贵州茂兰珠江流域人工防护林的鸟类群落结构特征
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摘要
为了探究珠江流域人工防护林(以下简称珠防林)鸟类群落结构及其与天然林鸟类群落结构的差异性.2017年3月～2017年12月,采用样线法分别对贵州茂兰珠防林与周边天然林区的鸟类及环境因子进行调查,共记录鸟类106种,隶属17目46科.结果表明,两种林型鸟类种类及数量均为极显著差异(p<0.001),平均值为天然林大于珠防林.按取食集团划分,天然林4个鸟类取食集团均值大于珠防林,其中食虫鸟、食谷鸟表现为极显著差异(p<0.01).Pearson相关分析显示:鸟类种类与乔木种类、乔木数量、乔木盖度呈极显著正相关(p<0.01),与乔木盖度、离公路平均距离呈显著正相关(p<0.05);鸟类数量与乔木数量、距公路平均距离极显著正相关,与乔木盖度、灌木盖度显著正相关,与人为干扰、距最近水源距离极显著负相关.增加珠防林乔木种类、灌木盖度与草本盖度,扩大植物群落多样性,有利于提高鸟类多样性.
In order to explore the avian community structure from artificial forest in the Pearl River Stream and compare avian community structure differences between artificial forest and natural forest,surveys on bird and environmental factors were carried out to forest,with line-transect method,in Maolan,Guizhou Province from March to December 2017.A total of 106 species of birds,belonging to 17 orders and 46 families,were recorded.The results showed that both the avian species richness and the avian abundance from the two forest types were significant different(p<0.001),and the average values from natural forest were higher than those from artificial forest.Four avian guilds from natural forest were all higher than artificial forest by comparing avian foodtypes,among which insectivore and granivore exhibited highly significant difference(p<0.01).Pearson correlative analysis indicated that bird species were positively correlated with tree species,quantity and coverage(p<0.01)with highly significance,and positive correlated with tree coverage and average distance to highway(p<0.05)with significance.Avian numbers were positively correlated with tree quantity and distance from highways with highly significance,and positively correlated with tree coverage and shrub coverage significantly,while negatively correlated with human disturbance and distance from the nearest water resource with highly significance.In addition,bird diversity would be increased by raise arbor species,shrub coverage,grass coverage,and diversity expansion of plant community.
In order to explore the avian community structure from artificial forest in the Pearl River Stream and compare avian community structure differences between artificial forest and natural forest,surveys on bird and environmental factors were carried out to forest,with line-transect method,in Maolan,Guizhou Province from March to December 2017.A total of 106 species of birds,belonging to 17 orders and 46 families,were recorded.The results showed that both the avian species richness and the avian abundance from the two forest types were significant different(p<0.001),and the average values from natural forest were higher than those from artificial forest.Four avian guilds from natural forest were all higher than artificial forest by comparing avian foodtypes,among which insectivore and granivore exhibited highly significant difference(p<0.01).Pearson correlative analysis indicated that bird species were positively correlated with tree species,quantity and coverage(p<0.01)with highly significance,and positive correlated with tree coverage and average distance to highway(p<0.05)with significance.Avian numbers were positively correlated with tree quantity and distance from highways with highly significance,and positively correlated with tree coverage and shrub coverage significantly,while negatively correlated with human disturbance and distance from the nearest water resource with highly significance.In addition,bird diversity would be increased by raise arbor species,shrub coverage,grass coverage,and diversity expansion of plant community.
引文
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[4]刘茜,吴鹏,高艳平,等.珠防工程幼林地土壤性状及其保土功能研究[J].贵州林业科技,2009,37(2):6-10.LIU Q,WU P,GAO Y P,et al.Study on soil properties and soil conservation functions of young forested land of the Pearl River Shelterbelt construction project[J].Guizhou Forestry Science and Technology,2009,37(2):6-10.(Ch).
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[7]赵欣,姜云垒,尚伟平,等.不同林龄次生林繁殖鸟类群落结构[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(7):120-126.ZHAO X,JIANG Y L,SHANG W P,et al.Community structure of breeding bird in secondary forests with different stand ages[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2015,43(7):120-126.(Ch).
