不同灌溉模式下夏玉米产量形成特点
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摘要
为了筛选限水灌溉条件下较优的灌溉集成模式,挖掘夏玉米高产潜力,明确其高产的生理特性,2015—2016年在河北藁城采用灌溉施肥方式(微喷灌和管灌)×密度(6.3×104、7.8×104株·hm-2)×收获期(9月25日和10月3日)再裂区试验,研究了微喷灌和管灌为主的两种集成模式对夏玉米郑单958产量形成的影响。结果表明:微喷灌水肥一体化三次灌水施肥技术,改善了浅层土壤水分状况,土壤水分含量较管灌模式高5.9%～20.2%;其拔节期叶面积指数(LAI)较管灌高30.2%～44.2%,生育后期SPAD值降低缓慢,较管灌高4.9%～5.9%,且作物生长速率(CGR)高9.0%～26.3%,这是其提高玉米千粒重和产量的主要原因,并且收获越晚玉米微喷灌模式的增产效应越大,早收和晚收分别增产5.1%～6.0%和7.2%～10.8%。微喷灌模式高密度处理基部茎节抗倒伏指数、叶片SPAD值和CGR大多优于管灌低密度处理或与之相当,三者分别较管灌高4.0%～27.3%、-1.0%～3.7%和24.3%～37.7%。说明微喷灌模式优于管灌模式,且在此模式下增加种植密度是可行的。研究结果表明,微喷灌+增密+推迟收获时间3种技术综合应用可充分发挥玉米的增产潜力,实现增产23.3%。
The objective of this study was to explore the optimization of the integration mode of irrigation under limited water condition,the high yield potential,and physiological characteristics of high yield for summer maize. A field experiment was carried out with re-split plot design( main plot of irrigation mode,split plot of density and resplit plot of harvest time) in Gaocheng of Hebei province from 2015 to 2016 to study the effects of two types of integrated irrigation modes on the grain yield formation of summer maize for Zhengdan 958 under two density conditions.The two irrigation methods were micro sprinkler irrigation( micro-irrigation) and pipe irrigation,with two planting densities of 6.3×104 and 7.8×104 plants·ha-1,and two harvest dates on Sep. 25 and Oct. 3. The results showed that soil moisture content in the top layer( 0 ～ 60 cm) for micro-irrigation mode was 5.9% ～ 20.2% higher due to 3 X integration fertilization and irrigation. So,compared with pipe-irrigation,micro-irrigation mode increased maize plant growth due to sufficient shallow soil water conditions,and the LAI of jointing stage was 30.2% ～ 44.2% higher,SPAD of late growth stage slowly decreased to just 4.9% ～ 5.9% higher,and CGR was 9.0% ～ 26.3% higher than that of pipe irrigation. So,the 1000-grain weight and yield of maize were increased,especially for micro-irrigation mode when harvest time was delayed,the increasing yield effect was more obvious with 5.1% ～ 6.0% and 7.2%～ 10.8% increase in yield for early and late harvests than that of pipe irrigation,respectively. Basal stem lodging index,leaf SPAD values,and CGR of micro irrigation mode in high density condition were better than or equivalent to those indexes of pipe irrigation in low density,4. 0% ～ 27. 3%,-1. 0% ～ 3. 7%,and 24. 3% ～ 37. 7%,respectively. It showed that the micro-irrigation mode is better than the pipe-irrigation mode,and when planting density with micro-irrigation mode was increased,these indicators would not be worse. The potential increase of maize yield could be exploited when comprehensive application of the three technologies( micro irrigation + high density + delaying harvest time) that resulted in 23.3% increase in yield. This study provided a technical support for water-saving and high-yield cultivation of maize.
The objective of this study was to explore the optimization of the integration mode of irrigation under limited water condition,the high yield potential,and physiological characteristics of high yield for summer maize. A field experiment was carried out with re-split plot design( main plot of irrigation mode,split plot of density and resplit plot of harvest time) in Gaocheng of Hebei province from 2015 to 2016 to study the effects of two types of integrated irrigation modes on the grain yield formation of summer maize for Zhengdan 958 under two density conditions.The two irrigation methods were micro sprinkler irrigation( micro-irrigation) and pipe irrigation,with two planting densities of 6.3×104 and 7.8×104 plants·ha-1,and two harvest dates on Sep. 25 and Oct. 3. The results showed that soil moisture content in the top layer( 0 ～ 60 cm) for micro-irrigation mode was 5.9% ～ 20.2% higher due to 3 X integration fertilization and irrigation. So,compared with pipe-irrigation,micro-irrigation mode increased maize plant growth due to sufficient shallow soil water conditions,and the LAI of jointing stage was 30.2% ～ 44.2% higher,SPAD of late growth stage slowly decreased to just 4.9% ～ 5.9% higher,and CGR was 9.0% ～ 26.3% higher than that of pipe irrigation. So,the 1000-grain weight and yield of maize were increased,especially for micro-irrigation mode when harvest time was delayed,the increasing yield effect was more obvious with 5.1% ～ 6.0% and 7.2%～ 10.8% increase in yield for early and late harvests than that of pipe irrigation,respectively. Basal stem lodging index,leaf SPAD values,and CGR of micro irrigation mode in high density condition were better than or equivalent to those indexes of pipe irrigation in low density,4. 0% ～ 27. 3%,-1. 0% ～ 3. 7%,and 24. 3% ～ 37. 7%,respectively. It showed that the micro-irrigation mode is better than the pipe-irrigation mode,and when planting density with micro-irrigation mode was increased,these indicators would not be worse. The potential increase of maize yield could be exploited when comprehensive application of the three technologies( micro irrigation + high density + delaying harvest time) that resulted in 23.3% increase in yield. This study provided a technical support for water-saving and high-yield cultivation of maize.
