竞争市场中的库存共享实施策略
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摘要
零售商间的竞争使市场中的库存共享和转运实施变的困难,这造成极大的资源浪费.为实现竞争厂商间的库存转运共享,本文设计了一类由生产商主导的库存转运机制,进而分析转运系统的协调策略.假设市场需求随机且存在顾客转移,考虑两销售周期,针对由单生产商、两零售商组成的供应链系统.首先建立Stackelberg-Nash均衡博弈策略模型刻画供应链分销系统;其次设计生产商主导的竞争零售商主动转运机制;运用博弈分析方法分别给出分散式无转运、分散式转运及集中式转运系统的最优生产、订货、补货及转运等均衡策略;设计了一类由调货价合同、批发价合同、加盟费合同组成的组合协调机制,以实现分散式分销系统的协调及效率改进.研究及分析表明:生产商主导的协助转运机制能实现竞争零售商间的主动库存转运和共享;合理批发价、调货价、加盟费等设置下的组合协调合同能够实现供应链转运分销系统的完美协调.研究为企业科学开展库存决策提供了依据.
Because of the competition among retailers, it becomes difficult to share and transfer of inventory in the market, which results in a great waste of resources. In order to achieve the inventory transshipment and share among competitors, a manufacturer-oriented transshipment mechanism(referred as MOT) is designed to analyze the coordination strategy of the transshipment system by this study.Assuming that market demand is random, and there exists customer transfer, considering two sales periods, for a supply chain system of a single manufacturer and two retailers, the equilibrium game model of Stackelberg-Nash is built to characterize the supply chain distribution system first. And then, the MOT mechanism is designed to obtain the proactive transshipment among competitive retailers. The optimal equilibrium strategies of production, ordering, replenishment, transshipment, etc. of the decentralized nontransshipment, decentralized transshipment, and centralized transshipment systems are given by using the game analysis method, respectively. Lastly, a combination mechanism composing of the wholesales price contract, adjustment price contract, and franchise fee contract is designed to achieve the efficiency improvement of the decentralized supply chain system. The results show that the MOT mechanism can obtain effectively proactive transshipment among the competitive retailers. The combination mechanism under reasonable settings of the wholesale price, adjustment price, and fixed franchise fee can obtain the effective coordination of the supply chain distribution and transshipment system. Therefore, a more reasonable basis of inventory decision is provided by this study for firms.
Because of the competition among retailers, it becomes difficult to share and transfer of inventory in the market, which results in a great waste of resources. In order to achieve the inventory transshipment and share among competitors, a manufacturer-oriented transshipment mechanism(referred as MOT) is designed to analyze the coordination strategy of the transshipment system by this study.Assuming that market demand is random, and there exists customer transfer, considering two sales periods, for a supply chain system of a single manufacturer and two retailers, the equilibrium game model of Stackelberg-Nash is built to characterize the supply chain distribution system first. And then, the MOT mechanism is designed to obtain the proactive transshipment among competitive retailers. The optimal equilibrium strategies of production, ordering, replenishment, transshipment, etc. of the decentralized nontransshipment, decentralized transshipment, and centralized transshipment systems are given by using the game analysis method, respectively. Lastly, a combination mechanism composing of the wholesales price contract, adjustment price contract, and franchise fee contract is designed to achieve the efficiency improvement of the decentralized supply chain system. The results show that the MOT mechanism can obtain effectively proactive transshipment among the competitive retailers. The combination mechanism under reasonable settings of the wholesale price, adjustment price, and fixed franchise fee can obtain the effective coordination of the supply chain distribution and transshipment system. Therefore, a more reasonable basis of inventory decision is provided by this study for firms.
引文
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[8]陈敬贤,王国华,梁樑.供应链系统中零售商横向转载的随机规划模型及算法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2012, 32(4):738-745.Chen J X, Wang G H, Liang L. Stochastic programming model and algorithm of multilocation lateral transshipment problem in supply chain system[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2012, 32(4):738-746.
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[12] Alptekinoglu A, Banerjee A, Paul A, et al. Inventory pooling to deliver differentiated service[J]. Manufacturing&Service Operations Management, 2013, 15(1):33-44.
[13] Summerfield N, Dror M. Stochastic programming for decentralized newsvendor with transshipment[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2012, 137(2):292-303.
