太平洋暖池冷舌交汇区盐度变异机制及气候效应研究
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摘要
热带中太平洋暖池冷舌交汇区既是冷暖水交汇的区域,也是高盐低盐水交汇之地,形成了以强烈的海表盐度锋、较浅的混合层和较厚的障碍层为显著特征的温盐结构。该区域还是不同类型厄尔尼诺(El Ni?o)发生发展的关键区域,也是气候模式模拟偏差比较集中的区域。为了研究该区域盐度过程及其时空变异,及其在多大程度上影响热带太平洋上层海洋热力动力结构和ENSO的发展变异这一重要科学问题,国家自然科学基金重点项目"暖池冷舌交汇区盐度变异机制及气候效应研究"于2017年7月正式立项。该项目拟解决的关键科学问题包括:(1)融合多源数据刻画交汇区盐度的三维结构及变异规律;(2)阐明影响盐度锋和障碍层不同时间尺度变异的主要过程及作用机理;(3)阐明交汇区盐度变异,特别是障碍层和盐度锋变异,是如何以及在多大程度上影响ENSO循环及其变异的。通过该项目的实施,有望在热带海洋动力学理论和ENSO动力学理论方面取得突破,为提高ENSO预报水平提供新的思路和依据。
This study focused on the warm pool-cold tongue confluence region( WCCR) in the central tropical Pacific Ocean where the warm and fresh water from the warm pool encounters with cold and saline water from the cold tongue. The WCCR is characterized by strong surface salinity front,shallow mixed layer and thick barrier layer. The WCCR is the key area for the development of different types of El Ni?o,and also the area with significant systematic bias in climate models. In order to reveal what role the structure and variability of salinity will play in the ocean dynamic and thermal conditions,and the cycle of the ENSO,a key project was approved by the National Natural Science Foundation of China( NSFC) in July,2017. The key scientific issues that will be addressed in the project are as follows:(1)to depict the three-dimensional structure and variability of salinity in the WCCR;(2)to reveal the mechanism for the variability of salinity front and barrier layer; and(3)to illustrate the main processes that control the impact of salinity on the upper-ocean variation in the tropical Pacific and the cycle of the ENSO. The present study will improve our understanding of the tropical ocean dynamics and ENSO dynamics,and will enhance the prediction skill of the ENSO.
This study focused on the warm pool-cold tongue confluence region( WCCR) in the central tropical Pacific Ocean where the warm and fresh water from the warm pool encounters with cold and saline water from the cold tongue. The WCCR is characterized by strong surface salinity front,shallow mixed layer and thick barrier layer. The WCCR is the key area for the development of different types of El Ni?o,and also the area with significant systematic bias in climate models. In order to reveal what role the structure and variability of salinity will play in the ocean dynamic and thermal conditions,and the cycle of the ENSO,a key project was approved by the National Natural Science Foundation of China( NSFC) in July,2017. The key scientific issues that will be addressed in the project are as follows:(1)to depict the three-dimensional structure and variability of salinity in the WCCR;(2)to reveal the mechanism for the variability of salinity front and barrier layer; and(3)to illustrate the main processes that control the impact of salinity on the upper-ocean variation in the tropical Pacific and the cycle of the ENSO. The present study will improve our understanding of the tropical ocean dynamics and ENSO dynamics,and will enhance the prediction skill of the ENSO.
引文
[1] Wang Chunzai,Deser C,Yu Jinyi,et al. El Ni1o and Southern Oscillation(ENSO):A Review[M]. Netherlands:Springer Netherlands,2017.
[2] Zhu Jieshun,Huang Bohua,Zhang Ronghua,et al. Salinity anomaly as a trigger for ENSO events[J]. Scientific Reports,2014,4:6 821.
[3] Kuroda Y,Mc Phaden M. Variability in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean during Japanese Pacific climate study cruises in 1989and 1990[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98(C3):4 747-4 759.
[4] Eldin G,Delcroix T,Rodier M. The frontal area at the eastern edge of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool in April 2001[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109(C7). DOI:10. 1029/2003JC002088.