[8]兰洪波,冉景丞,杨仕涛,等.茂兰自然保护区野生药用鸟类资源调查[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(24):13135-13137.LAN H B,RAN J C,YANG S T,et al.Investigation of the wild medicinal birds in Maolan Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(24):13135-13137.(Ch).
[9]冉景丞,陈会明,熊志斌.贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区鸟类调查[J].贵州林业科技,2003,31(3):26-33.RAN J C,CHEN H M,XIONG Z B.A research of avifauna in the Maolan Nature Reserve[J].Guizhou Forestry Science and Technology,2003,31(3):26-33.(Ch).
[10]罗祖奎,任俊,刘文,等.贵州杨湾桥水库及周边区域冬春季鸟类群落比较[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(4):293-312.LUO Z K,REN J,LIU W,et al.Comparison of avian communities between winter and spring at Yangwanqiao Reservoir and its periphery in Guizhou Province[J].Journal of Hubei University(Natural Science),2014,36(4):293-312.(Ch).
[11]约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.MACKINNON J,PHILLIPPS K,HE F Q.A Field Guide to the Birds of China[M].Changsha:Hunan Education Publishing House,2000.(Ch).
[12]杨刚,许洁,王勇,等.城市公园植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4824-4835.YANG G,XU J,WANG Y,et al.The influence of vegetation structure on bird guilds in an urban park[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(14):4824-4835.(Ch).
[13]刘晶,牛俊英,皱业爱,等.上海浦东东滩鸟类栖息地生态修复区的水鸟群落变化[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(2):219-226.LIU J,NIU J Y,ZOU Y A,et al.Changes in the waterbird community of the ecological restored wetlands in pudong dongtan,Shanghai[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(2):219-226.(Ch).
[14]郑光美.中国鸟类分类与分布名录[M].3版.北京:科学出版社,2017.ZHENG G M,Classification and Distribution List of Birds in China[M].3rd ed.Beijing:Science Press,2017.(Ch).
[15]楚国忠.浙北马尾松人工林鸟类捕食松毛虫幼虫的研究[J].动物学研究,1987,8(3):239-250.CHU G Z.A study of bird predation on pine caterpillar larvae in the artificial masson’s pine plantation in northern Zhejiang[J].Zoological Rresearch,1987,8(3):239-250.(Ch).
[16]蒋科毅,于明坚,李必成,等.马尾松人工林更新前后鸟类群落结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(5):640-646.JIANG K Y,YU M J,LI B C,et al.A comparison of bird community structure between the primary pine plantation and the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest in Zhejiang,China[J].Forest Research,2008,21(5):640-646.(Ch).
[17]罗祖奎,刘文,李性苑,等.贵州草海国家级自然保护区小??巢址生境选择[J].四川动物,2017,36(2):174-180.LUO Z K,LIU W,LI X Y,et al.Nest site selection of tachybaptus ruficollis in Caohai National Nature Reserve Guizhou China[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2017,36(2):174-180.(Ch).
[18]王玲,丁志峰,胡君梅,等.广州城市绿地中鸟类对食源树种的偏好[J].四川动物,2016,35(6):838-844.WANG L,DING Z F,HU J M,et al.Bird preference to food source trees in urban green space,Guangzhou,China[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2016,35(6):838-844.(Ch).
[19]郑光美.鸟类学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1995:402-405.ZHENG G M.Science of Birds[M].Beijing:Normal University Press of Beijing,1995:402-405.(Ch).
[20]罗祖奎,李性苑,张文华,等.环境因子对凯里市区公园夏季鸟类群落结构的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(3):78-83.LUO Z K,LI X Y,ZHANG W H,et al.Impacts of environmental factors on structural characteristics of summer avian community in parks of Kaili,Guizhou Province[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2012,40(3):78-83.(Ch).
[21]田凯,汪正祥,雷耘,等.湖北宣恩县夏季鸟类群落特征[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(1):63-84.TIAN K,WANG Z X,LEI G,et al.Characteristics of the avian community in summer in Xuan’en,Hubei Province,China[J].Journal of Hubei University(Natural Science Edition),2016,38(1):63-84.(Ch).