[14] Torabi S, Hassine E, Jeihoonian M. Fulfillment source allocation, inventory transshipment, and customer order transfer in e-tailing[J]. Transportation Research Part E, 2015, 79(1):128-144.
[15] Park S, Lai G, Seshadri S. Inventory sharing in the presence of commodity markets[J]. Production&Operations Management, 2016, 25(7):1245-1260.
[16] Ji X, Sun J, Wang Z. Turn bad into good:Using transshipment-before-buyback for disruptions of stochastic demand[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2017, 185(1):150-161.
[17]汪传旭,许长延.两级供应链中短生命周期产品应急转运策略[J].管理科学学报,2015, 18(9):61-71.Wang C X, Xu C Y. Emergency transshipment policy for short life cycle product in a two stage supply chain[J].Journal of Management Sciences in China, 2015, 18(9):61-72.
[18] Cho S, Wang X. Newsvendor mergers[J]. Management Science, 2017, 63(2):298-316.
[19] Hanany E, Tzur M, Levran A. The transshipment fund mechanism:Coordinating the decentralized multilocation transshipment problem[J]. Naval Research Logistics, 2010, 57(4):342-353.
[20] Yan X, Zhao H. Decentralized inventory sharing with asymmetric information[J]. Operations Research, 2011,59(6):1528-1538.
[21]陈敬贤,王国华,梁樑.协调多零售商横向转载的收益共享契约[J].中国管理科学,2013, 21(3):79-87.Chen J X, Wang G H, Liang L. The revenue-sharing mechanism:Coordinating the multilocation lateral transshipment problem[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2013, 21(3):79-87.
[22] Li X, Sun L, Gao J. Coordinating preventive lateral transshipment between two locations[J]. Computers&Industrial Engineering, 2013, 66(4):933-943.
[23] Yan X, Zhao H. Inventory sharing and coordination among n independent retailers[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2015, 243(2):576-587.
[24]禹爱民,刘丽文.供应链下游零售商的转运库存策略[J].系统管理学报,2013,22(1):1-9.Yu A M, Liu L W. The transshipment between two types of retailers in the downstream supply chain[J]. Journal of Systems&Management, 2013, 22(1):1-9.
[25]邵婧.两层级分散决策供应链库存转运问题研究[J].中国管理科学,2016, 24(1):76-81.Shao J. Impact of transshiment on a decentralized supply chain[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science,2016, 24(1):76-81.
[26]陈敬贤,陈于,施国洪.基于批发价契约的多零售商横向转载的供应链协调[J].运筹与管理,2013, 22(6):123-131.Chen J X, Chen Y, Shi G H. Supply chain coordination with wholesale price contract when lateral transshipment among multi-retailers exists[J]. Operations Research and Management Science, 2013, 22(6):123-131.
[27] Shao J, Krishan H, Mccormick S. Incentives for transshipment in a supply chain with decentralized retailers[J].Manufacturing&Service Operations Management, 2011, 13(3):361-372.
[28] Lee C, Park K. Inventory and transshipment decisions in the rationing game under capacity uncertainty[J].Omega, 2016, 65(1):82-97.
[29] Zhao X, Atkins D. Transshipment between competing retailers[J]. IHE Transactions, 2009, 41(8):665-676.
[30] Zou L, Dresner M, Windle R. A two-location inventory model with transshipments in a competitive environment[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2010, 125(2):235-250.
[31] Comez N, Stecke K, Metin M. In-season transshipments among competitive retailers[J]. Manufacturing&Service Operations Management, 2012, 14(2):290-300.
[32]赵秋红,朱少楠,李安楠.存在顾客购买转移的双分销渠道订货与库存转运策略[J].系统工程理论与实践,2014, 34(6):1453-1461.Zhao Q H, Zhu S N, Li A N. Ordering and transshipment strategies of dual-distribution channels with customers switching[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2014, 34(6):1453-1461.
[33] Rong Y, Snyder L, Sun Y. Inventory sharing under decentralized preventive transshipments[J]. Naval Research Logistics, 2010, 57(6):540-562.
[34] Glazebrook K, Paterson C, Rauscher S. Benefits of hybrid lateral transshipments in multi-item inventory systems under periodic replenishment[J]. Production&Operations Management, 2015, 24(2):311-324.
[35] Hossein A, Berman O, Shara S. Optimal joint replenishment and transshipment policies in a multi-period inventory system with lost sales[J]. Operations Research, 2015, 63(2):342-350.