引文
[1]肖俊夫,刘战东.中国玉米需水量与需水规律研究[J].玉米科学,2008,16(4):21-25.
[2]张正斌,崔玉亭,陈兆波,等.华北平原水资源平衡和节水农业发展的若干问题探讨[J].中国农业科技导报,2003,5(4):42-47.
[3]曹云者,宇振荣,赵同科.夏玉米需水及耗水规律的研究[J].华北农学报,2003,18(2):47-50.
[4] Jiang Y. China’s water scarcity[J]. Journal of Environmental Manage-ment,2009,90:3185-3196.
[5]崔远来.非充分灌溉优化配水技术研究综述[J].灌溉排水,2000,19(1):66-70.
[6]周斌,封俊,张学军,等.微喷带单孔喷水量分布的基本特征研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):101-103.
[7] Home P G,Panda R K,Kar S. Effect of method and scheduling of ir-rigation on water and nitrogen use efficiencies of Okra(Abelmoschus es-culentus)[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2002,55(2):159-170.
[8] Sun Z Q,Kang Y H,Jiang S F. Effect of sprinkler and border irriga-tion on topsoil structure in winter wheat[J]. Pedosphere,2010,20(4):419-416.
[9]崔吉晓,檀海斌,吴佳迪,等.微喷灌水肥一体化对河北夏玉米生长及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(3):105-110.
[10]魏子涵,魏占民,李春强,等.不同灌溉方式对玉米植株生长参数及产量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(3):183-187.
[11] Kang Y H,Chen M,Wan S Q. Effects of drip irrigation with alinewater on waxy maize(Zea mays L. var. ceratina Kulesh)in NorthChina Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(9):1303-1309.
[12]王勇,白玲晓,赵举,等.喷灌条件下玉米地土壤水分动态与水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(增刊):92-97.
[13]吕丽华,董志强,曹洁璇,等.播期、收获期对玉米物质生产及光能利用的调控效应[J].华北农学报,2013,28(增刊):177-183.
[14]耿广涛,宋桂成,董文庆,等.种植密度对不同叶位玉米叶片光合特性的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(8):1589-1595.
[15]杨蕊菊,柴守玺,马忠明,等.水肥耦合对小麦玉米带田产量效应及土壤水分动态研究[J].核农学报,2011,25(5):1004-1009.
[16]李王成,黄修桥,龚时宏,等.玉米冠层对喷灌水量空间分布的影响[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(3):59-62.
[17]郝芝建,范兴科,吴普特,等.喷灌条件下夏玉米冠层对水量截留试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(1):25-27.
[18]张明智,牛文全,许健,等.微灌与播前深松对根际土壤酶活性和夏玉米产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(6):1925-1934.
[19]王海瑞,吕志远,汤鹏程,等.喷灌条件下不同灌溉施肥对玉米耗水和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(3):72-78.
[20]郭丙玉,高慧,唐诚,等.水肥互作对滴灌玉米氮素吸收、水氮利用效率及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(12):3679-3686.
[21]曹卫星.作物栽培学总论[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[22]钟兆站,赵聚宝,郁小川,等.中国北方主要旱地作物需水量的计算与分析[J].中国农业气象,2000,21(2):1-4.
[23]李英,赵福年,丁文魁,等.灌溉方式和播期对玉米水分动态与水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(6):62-67.
[24]白玲晓.鄂尔多斯高原玉米喷灌灌水技术模式试验研究-以鄂托克旗喷灌区为例[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2011.
[25]毛建昌,李向拓,李发民,等.玉米苗期抗旱性评价方法研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(4):155-158.
[26]姚素梅,康跃虎,刘海军,等.喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦的生长过程差异分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(5):143-147.
[27]孙振山,刘昌明,张喜英,等.太行山前平原区作物-水分模型[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,23(6):154-157.
