水动力作用对污染物在河流水沙两相中分配的影响研究进展
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摘要
通过总结近年来有关水动力作用对河流中泥沙吸附/释放重金属、磷等污染物影响研究成果,分析了水流紊动强度和流速对污染物在河流水沙两相中分配的影响规律。当水流紊动强度较低时,泥沙主要以床沙形式存在,泥沙对污染物的吸附/释放速率和强度较低;随着紊动强度增大,水沙界面切应力随之增大并促使泥沙悬浮,污染物与悬浮泥沙颗粒接触面积增大,使得泥沙对污染物的吸附/释放速率和强度显著增加。流速对污染物在水沙两相间分配的影响较为复杂。泥沙静止时,流速的增大会减小边界层厚度,增大水体溶解氧含量、氧化还原电位等参数,并使污染物在水体里的扩散由分子扩散转变为以紊动扩散为主,增强污染物在水-沙界面的交换通量,对污染物在水沙两相间的分配产生影响;随着流速进一步增大,床沙逐渐起动、悬浮,此时除上述因素外,泥沙运动状态、悬浮颗粒间碰撞强度、悬浮物的絮凝等均会对泥沙吸附/释放污染物产生影响,由于影响因素较多,作用机制复杂,目前关于泥沙运动对污染物在水沙两相间分配的影响所得结论仍存在分歧。相应的机理研究及数学模型的建立均做了较大简化。综观当前的研究成果,水沙运动及其化学生物过程等对污染物在河流水沙两相中的分配作用机理和耗氧有机物、有毒有机物等污染物与泥沙的作用机理是这一领域的未来研究重点。
Through a review of recent investigations into the effects of hydrodynamic action on the adsorption /release of pollutants( heavy metals,phosphorus,etc.) by sediments,the influence of water turbulence intensity and velocity on the distribution of pollutants in water and sediment in rivers was analyzed. The results show that,when the turbulence intensity is low,sediments occur in a form close to bed sediment,and the rate and extent of adsorption / release of pollutants by sediments are low. As the turbulence intensity increases,the shear stress at the water-sediment interface increases,sediment suspension is promoted,and the contact area between pollutants and suspended sediment particles increases,leading to a significant increase in the rate and extent of adsorption / release of pollutants by sediments. The effect of the water velocity on the distribution of pollutants in water and sediment iscomplex. When the sediment is stationary, with the increase of the velocity, the boundary layer thickness decreases,the dissolved oxygen content in water and redox potential increase,the diffusion of pollutants in the water body changes from molecular diffusion to turbulent diffusion,and the pollutant exchange flux at the watersediment interface increases. With further increase of the velocity,the bed sediment gradually moves and is suspended. At this moment,the state of sediment movement,intensity of collision between suspended matters,and flocculation of sediments also have effects on the adsorption / release of pollutants by sediments. Because of the extensive factors and the complexity of the functional mechanism,there is a disagreement between results regarding the influence of sediment movement on the adsorption / release of pollutants by sediments reported by different researchers,and simplification is carried out through mechanism studies and establishment of mathematical models.It is pointed out that future studies should focus on the mechanism of the influence of the water and sediment movement as well as chemical and biological processes on the distribution of pollutants in water and sediment in rivers and the interaction of oxygen consumption organics and nocuous organics with sediments.
Through a review of recent investigations into the effects of hydrodynamic action on the adsorption /release of pollutants( heavy metals,phosphorus,etc.) by sediments,the influence of water turbulence intensity and velocity on the distribution of pollutants in water and sediment in rivers was analyzed. The results show that,when the turbulence intensity is low,sediments occur in a form close to bed sediment,and the rate and extent of adsorption / release of pollutants by sediments are low. As the turbulence intensity increases,the shear stress at the water-sediment interface increases,sediment suspension is promoted,and the contact area between pollutants and suspended sediment particles increases,leading to a significant increase in the rate and extent of adsorption / release of pollutants by sediments. The effect of the water velocity on the distribution of pollutants in water and sediment iscomplex. When the sediment is stationary, with the increase of the velocity, the boundary layer thickness decreases,the dissolved oxygen content in water and redox potential increase,the diffusion of pollutants in the water body changes from molecular diffusion to turbulent diffusion,and the pollutant exchange flux at the watersediment interface increases. With further increase of the velocity,the bed sediment gradually moves and is suspended. At this moment,the state of sediment movement,intensity of collision between suspended matters,and flocculation of sediments also have effects on the adsorption / release of pollutants by sediments. Because of the extensive factors and the complexity of the functional mechanism,there is a disagreement between results regarding the influence of sediment movement on the adsorption / release of pollutants by sediments reported by different researchers,and simplification is carried out through mechanism studies and establishment of mathematical models.It is pointed out that future studies should focus on the mechanism of the influence of the water and sediment movement as well as chemical and biological processes on the distribution of pollutants in water and sediment in rivers and the interaction of oxygen consumption organics and nocuous organics with sediments.