[36] Li R, Ryan J, Zeng Z. Coordination in a single-supplier, multi-retailer distribution system:Supplier-facilitated transshipments[J]. Production Operations Management, 2017, 26(5):784-801.
[37]颜波,刘艳萍,夏畅.集中控制型VMI&TPL集群式供应链的补货决策和协调契约[J].系统工程理论与实践,2015,35(8):1968-1982.Yan B, Liu Y P, Xia C. Replenishment decision making and coordination contract of cluster supply chain in a centralized VMI&TPL system[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2015, 35(8):1968-1982.
[38] Cachon G P, Netessine S. Game theory in supply chain analysis[J]. Springer US, 2004, 74(1):13-65.
[2] Kim J, Benjaafar S. On the benefits of inventory-pooling in production-inventory systems[J]. Manufacturing&Service Operations Management, 2002, 4(1):12-16.
[3]陈敬贤,王国华,梁樑.横向转载应对需求突变[J]·管理科学学报,2014, 17(12):27-37.Chen J X, Wang G H, Liang L. Managing demand disruption with lateral transshipment[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China, 2014, 17(12):27-37.
[4] Zhao H, Ryan J K. Inventory sharing and rationing in decentralized dealer networks[J]. Management Science,2005, 51(4):531-547.
[5]腾讯科技.刘强东谈京东苏宁价格战:我们一天亏了两个亿[EB/OL]. http://tech.qq.com/a/20130325/000097.htm,2013-03-25.Tencent Science and Technology. Liu Qiangdong talks about the price war between Jingdong and Suning:We lose two hundred million in a day[EB/OL]. http://tech.qq.com/a/20130325/000097.htm, 2013-03-25.
[6]网易科技.刘强东:国美苏宁还在宿迁,这是京东的耻辱[EB/OL]. http://tech.163.com/17/0211/21/CD19RFJH00097U85.html, 2017-02-11.NetEase Science and Technology. Liu Qiangdong:Gome and Suning are still in Suqian, which is the disgrace of Jingdong[EB/OL]. http://tech.163.com/17/0211/21/CD19RFJH00097U85.html,2017-02-11.
[7] Rudi N, Kapur S, Pyke D. A two-location inventory model with transshipment and local decision making[J].Management Science, 2001, 47(12):1668-1680.
[8]陈敬贤,王国华,梁樑.供应链系统中零售商横向转载的随机规划模型及算法[J].系统工程理论与实践,2012, 32(4):738-745.Chen J X, Wang G H, Liang L. Stochastic programming model and algorithm of multilocation lateral transshipment problem in supply chain system[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2012, 32(4):738-746.
[9] Dong Y, Xu K, Evers P. Transshipment incentive contracts in a multi-level supply chain[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2012, 223(2):430-440.
[10] Fang X, Cho S. Stability and endogenous formation of inventory transshipment networks[J]. Operations Research,2014, 62(6):1316-1334.
[11] Noham R, Tzur M. The single and multi-item transshipment problem with fixed transshipment costs[J]. Naval Research Logistics, 2015, 61(8):637-664.
[12] Alptekinoglu A, Banerjee A, Paul A, et al. Inventory pooling to deliver differentiated service[J]. Manufacturing&Service Operations Management, 2013, 15(1):33-44.
[13] Summerfield N, Dror M. Stochastic programming for decentralized newsvendor with transshipment[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2012, 137(2):292-303.
[14] Torabi S, Hassine E, Jeihoonian M. Fulfillment source allocation, inventory transshipment, and customer order transfer in e-tailing[J]. Transportation Research Part E, 2015, 79(1):128-144.
[15] Park S, Lai G, Seshadri S. Inventory sharing in the presence of commodity markets[J]. Production&Operations Management, 2016, 25(7):1245-1260.
[16] Ji X, Sun J, Wang Z. Turn bad into good:Using transshipment-before-buyback for disruptions of stochastic demand[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2017, 185(1):150-161.
[17]汪传旭,许长延.两级供应链中短生命周期产品应急转运策略[J].管理科学学报,2015, 18(9):61-71.Wang C X, Xu C Y. Emergency transshipment policy for short life cycle product in a two stage supply chain[J].Journal of Management Sciences in China, 2015, 18(9):61-72.
[18] Cho S, Wang X. Newsvendor mergers[J]. Management Science, 2017, 63(2):298-316.
