-170.
[28]沈磊,姚仕明,卢金友.三峡水库下游河道水沙输移特性研究[J].长江科学院院报,2011,28(5):75-82.
[29]姚仕明,卢金友.长江中下游河道演变规律及冲淤预测[J].人民长江,2013,44(23):22-28.
[30]姚仕明,岳红艳,何广水,等.长江中游河道崩岸机理与综合治理技术[M].北京:科学出版社,2016.
[31]卢金友,黄悦,宫平.三峡工程运用后长江中下游冲淤变化[J].人民长江,2006,37(9):55-57.
[32]卞鸿翔,龚循礼.洞庭湖区围垦问题的初步研究[J].地理学报,1985,40(2):131-139
[33]长江水利委员会长江科学院,长江水资源保护科学研究所,等.三峡工程蓄水运用对长江与洞庭湖、鄱阳湖关系及湖区生态环境影响初步研究总报告[R].2010.
[34]徐照明,胡维忠,游中琼.三峡水库运用后鄱阳湖区枯水情势及成因分析[J].人民长江,2014,45(7):18-22.
[35]卢金友,刘兴年,姚仕明.长江泥沙调控与干流河床演变及治理中的关键科学技术问题与预期成果展望[J].四川大学学报(工程科学版),2017,49(1):33-40.