[22]段剑.马尾松根系分泌物的化学组成及其化感作用研究[D].南昌:江西农业大学,2014.DUAN J,Chemical Composition and Allelopathy of Root Exudates of Pinus Massoniana[D].Nanchang:Agricultural University of Jiangxi,2014.(Ch).
[23]刘子成,李乐,万冬梅,等.人类干扰导致的草原不同程度退化对繁殖鸟类多样性的影响[J].四川动物,2012,31(5):720-724.LIU Z C,LI L,WAN D M,et al.Influence of degradation level by human interference on the steppe avian diversity[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2012,31(5):720-724.(Ch).
[24]李新华.鸟类栖木在森林植被恢复中的生态意义[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4448-4454.LI X H.Ecological significance of bird perches on the restoration of forest vegetation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(8):4448-4454.(Ch).
[2]贵州省营林总站.珠江流域(贵州部分)防护林体系工程简介[J].贵州林业科技,1995,23(4):61.Guizhou Station of Forest Culture and Management.Brief introduction of protection forest system engineering in Zhujiang River Basin(Guizhou Part)[J].Guizhoou Forestey Science and Technology,1995,23(4):61.(Ch).
[3]侯建华,董建新,高丽杰,等.退化森林生态系统人工针叶林恢复对鸟类群落的影响[J].林业科学,2009,45(5):115-120.HOU J H,DONG J X,GAO L J,et al.Responses of bird communities to restoration of coniferous plantations in a previous degraded forest ecosystem[J].Scientla Silva Sinicae,2009,45(5):115-120.(Ch).
[4]刘茜,吴鹏,高艳平,等.珠防工程幼林地土壤性状及其保土功能研究[J].贵州林业科技,2009,37(2):6-10.LIU Q,WU P,GAO Y P,et al.Study on soil properties and soil conservation functions of young forested land of the Pearl River Shelterbelt construction project[J].Guizhou Forestry Science and Technology,2009,37(2):6-10.(Ch).
[5]丁访军,殷建强,任朝辉,等.珠防工程幼林综合持水能力研究[J].四川林业科技,2008,29(1):11-30.DING F J,JIN J Q,REN C H,et al.A study of integrated water conservation capacity of young forests in the shelter belt program of the Zhujiang River Valley[J].Journal of Sichuan Forestry Science and Technology,2008,29(1):11-30.(Ch).
[6]聂强,罗祖奎,李小梅,等.凯里市苹果山公园鸟类多样性和季节动态[J].安徽农业科学,2013,41(5):1964-1965.NIE Q,LUO Z K,LI X M,et al.The diversity and seasonal dynamics of birds at Pingguoshan Park of Kaili[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2013,41(5):1964-1965.(Ch).
[7]赵欣,姜云垒,尚伟平,等.不同林龄次生林繁殖鸟类群落结构[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(7):120-126.ZHAO X,JIANG Y L,SHANG W P,et al.Community structure of breeding bird in secondary forests with different stand ages[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2015,43(7):120-126.(Ch).
[8]兰洪波,冉景丞,杨仕涛,等.茂兰自然保护区野生药用鸟类资源调查[J].安徽农业科学,2010,38(24):13135-13137.LAN H B,RAN J C,YANG S T,et al.Investigation of the wild medicinal birds in Maolan Nature Reserve[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2010,38(24):13135-13137.(Ch).
[9]冉景丞,陈会明,熊志斌.贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区鸟类调查[J].贵州林业科技,2003,31(3):26-33.RAN J C,CHEN H M,XIONG Z B.A research of avifauna in the Maolan Nature Reserve[J].Guizhou Forestry Science and Technology,2003,31(3):26-33.(Ch).
[10]罗祖奎,任俊,刘文,等.贵州杨湾桥水库及周边区域冬春季鸟类群落比较[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),2014,36(4):293-312.LUO Z K,REN J,LIU W,et al.Comparison of avian communities between winter and spring at Yangwanqiao Reservoir and its periphery in Guizhou Province[J].Journal of Hubei University(Natural Science),2014,36(4):293-312.(Ch).
[11]约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社,2000.MACKINNON J,PHILLIPPS K,HE F Q.A Field Guide to the Birds of China[M].Changsha:Hunan Education Publishing House,2000.(Ch).
