石油类物质环己烷对活性污泥沉降性能的影响
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摘要
炼油废水中石油类物质容易影响活性污泥沉降性能、干扰处理效果.为了定量分析石油类物质对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,采用定量图像分析技术,通过图像采集、图像处理、图像分析和数据处理流程,考察了不同浓度环己烷影响下活性污泥絮体微观参数变化情况及参数间的相关性,并分析了微观参数与宏观参数[SV(污泥沉降比)、SVI(污泥容积指数)和MLSS(污泥浓度)]间的相关性.结果表明:(1)絮体微观参数值随环己烷投加浓度的变化规律具有明显的分组现象,同组参数间相关性强,可据此将参数分为大小类、规则性类和密实性类.(2)环己烷在低于1 g/L浓度条件下使活性污泥沉降体积增大,此时密实性参数与环己烷投加浓度、SV和SVI分别具有一定相关性.(3)环己烷投加浓度≥1 g/L时会导致污泥上浮流失,此时大小类和规则性类参数均分别与SV和MLSS具有一定相关性,其中,孔率与环己烷投加浓度呈负相关(R~2为0.91),分形维数与SV和MLSS分别呈负相关(R~2分别为0.75和0.89).研究显示,利用定量图像分析技术检测孔率和分形维数等污泥絮体微观参数,能够反映石油类物质对活性污泥沉降性能的影响,当孔率降至0.98以下预示着污泥流失,并且分形维数越大,流失越严重.
The petroleum substances in refinery wastewater influence the settling ability of activated sludge and decrease the efficiency of biotreatment systems. To achieve quantitative understandings of this influence,quantitative image analysis( QIA) was adopted to measure the microscopic parameters of floc morphology through the process of image collection,image processing,image analysis and data processing. Changes of the microscopic parameters were investigated under different concentrations of a typical petroleum substance,cyclohexane. The correlations among different microscopic parameters,and between microscopic and macroscopic parameters( SV,SVI and MLSS) were analyzed respectively. The results show that:( 1) The microscopic parameters of flocs were changed with the concentration of cyclohexane in several different patterns,which provides a basis to classify the parameters into size,regularity and density groups. Correlations were found to be significant between the parameters in each group.( 2) Cyclohexane less than 1 g/L caused an increase of the settling volume of activated sludge,and certain correlations were found between the parameters in density group and the macroscopic parameters SV and SVI,respectively.( 3) When cyclohexane concentration was above 1 g/L,sludge losses by floating up were observed,and correlations of parameters in size and regularity groups were significant with SV and MLSS,respectively. Two of the microscopic parameters were changed typically under the high concentration conditions. The hole ratio of the flocs presented a negativecorrelation with the concentration of cyclohexane( R~2= 0. 91). The fractal dimension was found to be negatively correlated with SV and MLSS( R~2 was 0. 75 and 0. 89,respectively). The impact of petroleum substance on the activated sludge settling ability could be analyzed by the determination of microscopic parameters such as hole ratio and fractal dimension by QIA: hole ratio below 0. 98 would indicate a sludge-loss problem caused by petroleum substances; and the higher the fractal dimension value was,the more the sludge loss.
The petroleum substances in refinery wastewater influence the settling ability of activated sludge and decrease the efficiency of biotreatment systems. To achieve quantitative understandings of this influence,quantitative image analysis( QIA) was adopted to measure the microscopic parameters of floc morphology through the process of image collection,image processing,image analysis and data processing. Changes of the microscopic parameters were investigated under different concentrations of a typical petroleum substance,cyclohexane. The correlations among different microscopic parameters,and between microscopic and macroscopic parameters( SV,SVI and MLSS) were analyzed respectively. The results show that:( 1) The microscopic parameters of flocs were changed with the concentration of cyclohexane in several different patterns,which provides a basis to classify the parameters into size,regularity and density groups. Correlations were found to be significant between the parameters in each group.( 2) Cyclohexane less than 1 g/L caused an increase of the settling volume of activated sludge,and certain correlations were found between the parameters in density group and the macroscopic parameters SV and SVI,respectively.( 3) When cyclohexane concentration was above 1 g/L,sludge losses by floating up were observed,and correlations of parameters in size and regularity groups were significant with SV and MLSS,respectively. Two of the microscopic parameters were changed typically under the high concentration conditions. The hole ratio of the flocs presented a negativecorrelation with the concentration of cyclohexane( R~2= 0. 91). The fractal dimension was found to be negatively correlated with SV and MLSS( R~2 was 0. 75 and 0. 89,respectively). The impact of petroleum substance on the activated sludge settling ability could be analyzed by the determination of microscopic parameters such as hole ratio and fractal dimension by QIA: hole ratio below 0. 98 would indicate a sludge-loss problem caused by petroleum substances; and the higher the fractal dimension value was,the more the sludge loss.