[5] Eldin G,Rodier M,Radenac M,et al. Physical and nutrient variability in the upper equatorial Pacific associated with westerly wind forcing and wave activity in October 1994[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II:Tropical Studies in Oceanography,1997,44(9/10):1 783-1 800.
[6] Picaut J,Masia F,Du Penhoat,et al. An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of the ENSO[J]. Science,1997,277(5 326):663-666.
[7] Delcroix T,Mc Phaden M J. Interannual sea surface salinity and temperature changes in the western Pacific warm pool during 1992-2000[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107(C12).DOI:10.1029/2001JC000862.
[8] Maes C. On the ocean salinity stratification observed at the eastern edge of the equatorial Pacific warm pool[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(C3).DOI:10.1029/2007JC004297.
[9] Lindstrom E,Lucas R,Fine R,et al. The western equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation study[J]. Nature,1987,330(6 148):533-537.
[10] Lukas R,Lindstrom E. The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1991,96(S01):3 343-3 357.
[11] Bosc C,Delcroix T,Maes C. Barrier layer variability in the western Pacific warm pool from 2000 to 2007[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2009,114(C6).DOI:10.1029/2008JC005187.
[12] Delcroix T,Eldin G,Radenac M,et al. Variation of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean,1986-1988[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(C4):5 423-5 445.
[13] Maes C,Ando K,Delcroix T,et al. Observed correlation of surface salinity,temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33(6).DOI:10.1029/2005GL024772.
[14] Picaut J,Ioualalen M,Menkes C,et al. Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the Pacific Warm Pool:Implications for ENSO[J]. Science,1996,274(5 292):1 486-1 489.
[15] Delcroix T,Picaut J. Zonal displacement of the western equatorial Pacific fresh pool[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(C1):1 087-1 098.
[16] Singh A,Delcroix T,Cravatte S. Contrasting the flavors of El Ni1o-Southern Oscillation using sea surface salinity observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116(C6).DOI:10.1029/2010JC006862.
[17] Wang Xidong,Liu Hailong. Seasonal-to-interannual variability of the barrier layer in the western Pacific warm pool associated with ENSO[J]. Climate Dynamics,2015,47(1/2):1-18.
[18] Sprintall J,Tomczak M. Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the Tropics[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(C5):7 305-7 316.
[19] Chen D,Rothstein L M. Modeling the surface mixed layer structure in the western equatorial Pacific[J]. TOGA-Notes,1991,2:13-16.
[20] Mc Phaden M J,Peters H. Diurnal cycle of internal wave variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean:Results from moored observations[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography,1992,22(11):1 317-1 329.
[21] Trenberth K E,Caron J M. The southern oscillation revisited:Sea level pressures, surface temperatures, and precipitation[J].Journal of Climate,2000,13(24):4 358-4 365.
[22] Delcroix T,Henin C,Porte V,et al. Precipitation and sea-surface salinity in the tropical Pacific Ocean[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographyic Research Papers,1996,43(7):1 123-1 141.
[23] Luo J,Yamagata T. Long-term El Ni1o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)-like variation with special emphasis on the South Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(C10):22 211-22 227.
[24] Martins M,Stammer D. Pacific Ocean surface freshwater variability underneath the double ITCZ as seen by satellite sea surface salinity retrievals[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2015,120(8):5 870-5 885.
[25] Yu Lisan. Sea-surface salinity fronts and associated salinity-minimum zones in the tropical ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2015,120(6):4 205-4 225.
[26] Fairall C W,Bradley E F,Rogers D P,et al. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101(C2):3 747-3 764.
[27] Bourras D. Comparison of five satellite-derived latent heat flux products to moored buoy data[J]. Journal of Climate,2006,19(24):6 291-6 313.
[28] Mc Phaden M J,Picaut J. El Ni1o-Southern oscillation displacements of the western equatorial Pacific Warm pool[J]. Science,1990,250(4 986):1 385-1 388.
[29] Hasegawa T,Ando K,Ueki I,et al. Upper-ocean salinity variability in the tropical Pacific:Case study for quasi-decadal shift during the 2000s using TRITON Buoys and Argo Floats[J]. Journal of Climate,2013,26(20):8 126-8 138.