[19] Hanany E, Tzur M, Levran A. The transshipment fund mechanism:Coordinating the decentralized multilocation transshipment problem[J]. Naval Research Logistics, 2010, 57(4):342-353.
[20] Yan X, Zhao H. Decentralized inventory sharing with asymmetric information[J]. Operations Research, 2011,59(6):1528-1538.
[21]陈敬贤,王国华,梁樑.协调多零售商横向转载的收益共享契约[J].中国管理科学,2013, 21(3):79-87.Chen J X, Wang G H, Liang L. The revenue-sharing mechanism:Coordinating the multilocation lateral transshipment problem[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science, 2013, 21(3):79-87.
[22] Li X, Sun L, Gao J. Coordinating preventive lateral transshipment between two locations[J]. Computers&Industrial Engineering, 2013, 66(4):933-943.
[23] Yan X, Zhao H. Inventory sharing and coordination among n independent retailers[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2015, 243(2):576-587.
[24]禹爱民,刘丽文.供应链下游零售商的转运库存策略[J].系统管理学报,2013,22(1):1-9.Yu A M, Liu L W. The transshipment between two types of retailers in the downstream supply chain[J]. Journal of Systems&Management, 2013, 22(1):1-9.
[25]邵婧.两层级分散决策供应链库存转运问题研究[J].中国管理科学,2016, 24(1):76-81.Shao J. Impact of transshiment on a decentralized supply chain[J]. Chinese Journal of Management Science,2016, 24(1):76-81.
[26]陈敬贤,陈于,施国洪.基于批发价契约的多零售商横向转载的供应链协调[J].运筹与管理,2013, 22(6):123-131.Chen J X, Chen Y, Shi G H. Supply chain coordination with wholesale price contract when lateral transshipment among multi-retailers exists[J]. Operations Research and Management Science, 2013, 22(6):123-131.
[27] Shao J, Krishan H, Mccormick S. Incentives for transshipment in a supply chain with decentralized retailers[J].Manufacturing&Service Operations Management, 2011, 13(3):361-372.
[28] Lee C, Park K. Inventory and transshipment decisions in the rationing game under capacity uncertainty[J].Omega, 2016, 65(1):82-97.
[29] Zhao X, Atkins D. Transshipment between competing retailers[J]. IHE Transactions, 2009, 41(8):665-676.
[30] Zou L, Dresner M, Windle R. A two-location inventory model with transshipments in a competitive environment[J]. International Journal of Production Economics, 2010, 125(2):235-250.
[31] Comez N, Stecke K, Metin M. In-season transshipments among competitive retailers[J]. Manufacturing&Service Operations Management, 2012, 14(2):290-300.
[32]赵秋红,朱少楠,李安楠.存在顾客购买转移的双分销渠道订货与库存转运策略[J].系统工程理论与实践,2014, 34(6):1453-1461.Zhao Q H, Zhu S N, Li A N. Ordering and transshipment strategies of dual-distribution channels with customers switching[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2014, 34(6):1453-1461.
[33] Rong Y, Snyder L, Sun Y. Inventory sharing under decentralized preventive transshipments[J]. Naval Research Logistics, 2010, 57(6):540-562.
[34] Glazebrook K, Paterson C, Rauscher S. Benefits of hybrid lateral transshipments in multi-item inventory systems under periodic replenishment[J]. Production&Operations Management, 2015, 24(2):311-324.
[35] Hossein A, Berman O, Shara S. Optimal joint replenishment and transshipment policies in a multi-period inventory system with lost sales[J]. Operations Research, 2015, 63(2):342-350.
[36] Li R, Ryan J, Zeng Z. Coordination in a single-supplier, multi-retailer distribution system:Supplier-facilitated transshipments[J]. Production Operations Management, 2017, 26(5):784-801.
[37]颜波,刘艳萍,夏畅.集中控制型VMI&TPL集群式供应链的补货决策和协调契约[J].系统工程理论与实践,2015,35(8):1968-1982.Yan B, Liu Y P, Xia C. Replenishment decision making and coordination contract of cluster supply chain in a centralized VMI&TPL system[J]. Systems Engineering—Theory&Practice, 2015, 35(8):1968-1982.
[38] Cachon G P, Netessine S. Game theory in supply chain analysis[J]. Springer US, 2004, 74(1):13-65.