陕西咸阳出土东汉陶器表面彩绘成分研究
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摘要
为掌握陕西省咸阳市渭城区周陵镇费家村南两座东汉墓葬M17和M19出土15件陶器表面彩绘成分及保存现状,通过XRF,XRD,FTIR和SEM-EDS等分析仪器进行检测。经分析检测发现:M17出土6件陶器表面使用铅丹作为颜料,部分铅丹已转化为白色碳酸铅(PbCO_3)。M19出土陶器表面分别使用朱砂和铁红颜料,同时确定在部分器物表面使用了髹漆工艺。在M19出土的3件器物口沿处发现二氧化锡层,通过扫描电镜能谱分析和文献研究,确定其应为单质锡氧化而来,且使用锡汞齐方法镀锡,为进一步认识和理解这批器物提供了基础。
In order to investigate materials and the states of preservation of polychrome layers on fifteen ceramics unearthed from Tombs M17 and M19 of the Eastern Han Dynasty at Feijiacun Village in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, we conducted analyses using a variety of methods, including X-ray fluorescence(XRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS). The results show that 1) red lead was used as a pigment on six ceramics unearthed from Tomb M17, the presence of lead carbonate(PbCO_3) in the red lead pigment indicating that discoloration of some of the red lead have occurred due to the burial environment; 2) cinnabar and iron oxide were used as pigments on ceramics unearthed from Tomb M19, and five ceramics thereof were decorated with lacquer; and 3) as determined by SEM, the rim of three ceramics from Tomb M19 has a tin oxide layer resulting from oxidation of the original metallic tin; and according to literature research, tin amalgam is a possible decorating method for rims of the ceramics in our study. The results may provide a basis for further understandings of the ceramics.
In order to investigate materials and the states of preservation of polychrome layers on fifteen ceramics unearthed from Tombs M17 and M19 of the Eastern Han Dynasty at Feijiacun Village in Xianyang, Shaanxi Province, we conducted analyses using a variety of methods, including X-ray fluorescence(XRF), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared(FTIR) spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometry(SEM-EDS). The results show that 1) red lead was used as a pigment on six ceramics unearthed from Tomb M17, the presence of lead carbonate(PbCO_3) in the red lead pigment indicating that discoloration of some of the red lead have occurred due to the burial environment; 2) cinnabar and iron oxide were used as pigments on ceramics unearthed from Tomb M19, and five ceramics thereof were decorated with lacquer; and 3) as determined by SEM, the rim of three ceramics from Tomb M19 has a tin oxide layer resulting from oxidation of the original metallic tin; and according to literature research, tin amalgam is a possible decorating method for rims of the ceramics in our study. The results may provide a basis for further understandings of the ceramics.
引文
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[22] 王宜飞.马王堆汉墓锡涂陶制作工艺研究[C]//中国文物保护技术协会第七次学术年会论文集,2012:393-403.WANG Yifei.Technical study on ceramics with tin coating unearthed in Mawangdui Han Dynasty tomb[C]//Symposium of 7th annual meeting by Conservation of Cultural Relics Association,2012:393-403.
[23] 马清林,大卫·斯科特.甘肃灵台白草坡西周早期青铜戈镀锡技术研究[J].文物,2014(4):85-96.MA Qinglin,SCOTT D.Technical study on Tin-plating on bronze Ge excavated in Baicaopo Western Zhou Tomb,Lingtai,Gansu Province[J].Cultural Relics,2014(4):85-96.
[24] 鲁晓珂,李伟东,李强,等.山东青州和沂源地区出土彩绘陶器的测试分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(2):2-7.LU Xiaoke,LI Weidong,LI Qiang,et al.Analysis of painted potteries unearthed from the Qingzhou and Yiyuan districts in Shandong Province[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2014,26(2):2-7.
[2] 张炜,单伟芳,郭时清.汉代漆器的剖析[J].文物保护与考古科学,1995,7(2):2-36.ZHANG Wei,SHAN Weifang,GUO Shiqing.Analysis of Chinese lacquer wares from Han Dynasty[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,1995,7(2):2-36.
[3] 金普军,王昌燧,郑一新,等.安徽巢湖放王岗出土西汉漆器漆膜测试分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2007,19(3):44-49.JIN Pujun,WANG Changsui,ZHENG Yixin,et al.Research on the lacquered techniques adopted by the urushiware excavated from the Fangwanggang Site in Anhui of West Han Dynasty[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2007,19(3):44-49.
[4] 胡克良,李银德,杨嘉玲,等.徐州西汉陶漆的红外光谱分析[J].光谱学与光谱分析,1994,14(5):33-34。HU Keliang,LI Yinde,YANG Jialing,et al.FTIR analysis of lacquer layer on ceramics dated to Western Han Dynasty in Xu Zhou[J].Spectroscopy and Spectral Analysis,1994,14(5):33-34.
[5] 梁嘉放,黄晓娟,王利民.山西大同关帝庙窖藏贴金彩绘铜造像表面装饰层的调查研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(2):28-36.LIANG Jiafang,HUANG Xiaojuan,WANG Limin.Scientific research of surface decoration technique of bronze buddha statues excavated from Guandi Temple,Datong,Shanxi Province[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2014,26(2):28-36.
[6] 李最雄.莫高窟壁画中的红色颜料及其变色机理探讨[J].敦煌研究,1992(3):41-54.LI Zuixiong.A study on the red pigments in the Mogao frescoes and the mechanism of their discoloration[J].Dunhuang Research,1992(3):41-54.