引文
[1]JASSBY D,XIAO Y,SCHULER A J.Biomass density and filament length synergistically affect activated sludge settling:systematic quantification and modeling[J].Water Research,2014,48(1):457-465.
[2]JONES P A,SCHULER A J.Role of changing biomass density in process disruptions affecting biomass settling at a full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plant[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,138(1):67-73.
[3]JONES P,SCHULER A J.Seasonal variability of biomass density and activated sludge settleability in full-scale wastewater treatment systems[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2010,164(1):16-22.
[4]ARELLI A,LUCCARINI L,MADONI P.Application of image analysis in activated sludge to evaluate correlations between settleability and features of flocs and filamentous species[J].Water Science and Technology,2009,59(10):2029-2036.
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[10]李振亮,张代钧,卢培利,等.活性污泥絮体粒径分布与分形维数的影响因素[J].环境科学,2013,34(10):3975-3980.LI Zhenliang,ZHANG Daijun,LU Peili,et al.Influencing factors of floc size distribution and fractal dimension of activated sludge[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(10):3975-3980.
[11]DIERDONCK J V,BROECK R V,VANSANT A,et al.Microscopic image analysis versus sludge volume index to monitor activated sludge bioflocculation:a case study[J].Separation Science and Technology,2013,48(10):1433-1441.
[12]GRIJSPEERDT K,VERSTRAETEW.A sensor for the secondary clarifier based on image analysis[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,33(1):61-70.
[13]MOTTA M D,PONS M N.Study of filamentous bacteria by image analysis and relation with settleability[J].Water Science and Technology,2002,46(2):363-369.
[14]曹秀芹,吴蕙蓉.图像分析在污水生物处理中的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(2):60-64.CAO Xiuqin,WU Huirong.Development of image analysis in biological wastewater treatment[J].Environmental Science&Technology(China),2009,32(2):60-64.
[15]LI Dahong,GANCZARCZYK J J.Application of image analysis system for study of activated sludge flocs[J].Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada,1986,21(1):130-140.
[16]JENNE R,BANADDA E N,SMETS I Y,et al.Activated sludge image analysis system:monitoring settle ability and effluent clarity[J].Water Science and Technology,2005,52(1011):193-199.
[17]张仲良,吴静,蒋剑凯,等.一种厌氧微观定量研究新方法[J].环境科学,2012,33(11):4052-4056.ZHANG Zhongliang,WU Jing,JIANG Jiankai,et al.A novel quantitative approach to study dynamic anaerobic process at micro scale[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(11):4052-4056.
[18]MESQUITA D P,DIAS O,DIAS A M A,et al.Study of saline wastewater influence on activated sludge flocs through automated image analysis[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2009,84(4):554-560.
[19]MESQUITA D P,AMARAL A L,FERREIRAE C.Identifying different types of bulking in an activated sludge system through quantitative image analysis[J].Chemosphere,2011,85(4):643-652.
[20]王晓云,车向然.炼油废水水质特性及其治理技术[J].水科学与工程技术,2008(6):53-55.WANG Xiaoyun,CHE Xiangran.Oil-refining wastewater characteristic and treatment technology[J].Water Sciences and Engineering Technology,2008(6):53-55.
[21]吴静,谢超波,曹知平,等.炼油废水的荧光指纹特征[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2012,32(2):415-419.
[22]杨茜,于茵,周岳溪,等.石化工业园区有毒废水来源识别研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4582-4588.YANG Qian,YU Yin,ZHOU Yuexi,et al.Source identification of toxic wastewaters in a petrochemical industrial park[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4582-4588.
[23]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:105-106.
[24]GLASBEY C A,HORGAN G W.Image analysis for the biological science[M].Chichester:John Wiley and Sons Ltd.,1995.
[25]COSTA J C,MESQUITA D P,AMARAL A L,et al.Quantitative image analysis for the characterization of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment:a review[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2013,20(9):5887-5912.
[26]周影涛.污泥膨胀对SBR反应器出水水质影响研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2009.
[27]吴红娟,刘超,罗义.活性污泥膨胀及其影响因素[J].地球与环境,2008,36(1):33-35.WU Hongjuan,LIU Chao,LUO Yi.Activated sludge expansion and affecting factors[J].Earth and Environment,2008,36(1):33-35.
[28]JENNE R,BANADDA E N,GINS G,et al.Use of image analysis for sludge characterisation:studying the relation between floc shape and sludge settle ability[J].Water Science&Technology,2006,54(1):167-174.