[28] Hu W,Shao M A,Reichardt K. Using a new criterion to identifysites for mean soil water storage evaluation[J]. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal,2010,74(3):762-773.
[29]任丽雯,马兴祥,丁文魁.干旱区不同灌溉模式和播期对玉米干物质积累分配的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(5):147-153.
[2]张正斌,崔玉亭,陈兆波,等.华北平原水资源平衡和节水农业发展的若干问题探讨[J].中国农业科技导报,2003,5(4):42-47.
[3]曹云者,宇振荣,赵同科.夏玉米需水及耗水规律的研究[J].华北农学报,2003,18(2):47-50.
[4] Jiang Y. China’s water scarcity[J]. Journal of Environmental Manage-ment,2009,90:3185-3196.
[5]崔远来.非充分灌溉优化配水技术研究综述[J].灌溉排水,2000,19(1):66-70.
[6]周斌,封俊,张学军,等.微喷带单孔喷水量分布的基本特征研究[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(4):101-103.
[7] Home P G,Panda R K,Kar S. Effect of method and scheduling of ir-rigation on water and nitrogen use efficiencies of Okra(Abelmoschus es-culentus)[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2002,55(2):159-170.
[8] Sun Z Q,Kang Y H,Jiang S F. Effect of sprinkler and border irriga-tion on topsoil structure in winter wheat[J]. Pedosphere,2010,20(4):419-416.
[9]崔吉晓,檀海斌,吴佳迪,等.微喷灌水肥一体化对河北夏玉米生长及产量的影响[J].玉米科学,2017,25(3):105-110.
[10]魏子涵,魏占民,李春强,等.不同灌溉方式对玉米植株生长参数及产量的影响[J].水土保持研究,2017,24(3):183-187.
[11] Kang Y H,Chen M,Wan S Q. Effects of drip irrigation with alinewater on waxy maize(Zea mays L. var. ceratina Kulesh)in NorthChina Plain[J]. Agricultural Water Management,2010,97(9):1303-1309.
[12]王勇,白玲晓,赵举,等.喷灌条件下玉米地土壤水分动态与水分利用效率[J].农业工程学报,2012,28(增刊):92-97.
[13]吕丽华,董志强,曹洁璇,等.播期、收获期对玉米物质生产及光能利用的调控效应[J].华北农学报,2013,28(增刊):177-183.
[14]耿广涛,宋桂成,董文庆,等.种植密度对不同叶位玉米叶片光合特性的影响[J].核农学报,2015,29(8):1589-1595.
[15]杨蕊菊,柴守玺,马忠明,等.水肥耦合对小麦玉米带田产量效应及土壤水分动态研究[J].核农学报,2011,25(5):1004-1009.
[16]李王成,黄修桥,龚时宏,等.玉米冠层对喷灌水量空间分布的影响[J].农业工程学报,2003,19(3):59-62.
[17]郝芝建,范兴科,吴普特,等.喷灌条件下夏玉米冠层对水量截留试验研究[J].灌溉排水学报,2008,27(1):25-27.
[18]张明智,牛文全,许健,等.微灌与播前深松对根际土壤酶活性和夏玉米产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(6):1925-1934.
[19]王海瑞,吕志远,汤鹏程,等.喷灌条件下不同灌溉施肥对玉米耗水和产量的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(3):72-78.
[20]郭丙玉,高慧,唐诚,等.水肥互作对滴灌玉米氮素吸收、水氮利用效率及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(12):3679-3686.
[21]曹卫星.作物栽培学总论[M].北京:科学出版社,2006.
[22]钟兆站,赵聚宝,郁小川,等.中国北方主要旱地作物需水量的计算与分析[J].中国农业气象,2000,21(2):1-4.
[23]李英,赵福年,丁文魁,等.灌溉方式和播期对玉米水分动态与水分利用效率的影响[J].中国农学通报,2015,31(6):62-67.
[24]白玲晓.鄂尔多斯高原玉米喷灌灌水技术模式试验研究-以鄂托克旗喷灌区为例[D].呼和浩特:内蒙古师范大学,2011.
[25]毛建昌,李向拓,李发民,等.玉米苗期抗旱性评价方法研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(4):155-158.
[26]姚素梅,康跃虎,刘海军,等.喷灌和地面灌溉条件下冬小麦的生长过程差异分析[J].干旱地区农业研究,2005,23(5):143-147.
[27]孙振山,刘昌明,张喜英,等.太行山前平原区作物-水分模型[J].干旱地区农业研究,2006,23(6):154-157.
[28] Hu W,Shao M A,Reichardt K. Using a new criterion to identifysites for mean soil water storage evaluation[J]. Soil Science Society ofAmerica Journal,2010,74(3):762-773.
[29]任丽雯,马兴祥,丁文魁.干旱区不同灌溉模式和播期对玉米干物质积累分配的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2015,33(5):147-153.