[7] GIOVANNONI S.Studies and developments concerning the problem of altered lead pigments in wall painting[J].Studies in Conservation,1990,35(1):33-51.
[8] N?LLER R.Cinnabar reviewed:characterization of the red pigment and its reactions[J].Studies in Conservation,2015,60(2):79-87.
[9] 陈玉寅.江苏吴江梅堰新石器时代遗址[J].考古,1963(6):313.CHEN Yuyin.Mei Yan Neolithic Site in Wujiang,Jiangsu Province[J].Archaeology,1963(6):313.
[10] 梁中和,贾笑冰,王吉怀,等.山东滕州市前掌大商周墓地1998年发掘简报[J].考古,2000(7):27.LIANG Zhonghe,JIA Xiaobing,WANG Jihuai,et al.Archaeological report on Qianzhangda Cemetery Site excavated in 1998,Tengzhou city,Shandong[J].Archaeology,2000(7):27.
[11] 杨颖东,何秋菊,周志清,等.成都十二桥遗址新一村一期出土漆彩绘陶的分析研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(2):9-15。YANG Yingdong,HE Qiuju,ZHOU Zhiqing,et al.Analysis and research on lacquer painted pottery objects unearthed from the Xinyicun Site,Shierqiao,Chengdu[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2014,26(2):9-15.
[12] 楮金华.安徽省六安县城北楚墓[J].文物,1993(6):29-40.CHU Jinhua.Tomb of Chu state excavated in north of Liuan county,Anhui Province[J].Cultural Relics,1993(6):29-40.
[13] 韩香花.史前至夏商时期中原地区手工业研究[D].郑州:郑州大学,2010:160-165.HAN Xianghua.On the handicraft in Central Plains from prehistoric to Xia and Shang periods[D].Zhengzhou:Zhengzhou University,2010:160-165.
[14] 吴文清.两周中原与楚文化视野下的器物工艺比较研究[D].太原:山西大学,2011:61-85.WU Wenqing.Comparison of implements workmanship in the perspective of central plains culture and Chu Culture in Zhou China[D].Taiyuan:Shanxi University,2011:61-85.
[15] 朱学文.从考古资料看秦漆器胎骨及制作工艺[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2012,12(4):150-153.ZHU Xuewen.A study on Qin’s Lacquer Taigu and its fabrication process based on archaeological material[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University (Social Science Edition),2012,12(4):150-153.
[16] 秦俑彩绘保护技术研究课题组.秦始皇兵马俑漆底彩绘保护技术研究[J].中国生漆,2005,24(7):7-16.Research group of polychrome terracotta excavated in mausoleum of Emperor Qin Shihuang.Research on protection technology of painted bottom of Qin Shihuang Terracotta Army[J].Journal of Chinese Lacquer,2005,24(7):7-16.
[17] 王京燕,畅红霞.关于汉代的陶胎漆器[J].文物世界,2010(4):29-32.WANG Jingyan,CHANG Hongxia.Study of lacquered ceramics from Han Dynasty[J].World of Antiquity,2010(4):29-32.
[18] 孙淑云,李晓岑,姚智辉,等.中国青铜器表面镀锡技术研究[J].文物保护与考古科学,2008,20(增刊):41-52.SUN Shuyun,LI Xiaocen,YAO Zhihui,et al.A study of tining techniques on surfaces of Chinese bronzes[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2008,20(Suppl):41-52.
[19] 湖南省博物馆.长沙马王堆一号汉墓发掘报告[M].北京:文物出版社,1972.Hunan Provincial Museum.Archaeological report of No.1 Tomb of Mawangdui,Han Dynasty,Changsha[M].Beijing:Wenwu Press,1972.
[20] 湖南省博物馆.长沙马王堆二号、三号汉墓发掘报告[M].北京:文物出版社,2004.Hunan Provincial Museum.Archaeological report of No.2&3 Tomb of Mawangdui,Han Dynasty,Changsha[M].Beijing:Wenwu Press,2004.
[21] 李建毛.长沙楚汉墓出土锡涂陶的考察[J].考古,1998(3):71-75.LI Jianmao.Study on tinned ceramics from Chu Tomb,Han Dynasty,Changsha[J].Archaeology,1998(3):71-75.
[22] 王宜飞.马王堆汉墓锡涂陶制作工艺研究[C]//中国文物保护技术协会第七次学术年会论文集,2012:393-403.WANG Yifei.Technical study on ceramics with tin coating unearthed in Mawangdui Han Dynasty tomb[C]//Symposium of 7th annual meeting by Conservation of Cultural Relics Association,2012:393-403.
[23] 马清林,大卫·斯科特.甘肃灵台白草坡西周早期青铜戈镀锡技术研究[J].文物,2014(4):85-96.MA Qinglin,SCOTT D.Technical study on Tin-plating on bronze Ge excavated in Baicaopo Western Zhou Tomb,Lingtai,Gansu Province[J].Cultural Relics,2014(4):85-96.
[24] 鲁晓珂,李伟东,李强,等.山东青州和沂源地区出土彩绘陶器的测试分析[J].文物保护与考古科学,2014,26(2):2-7.LU Xiaoke,LI Weidong,LI Qiang,et al.Analysis of painted potteries unearthed from the Qingzhou and Yiyuan districts in Shandong Province[J].Sciences of Conservation and Archaeology,2014,26(2):2-7.