[30] Chen Dake,Busalacchi A J,Rothstein L M. The roles of vertical mixing,solar radiation,and wind stress in a model simulation of the sea surface temperature seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(C10):20 345-20 359.
[31] Bryden H L,Brady E C. Eddy momentum and heat fluxes and their effects on the circulation of the equatorial Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Marine Research,1989,47(1):55-79.
[32] Baturin N G,Niiler P P. Effects of instability waves in the mixed layer of the equatorial Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(C13):27 771-27 793.
[33] Kessler W S,Rothstein L M,Chen D K. The annual cycle of SST in the eastern tropical Pacific,diagnosed in an ocean GCM[J].Journal of Climate,1998,11(5):777-799.
[34] Menkes C,Vialard J,Kennan S C,et al. A modeling study of the impact of tropical instability waves on the heat budget of the eastern equatorial Pacific[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography,2006,36(5):847-865.
[35]Jochum M,Murtugudde R.Internal variability of the tropical Pacific ocean[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(14):110-111.
[36]Seo H,Jochum M,Murtugudde R,et al.Effect of ocean mesoscale variability on the mean state of tropical Atlantic climate[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33(9):179-212.
[37]Graham T.The importance of eddy permitting model resolution for simulation of the heat budget of tropical instability waves[J].O-cean Modelling,2014,79:21-32.
[38]Ballabrera-Poy J,Murtugudde R,Busalacchi A J.On the potential impact of sea surface salinity observations on ENSO predictions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,2002,107(C12).DOI:10.1029/2001JC000834.
[39]Kennan S C,Flament P J.Observations of a tropical instability vortex[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,2000,30(9):2 277-2 301.
[40]Vialard J,Menkes C,Boulanger J P,et al.A model study of oceanic mechanisms affecting equatorial pacific sea surface temperature during the 1997-98 El Ni1o[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,2001,31(17):1 649-1 675.
[41]Jochum M,Cronin M F,Kessler W S,et al.Observed horizontal temperature advection by tropical instability waves[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(9):252-254.
[42]Moum J N,Lien R C,Perlin A,et al.Sea surface cooling at the E-quator by subsurface mixing in tropical instability waves[J].Nature Geoscience,2009,2(11):761-765.
[43]Lee T,Lageriorf G,Gierach M M,et al.Aquarius reveals salinity structure of tropical instability waves[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2012,39(12):12 610.
[44]Lee T,Lageriorf G,Kao H,et al.The influence of salinity on tropical Atlantic instability waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2014,119(12):8 375-8 394.
[45]Chelton D B,Wentz F J,Gentemann C L,et al.Satellite microwave SST observations of transequatorial tropical instability waves[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(9):1 239-1 242.
[46]Hasson A,Delcroix T,Dussin R.An assessment of the mixed layer salinity budget in the tropical Pacific Ocean:Observations and modelling(1990-2009)[J].Ocean Dynamics,2013,63(2/3):179-194.
[47]Gao Shan,Qu Tangdong,Nie Xunwei.Mixed layer salinity budget in the tropical Pacific Ocean estimated by a global GCM[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2014,119(12):8 255-8 270.
[48] Moum J N,Perlin A,Nash J D,et al. Seasonal sea surface cooling in the equatorial Pacific cold tongue controlled by ocean mixing[J]. Nature,2013,500(7 460):64-67.
[49] Meinen C S,McP haden M J. Warm water displacements in the equatorial Pacific during 1993-1999[J/OL]. Journal of Climate,2000.[2018-03-20]. http:∥citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/viewdoc/download? doi=10.1.1.40.6999&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[50] Wang Weimin,McP haden M J. What is the mean seasonal cycle of surface heat flux in the equatorial Pacific?[J]Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans,2001,106(C1):837-857.
[51] Zheng Fei,Fang Xianghui,Yu Jinyi,et al. Asymmetry of the Bjerknes positive feedback between the two types of El Ni1o[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2014,41(21):7 651-7 657.
[52] Maes C,Picaut J,Belamari S. Salinity barrier layer and onset of El Ni1o in a Pacific coupled model[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2002,29(24):5 951-5 954.