引文
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[8]朱红伟,张坤,钟宝昌,等.泥沙颗粒和孔隙水在底泥再悬浮污染物释放中的作用[J].水动力学研究与进展:A辑,2011,26(5):631-641.(ZHU Hongwei,ZHANG Kun,ZHONG Baochang,et al.Effects of particles and pore water in release of pollutants due to sediment resuspension[J].Chinese Journal of Hydrodynamics,2011,26(5):631-641.(in Chinese))
[9]黄岁梁.谐振式紊动模拟装置解吸重金属试验及数学模拟[J].环境科学研究,1995(3):7-12.(HUANG Suiliang.Desorption of sediment and its mathematical model in harmonic vibration device for simulating turbulence[J].Research of Environmental Sciences,1995(3):7-12.(in Chinese))
[10]倪晋仁,杨军,邓宝山.高含沙紊动系统中影响泥沙和铜垂向分布的关键因素分析[J].环境科学学报,2001(1):1-6.(NI Jinren,YANG Jun,DENG Baoshan.Controlling factors on sediment-copper vertical distribution in hyper-concentrated turbulent system[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2001(1):1-6.(in Chinese))
[11]王鹏,冯燕,蔡赟杰.水动力条件对太湖底泥吸附苯胺性能的影响[J].环境科学与技术,2013,36(5):117-123.(WANG Peng,FENG Yan,CAI Yunjie.Aniline adsorption properties on Taihu Lake sediment under different hydrodynamic conditions[J].Environmental Science and Technology,2013,36(5):117-123.(in Chinese))
[12]杨军,倪晋仁,邓宝山.高含沙紊动系统中泥沙铜的相互作用及其垂向浓度分布[J].环境科学,2001,22(1):90-93.(YANG Jun,NI Jinren,DENG Baoshan.Sediment-copper interaction and vertical distribution in hyper-concentrated turbulent system[J].Environmental Science,2001,22(1):90-93.(in Chinese))
[13]李彬,张坤,钟宝昌,等.底泥污染物释放水动力特性实验研究[J].水动力学研究与进展:A辑,2008,23(2):126-133.(LI Bin,ZHANG Kun,ZHONG Baochang,et al.An experimental study on release of pollutants from sediment under hydrodynamic conditions[J].Chinese Journal of Hydrodynamics,2008,23(2):126-133.(in Chinese))
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[16]HOUSE W A,DENISON F H,SMITH J T,et al.An investigation of the effects of water velocity on inorganic phosphorus influx to a sediment[J].Environmental Pollution,1995,89(3):263-271.
[17]BARLOW K,NASH D,GRAYSON R.Investigating phosphorus interactions with bed sediments in a fluvial environment using a recirculating flume and intact soil cores[J].Water Research,2004,38(14):3420-3430.
[18]KALNEJAIS L H,MARTIN W R,BOTHNER M H.The release of dissolved nutrients and metals from coastal sediments due to resuspension[J].Marine Chemistry,2010,121(1):224-235.
[19]CANTWELL M G,BURGESS R M,KING J W.Resuspension of contaminated field and formulated reference sediments part I:Evaluation of metal release under controlled laboratory conditions[J].Chemosphere,2008,73(11):1824-1831.
[20]CANTWELL M G,BURGESS R M,KESTER D R.Release and phase partitioning of metals from anoxic estuarine sediments during periods of simulated resuspension[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2002,36(24):5328-5334.
[21]王沛芳,胡燕,王超,等.动水条件下重金属在沉积物水之间的迁移规律[J].土木建筑与环境工程,2012(3):151-158.(WANG Peifang,HU Yan,WANG Chao,et al.Analysis on mobility of heavy metals between sediment-water under different hydrodynamic conditions[J].Journal of Civil,Architectural and Environmental Engineering,2012(3):151-158.(in Chinese))
[22]张坤,李彬,王道增.动态水流条件下河流底泥污染物(CODCr)释放研究[J].环境科学学报,2010(5):985-989.(ZHANG Kun,Li Bin,WANG Daozeng.Contaminant(CODCr)release from river bottom sediments uder flow conditions[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2010(5):985-989.(in Chinese))
[23]黄建枝,葛小鹏,杨晓芳,等.利用环流槽研究再悬浮条件下凉水河底泥沉积物中重金属的迁移与分布[J].科学通报.2012,57(21):2015-2021.(HUANG Jianzhi,GE Xiaopeng,YANG Xiaofang,et al.Remobilization of heavy metals during the resuspension of Liangshui River sediments using an annular flume[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2012,57(21):2015-2021.(in Chinese))
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