[29]胡小兵,朱荣芳,叶星,等.基于降维分析的活性污泥絮体结构特征指标[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(5):1759-1768.HU Xiaobing,ZHU Rongfang,YE Xing,et al.Characteristic indexes of floc structure in activated sludge based on dimensionality reduction methods[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(5):1759-1768.
[30]张新喜,完颜健飞,胡小兵,等.基于活性污泥絮体微观参数的污泥沉降性能判别[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(12):3815-3823.ZHANG Xinxi,WANYAN Jianfei,HU Xiaobing,et al.Discriminant of activated sludge settling ability based on floc microscopic parameters[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(12):3815-3823.
[31]GRIJSPEERDT K,VERSTRAETE W.Image analysis to estimate the settleability and concentration of activated sludge[J].Water Research,1997,31(5):1126-1134.
[32]HEINE W,SEKOULOV I,BURKHARDT H,et al.Early warningsystem for operation-failures in biological stages of WWTPs by online image analysis[J].Water Science and Technology,2002,46(45):117-124.
[33]BANADDA E N,SMETS I Y,JENNE R,et al.Predicting the onset of filamentous bulking in biological wastewater treatment systems by exploiting image analysis information[J].Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering,2005(5):339-348.
[34]MOTTA M D,PONS M N,ROCHE N,et al.Characterisation of activated sludge by automated image analysis[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2001,9(3):165-173.
[35]JIN B,WILEN B M,LANT P.A comprehensive insight into floc characteristics and their impact on compressibility and settleability of activated sludge[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2003,95(123):221-234.
[2]JONES P A,SCHULER A J.Role of changing biomass density in process disruptions affecting biomass settling at a full-scale domestic wastewater treatment plant[J].Journal of Environmental Engineering,2012,138(1):67-73.
[3]JONES P,SCHULER A J.Seasonal variability of biomass density and activated sludge settleability in full-scale wastewater treatment systems[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2010,164(1):16-22.
[4]ARELLI A,LUCCARINI L,MADONI P.Application of image analysis in activated sludge to evaluate correlations between settleability and features of flocs and filamentous species[J].Water Science and Technology,2009,59(10):2029-2036.
[5]WILEN B M,JIN B,LANT P.Impacts of structural characteristics on activated sludge floc stability[J].Water Research,2003,37(15):3632-3645.
[6]YU Rueyfang,CHEN Howen,CHENG Wenpo,et al.Simultaneously monitoring the particle size distribution,morphology and suspended solids concentration in wastewater applying digital image analysis(DIA)[J].Environmental Monitoring and Assessnet,2009,148(1):19-26.
[7]冯骞,王超,汪翙.水流紊动特性对活性污泥沉降性能的影响[J].环境科学,2008,29(6):1604-1610.FENG Qian,WANG Chao,WANG Hui.Influence of hydrodynamic turbulence characteristics on the sedimentation of activated sludge[J].Environmental Science,2008,29(6):1604-1610.
[8]GLENN V D,SMITS K,SMERTS I.An experimental study on the impact of bioflocculation on activated sludge separation techniques[J].Separation and Purification Technology,2015,141(8):94-104.
[9]吴浩东,胡宝清.活性污泥沉降性能影响因素的分析研究[J].试验技术与管理,2008,25(5):61-64.WU Haodong,HU Baoqing.The analysis on effective factors about activated sludge sediment[J].Experimental Technology and Management,2008,25(5):61-64.
[10]李振亮,张代钧,卢培利,等.活性污泥絮体粒径分布与分形维数的影响因素[J].环境科学,2013,34(10):3975-3980.LI Zhenliang,ZHANG Daijun,LU Peili,et al.Influencing factors of floc size distribution and fractal dimension of activated sludge[J].Environmental Science,2013,34(10):3975-3980.
[11]DIERDONCK J V,BROECK R V,VANSANT A,et al.Microscopic image analysis versus sludge volume index to monitor activated sludge bioflocculation:a case study[J].Separation Science and Technology,2013,48(10):1433-1441.
[12]GRIJSPEERDT K,VERSTRAETEW.A sensor for the secondary clarifier based on image analysis[J].Water Science and Technology,1996,33(1):61-70.
[13]MOTTA M D,PONS M N.Study of filamentous bacteria by image analysis and relation with settleability[J].Water Science and Technology,2002,46(2):363-369.
[14]曹秀芹,吴蕙蓉.图像分析在污水生物处理中的研究进展[J].环境科学与技术,2009,32(2):60-64.CAO Xiuqin,WU Huirong.Development of image analysis in biological wastewater treatment[J].Environmental Science&Technology(China),2009,32(2):60-64.