[53] Maes C,Picaut J,Belamari S. Importance of the salinity barrier layer for the buildup of El Ni1o[J]. Journal of Climate,2005,18(1):104-118.
[54] Chen Dake. Upper ocean response to surface momentum and freshwater fluxes in the wester[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceaography,2004,23(6):1-15.
[55] Miller A J,Angell J K,Korshover J. Tropical waves and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the lower stratosphere[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1976,33(3):430-435.
[56] Zheng Fei,Zhang Ronghua. Interannually varying salinity effects on ENSO in the tropical Pacific:A diagnostic analysis from Argo[J]. Ocean Dynamics,2015,65(5):691-705.
[57] Zhang Ronghua,Busalacchi A J,Wang X J,et al. Role of ocean biology-induced climate feedback in the modulation of El Ni1oSouthern Oscillation[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36(3).DOI:10.1029/2008G2036568.
[58] Hackert E,Ballabrera-Poy J,Busalacchi A J,et al. Impact of sea surface salinity assimilation on coupled forecasts in the tropical Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans,2011:116(C5).DOI:10.1029/2010JC006708.
[59] Zhao Mei,Hendon H H,Alves O,et al. Impact of improved assimilation of temperature and salinity for coupled model seasonal forecasts[J]. Climate Dynamics,2014,42(9/10):2 565-2 583.
[2] Zhu Jieshun,Huang Bohua,Zhang Ronghua,et al. Salinity anomaly as a trigger for ENSO events[J]. Scientific Reports,2014,4:6 821.
[3] Kuroda Y,Mc Phaden M. Variability in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean during Japanese Pacific climate study cruises in 1989and 1990[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1993,98(C3):4 747-4 759.
[4] Eldin G,Delcroix T,Rodier M. The frontal area at the eastern edge of the western equatorial Pacific warm pool in April 2001[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109(C7). DOI:10. 1029/2003JC002088.
[5] Eldin G,Rodier M,Radenac M,et al. Physical and nutrient variability in the upper equatorial Pacific associated with westerly wind forcing and wave activity in October 1994[J]. Deep Sea Research Part II:Tropical Studies in Oceanography,1997,44(9/10):1 783-1 800.
[6] Picaut J,Masia F,Du Penhoat,et al. An advective-reflective conceptual model for the oscillatory nature of the ENSO[J]. Science,1997,277(5 326):663-666.
[7] Delcroix T,Mc Phaden M J. Interannual sea surface salinity and temperature changes in the western Pacific warm pool during 1992-2000[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2002,107(C12).DOI:10.1029/2001JC000862.
[8] Maes C. On the ocean salinity stratification observed at the eastern edge of the equatorial Pacific warm pool[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2008,113(C3).DOI:10.1029/2007JC004297.
[9] Lindstrom E,Lucas R,Fine R,et al. The western equatorial Pacific Ocean circulation study[J]. Nature,1987,330(6 148):533-537.
[10] Lukas R,Lindstrom E. The mixed layer of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1991,96(S01):3 343-3 357.
[11] Bosc C,Delcroix T,Maes C. Barrier layer variability in the western Pacific warm pool from 2000 to 2007[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2009,114(C6).DOI:10.1029/2008JC005187.
[12] Delcroix T,Eldin G,Radenac M,et al. Variation of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean,1986-1988[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(C4):5 423-5 445.
[13] Maes C,Ando K,Delcroix T,et al. Observed correlation of surface salinity,temperature and barrier layer at the eastern edge of the western Pacific warm pool[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33(6).DOI:10.1029/2005GL024772.
[14] Picaut J,Ioualalen M,Menkes C,et al. Mechanism of the zonal displacements of the Pacific Warm Pool:Implications for ENSO[J]. Science,1996,274(5 292):1 486-1 489.
[15] Delcroix T,Picaut J. Zonal displacement of the western equatorial Pacific fresh pool[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1998,103(C1):1 087-1 098.
[16] Singh A,Delcroix T,Cravatte S. Contrasting the flavors of El Ni1o-Southern Oscillation using sea surface salinity observations[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2011,116(C6).DOI:10.1029/2010JC006862.