[12]杨刚,许洁,王勇,等.城市公园植被特征对陆生鸟类集团的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4824-4835.YANG G,XU J,WANG Y,et al.The influence of vegetation structure on bird guilds in an urban park[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2015,35(14):4824-4835.(Ch).
[13]刘晶,牛俊英,皱业爱,等.上海浦东东滩鸟类栖息地生态修复区的水鸟群落变化[J].长江流域资源与环境,2015,24(2):219-226.LIU J,NIU J Y,ZOU Y A,et al.Changes in the waterbird community of the ecological restored wetlands in pudong dongtan,Shanghai[J].Resources and Environment in the Yangtze Basin,2015,24(2):219-226.(Ch).
[14]郑光美.中国鸟类分类与分布名录[M].3版.北京:科学出版社,2017.ZHENG G M,Classification and Distribution List of Birds in China[M].3rd ed.Beijing:Science Press,2017.(Ch).
[15]楚国忠.浙北马尾松人工林鸟类捕食松毛虫幼虫的研究[J].动物学研究,1987,8(3):239-250.CHU G Z.A study of bird predation on pine caterpillar larvae in the artificial masson’s pine plantation in northern Zhejiang[J].Zoological Rresearch,1987,8(3):239-250.(Ch).
[16]蒋科毅,于明坚,李必成,等.马尾松人工林更新前后鸟类群落结构分析[J].林业科学研究,2008,21(5):640-646.JIANG K Y,YU M J,LI B C,et al.A comparison of bird community structure between the primary pine plantation and the secondary evergreen broad-leaved forest in Zhejiang,China[J].Forest Research,2008,21(5):640-646.(Ch).
[17]罗祖奎,刘文,李性苑,等.贵州草海国家级自然保护区小??巢址生境选择[J].四川动物,2017,36(2):174-180.LUO Z K,LIU W,LI X Y,et al.Nest site selection of tachybaptus ruficollis in Caohai National Nature Reserve Guizhou China[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2017,36(2):174-180.(Ch).
[18]王玲,丁志峰,胡君梅,等.广州城市绿地中鸟类对食源树种的偏好[J].四川动物,2016,35(6):838-844.WANG L,DING Z F,HU J M,et al.Bird preference to food source trees in urban green space,Guangzhou,China[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2016,35(6):838-844.(Ch).
[19]郑光美.鸟类学[M].北京:北京师范大学出版社,1995:402-405.ZHENG G M.Science of Birds[M].Beijing:Normal University Press of Beijing,1995:402-405.(Ch).
[20]罗祖奎,李性苑,张文华,等.环境因子对凯里市区公园夏季鸟类群落结构的影响[J].东北林业大学学报,2012,40(3):78-83.LUO Z K,LI X Y,ZHANG W H,et al.Impacts of environmental factors on structural characteristics of summer avian community in parks of Kaili,Guizhou Province[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2012,40(3):78-83.(Ch).
[21]田凯,汪正祥,雷耘,等.湖北宣恩县夏季鸟类群落特征[J].湖北大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(1):63-84.TIAN K,WANG Z X,LEI G,et al.Characteristics of the avian community in summer in Xuan’en,Hubei Province,China[J].Journal of Hubei University(Natural Science Edition),2016,38(1):63-84.(Ch).
[22]段剑.马尾松根系分泌物的化学组成及其化感作用研究[D].南昌:江西农业大学,2014.DUAN J,Chemical Composition and Allelopathy of Root Exudates of Pinus Massoniana[D].Nanchang:Agricultural University of Jiangxi,2014.(Ch).
[23]刘子成,李乐,万冬梅,等.人类干扰导致的草原不同程度退化对繁殖鸟类多样性的影响[J].四川动物,2012,31(5):720-724.LIU Z C,LI L,WAN D M,et al.Influence of degradation level by human interference on the steppe avian diversity[J].Sichuan Journal of Zoology,2012,31(5):720-724.(Ch).
[24]李新华.鸟类栖木在森林植被恢复中的生态意义[J].生态学报,2009,29(8):4448-4454.LI X H.Ecological significance of bird perches on the restoration of forest vegetation[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2009,29(8):4448-4454.(Ch).