[15]LI Dahong,GANCZARCZYK J J.Application of image analysis system for study of activated sludge flocs[J].Water Pollution Research Journal of Canada,1986,21(1):130-140.
[16]JENNE R,BANADDA E N,SMETS I Y,et al.Activated sludge image analysis system:monitoring settle ability and effluent clarity[J].Water Science and Technology,2005,52(1011):193-199.
[17]张仲良,吴静,蒋剑凯,等.一种厌氧微观定量研究新方法[J].环境科学,2012,33(11):4052-4056.ZHANG Zhongliang,WU Jing,JIANG Jiankai,et al.A novel quantitative approach to study dynamic anaerobic process at micro scale[J].Environmental Science,2012,33(11):4052-4056.
[18]MESQUITA D P,DIAS O,DIAS A M A,et al.Study of saline wastewater influence on activated sludge flocs through automated image analysis[J].Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology,2009,84(4):554-560.
[19]MESQUITA D P,AMARAL A L,FERREIRAE C.Identifying different types of bulking in an activated sludge system through quantitative image analysis[J].Chemosphere,2011,85(4):643-652.
[20]王晓云,车向然.炼油废水水质特性及其治理技术[J].水科学与工程技术,2008(6):53-55.WANG Xiaoyun,CHE Xiangran.Oil-refining wastewater characteristic and treatment technology[J].Water Sciences and Engineering Technology,2008(6):53-55.
[21]吴静,谢超波,曹知平,等.炼油废水的荧光指纹特征[J].光谱学与光谱分析,2012,32(2):415-419.
[22]杨茜,于茵,周岳溪,等.石化工业园区有毒废水来源识别研究[J].环境科学,2014,35(12):4582-4588.YANG Qian,YU Yin,ZHOU Yuexi,et al.Source identification of toxic wastewaters in a petrochemical industrial park[J].Environmental Science,2014,35(12):4582-4588.
[23]国家环境保护总局.水和废水监测分析方法[M].4版.北京:中国环境科学出版社,2002:105-106.
[24]GLASBEY C A,HORGAN G W.Image analysis for the biological science[M].Chichester:John Wiley and Sons Ltd.,1995.
[25]COSTA J C,MESQUITA D P,AMARAL A L,et al.Quantitative image analysis for the characterization of microbial aggregates in biological wastewater treatment:a review[J].Environmental Science and Pollution Research International,2013,20(9):5887-5912.
[26]周影涛.污泥膨胀对SBR反应器出水水质影响研究[D].昆明:昆明理工大学,2009.
[27]吴红娟,刘超,罗义.活性污泥膨胀及其影响因素[J].地球与环境,2008,36(1):33-35.WU Hongjuan,LIU Chao,LUO Yi.Activated sludge expansion and affecting factors[J].Earth and Environment,2008,36(1):33-35.
[28]JENNE R,BANADDA E N,GINS G,et al.Use of image analysis for sludge characterisation:studying the relation between floc shape and sludge settle ability[J].Water Science&Technology,2006,54(1):167-174.
[29]胡小兵,朱荣芳,叶星,等.基于降维分析的活性污泥絮体结构特征指标[J].中国环境科学,2017,37(5):1759-1768.HU Xiaobing,ZHU Rongfang,YE Xing,et al.Characteristic indexes of floc structure in activated sludge based on dimensionality reduction methods[J].China Environmental Science,2017,37(5):1759-1768.
[30]张新喜,完颜健飞,胡小兵,等.基于活性污泥絮体微观参数的污泥沉降性能判别[J].环境科学学报,2015,35(12):3815-3823.ZHANG Xinxi,WANYAN Jianfei,HU Xiaobing,et al.Discriminant of activated sludge settling ability based on floc microscopic parameters[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2015,35(12):3815-3823.
[31]GRIJSPEERDT K,VERSTRAETE W.Image analysis to estimate the settleability and concentration of activated sludge[J].Water Research,1997,31(5):1126-1134.
[32]HEINE W,SEKOULOV I,BURKHARDT H,et al.Early warningsystem for operation-failures in biological stages of WWTPs by online image analysis[J].Water Science and Technology,2002,46(45):117-124.
[33]BANADDA E N,SMETS I Y,JENNE R,et al.Predicting the onset of filamentous bulking in biological wastewater treatment systems by exploiting image analysis information[J].Bioprocess and Biosystems Engineering,2005(5):339-348.
[34]MOTTA M D,PONS M N,ROCHE N,et al.Characterisation of activated sludge by automated image analysis[J].Biochemical Engineering Journal,2001,9(3):165-173.
[35]JIN B,WILEN B M,LANT P.A comprehensive insight into floc characteristics and their impact on compressibility and settleability of activated sludge[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2003,95(123):221-234.