[17] Wang Xidong,Liu Hailong. Seasonal-to-interannual variability of the barrier layer in the western Pacific warm pool associated with ENSO[J]. Climate Dynamics,2015,47(1/2):1-18.
[18] Sprintall J,Tomczak M. Evidence of the barrier layer in the surface layer of the Tropics[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1992,97(C5):7 305-7 316.
[19] Chen D,Rothstein L M. Modeling the surface mixed layer structure in the western equatorial Pacific[J]. TOGA-Notes,1991,2:13-16.
[20] Mc Phaden M J,Peters H. Diurnal cycle of internal wave variability in the equatorial Pacific Ocean:Results from moored observations[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography,1992,22(11):1 317-1 329.
[21] Trenberth K E,Caron J M. The southern oscillation revisited:Sea level pressures, surface temperatures, and precipitation[J].Journal of Climate,2000,13(24):4 358-4 365.
[22] Delcroix T,Henin C,Porte V,et al. Precipitation and sea-surface salinity in the tropical Pacific Ocean[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I:Oceanographyic Research Papers,1996,43(7):1 123-1 141.
[23] Luo J,Yamagata T. Long-term El Ni1o-Southern Oscillation(ENSO)-like variation with special emphasis on the South Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2001,106(C10):22 211-22 227.
[24] Martins M,Stammer D. Pacific Ocean surface freshwater variability underneath the double ITCZ as seen by satellite sea surface salinity retrievals[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2015,120(8):5 870-5 885.
[25] Yu Lisan. Sea-surface salinity fronts and associated salinity-minimum zones in the tropical ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,2015,120(6):4 205-4 225.
[26] Fairall C W,Bradley E F,Rogers D P,et al. Bulk parameterization of air-sea fluxes for Tropical Ocean-Global Atmosphere Coupled-Ocean Atmosphere Response Experiment[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1996,101(C2):3 747-3 764.
[27] Bourras D. Comparison of five satellite-derived latent heat flux products to moored buoy data[J]. Journal of Climate,2006,19(24):6 291-6 313.
[28] Mc Phaden M J,Picaut J. El Ni1o-Southern oscillation displacements of the western equatorial Pacific Warm pool[J]. Science,1990,250(4 986):1 385-1 388.
[29] Hasegawa T,Ando K,Ueki I,et al. Upper-ocean salinity variability in the tropical Pacific:Case study for quasi-decadal shift during the 2000s using TRITON Buoys and Argo Floats[J]. Journal of Climate,2013,26(20):8 126-8 138.
[30] Chen Dake,Busalacchi A J,Rothstein L M. The roles of vertical mixing,solar radiation,and wind stress in a model simulation of the sea surface temperature seasonal cycle in the tropical Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1994,99(C10):20 345-20 359.
[31] Bryden H L,Brady E C. Eddy momentum and heat fluxes and their effects on the circulation of the equatorial Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Marine Research,1989,47(1):55-79.
[32] Baturin N G,Niiler P P. Effects of instability waves in the mixed layer of the equatorial Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research,1997,102(C13):27 771-27 793.
[33] Kessler W S,Rothstein L M,Chen D K. The annual cycle of SST in the eastern tropical Pacific,diagnosed in an ocean GCM[J].Journal of Climate,1998,11(5):777-799.
[34] Menkes C,Vialard J,Kennan S C,et al. A modeling study of the impact of tropical instability waves on the heat budget of the eastern equatorial Pacific[J]. Journal of Physical Oceanography,2006,36(5):847-865.
[35]Jochum M,Murtugudde R.Internal variability of the tropical Pacific ocean[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2004,31(14):110-111.
[36]Seo H,Jochum M,Murtugudde R,et al.Effect of ocean mesoscale variability on the mean state of tropical Atlantic climate[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2006,33(9):179-212.
[37]Graham T.The importance of eddy permitting model resolution for simulation of the heat budget of tropical instability waves[J].O-cean Modelling,2014,79:21-32.
[38]Ballabrera-Poy J,Murtugudde R,Busalacchi A J.On the potential impact of sea surface salinity observations on ENSO predictions[J].Journal of Geophysical Research-Oceans,2002,107(C12).DOI:10.1029/2001JC000834.
[39]Kennan S C,Flament P J.Observations of a tropical instability vortex[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,2000,30(9):2 277-2 301.
[40]Vialard J,Menkes C,Boulanger J P,et al.A model study of oceanic mechanisms affecting equatorial pacific sea surface temperature during the 1997-98 El Ni1o[J].Journal of Physical Oceanography,2001,31(17):1 649-1 675.
[41]Jochum M,Cronin M F,Kessler W S,et al.Observed horizontal temperature advection by tropical instability waves[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2007,34(9):252-254.
[42]Moum J N,Lien R C,Perlin A,et al.Sea surface cooling at the E-quator by subsurface mixing in tropical instability waves[J].Nature Geoscience,2009,2(11):761-765.
[43]Lee T,Lageriorf G,Gierach M M,et al.Aquarius reveals salinity structure of tropical instability waves[J].Geophysical Research Letter,2012,39(12):12 610.
[44]Lee T,Lageriorf G,Kao H,et al.The influence of salinity on tropical Atlantic instability waves[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2014,119(12):8 375-8 394.
[45]Chelton D B,Wentz F J,Gentemann C L,et al.Satellite microwave SST observations of transequatorial tropical instability waves[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2000,27(9):1 239-1 242.
[46]Hasson A,Delcroix T,Dussin R.An assessment of the mixed layer salinity budget in the tropical Pacific Ocean:Observations and modelling(1990-2009)[J].Ocean Dynamics,2013,63(2/3):179-194.
[47]Gao Shan,Qu Tangdong,Nie Xunwei.Mixed layer salinity budget in the tropical Pacific Ocean estimated by a global GCM[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2014,119(12):8 255-8 270.
[48] Moum J N,Perlin A,Nash J D,et al. Seasonal sea surface cooling in the equatorial Pacific cold tongue controlled by ocean mixing[J]. Nature,2013,500(7 460):64-67.
[49] Meinen C S,McP haden M J. Warm water displacements in the equatorial Pacific during 1993-1999[J/OL]. Journal of Climate,2000.[2018-03-20]. http:∥citeseerx. ist. psu. edu/viewdoc/download? doi=10.1.1.40.6999&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
[50] Wang Weimin,McP haden M J. What is the mean seasonal cycle of surface heat flux in the equatorial Pacific?[J]Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans,2001,106(C1):837-857.
[51] Zheng Fei,Fang Xianghui,Yu Jinyi,et al. Asymmetry of the Bjerknes positive feedback between the two types of El Ni1o[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2014,41(21):7 651-7 657.
[52] Maes C,Picaut J,Belamari S. Salinity barrier layer and onset of El Ni1o in a Pacific coupled model[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2002,29(24):5 951-5 954.
[53] Maes C,Picaut J,Belamari S. Importance of the salinity barrier layer for the buildup of El Ni1o[J]. Journal of Climate,2005,18(1):104-118.
[54] Chen Dake. Upper ocean response to surface momentum and freshwater fluxes in the wester[J]. Journal of Tropical Oceaography,2004,23(6):1-15.
[55] Miller A J,Angell J K,Korshover J. Tropical waves and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in the lower stratosphere[J]. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1976,33(3):430-435.
[56] Zheng Fei,Zhang Ronghua. Interannually varying salinity effects on ENSO in the tropical Pacific:A diagnostic analysis from Argo[J]. Ocean Dynamics,2015,65(5):691-705.
[57] Zhang Ronghua,Busalacchi A J,Wang X J,et al. Role of ocean biology-induced climate feedback in the modulation of El Ni1oSouthern Oscillation[J]. Geophysical Research Letters,2009,36(3).DOI:10.1029/2008G2036568.
[58] Hackert E,Ballabrera-Poy J,Busalacchi A J,et al. Impact of sea surface salinity assimilation on coupled forecasts in the tropical Pacific[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research—Oceans,2011:116(C5).DOI:10.1029/2010JC006708.
[59] Zhao Mei,Hendon H H,Alves O,et al. Impact of improved assimilation of temperature and salinity for coupled model seasonal forecasts[J]. Climate Dynamics,2014,42(9/10):2 565-2 583.