汶川震区不同植被下土壤组成及其分型特征
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摘要
目前关于植被恢复对震区土壤颗粒、团聚体、微团聚体粒径分布的影响研究很少,故本文以植被恢复下汶川震区土壤为研究对象,采用土壤粒径分形维数的计算方法,研究了植被恢复类型下对土壤组成及分形特征的影响。结果表明:震区土壤风干团聚体以>5mm的大粒径团聚体为主,湿筛后,土壤团聚体粒径分布中<0.25mm粒径的团聚体为优势粒径,与对照样地相比,裸地、草地、灌木、经果林和玉米类型样地的土壤水稳性团聚体的MWD分别减小74.88%,40.30%,40.73%,46.98%和47.65%。震区土壤微团聚体组成以1~0.25mm粒径为优势粒级,0.25~0.05mm为粒径次优势粒级,该震区土壤微团聚体变化范围为2.327~2.853,呈现如下规律:玉米>经果林>灌木>裸地>草地>对照样地;震区土壤颗粒分形维数与土壤砂粒(1~0.05mm)呈负相关性(D=2.926~0.002 X_(砂粒)),与土壤粉粒(0.05~0.002mm)呈显著负相关性(D=3.05~0.008 X_(粉粒),p<0.01),与土壤黏粒(<0.002mm)呈极显著正相关性(D=2.595+0.009 X_(黏粒),p<0.01)。震区土壤遭受的扰动较大,导致震区土壤碎石含量增多,土壤微团聚体和土壤颗粒分形维数增大,通过对震区土壤结构特征的研究,可为震区灾后治理提供参考。
5·12 Wenchuan earthquake triggered a large number of serious geological disasters,mainly including landslide,collapse,mud-flow,surface subsidence and so on.The earthquake made the environment more fragile,and strongly threatened the safety of people′s lives and property.This result showed that vegetation restoration was the key factor to ecological restoration in earthquake area,but few studies had suggested the fractal dimension of water-stable aggregates,micro-aggregates and soil particle in different types of vegetation restoration in earthquake area.This study,therefore,was performed in the Wenchuan earthquake area,where has been restored by vegetation for 8 years.To study the effects of vegetation types on soil fractal dimension,we suggested five vegetation types(bare land,grassland,shrub-land,conservation forest and corn-filed)with 3 treatments and 162 samples.The results showed that air-dried soil aggregate(>5 mm)was the dominant aggregate.After wet screen processing,the soil aggregate(<0.25 mm)was the dominant aggregate.And compared with the control plot,the MWD of soil water-stable aggregates of bare land,grassland,shrub-land,conservation forest and corn-filed reduced by 74.88% ,40.30% ,40.73% ,46.98% ,47.65% ,respectively.The soil micro-aggregates of 1~0.25 mm size were dominant aggregates in Wenchuan earthquake samples,and followed by soil micro-aggregates of 0.25~0.05 mm.The range of fractal features of soil micro-aggregates was 2.327~2.853.The sequence of fractal features of soil micro-aggregates fordifferent types of vegetation restoration was corn-filed>conservation forest>shrub-land>bare land>grassland>control plot.The fractal dimension of particle size distribution was negatively correlated with soil sand(1~0.05 mm)(D=2.926~0.002 X_(sand)),and significantly negatively correlated with soil silt(0.05~0.002 mm)(D=3.05~0.008 X_(silt),p<0.01),and significantly positively correlated with soil clay(<0.002 mm)(D=2.595+0.009 X_(clay),p<0.01).The soil was disturbed obviously under the earthquake damage,soil gravel content increased,the fractal dimensions of micro-aggregates and soil particles increased gradually.The results from the study of soil structure characteristics could provide some references for post-quake reconstruction and natural ecological systems.
5·12 Wenchuan earthquake triggered a large number of serious geological disasters,mainly including landslide,collapse,mud-flow,surface subsidence and so on.The earthquake made the environment more fragile,and strongly threatened the safety of people′s lives and property.This result showed that vegetation restoration was the key factor to ecological restoration in earthquake area,but few studies had suggested the fractal dimension of water-stable aggregates,micro-aggregates and soil particle in different types of vegetation restoration in earthquake area.This study,therefore,was performed in the Wenchuan earthquake area,where has been restored by vegetation for 8 years.To study the effects of vegetation types on soil fractal dimension,we suggested five vegetation types(bare land,grassland,shrub-land,conservation forest and corn-filed)with 3 treatments and 162 samples.The results showed that air-dried soil aggregate(>5 mm)was the dominant aggregate.After wet screen processing,the soil aggregate(<0.25 mm)was the dominant aggregate.And compared with the control plot,the MWD of soil water-stable aggregates of bare land,grassland,shrub-land,conservation forest and corn-filed reduced by 74.88% ,40.30% ,40.73% ,46.98% ,47.65% ,respectively.The soil micro-aggregates of 1~0.25 mm size were dominant aggregates in Wenchuan earthquake samples,and followed by soil micro-aggregates of 0.25~0.05 mm.The range of fractal features of soil micro-aggregates was 2.327~2.853.The sequence of fractal features of soil micro-aggregates fordifferent types of vegetation restoration was corn-filed>conservation forest>shrub-land>bare land>grassland>control plot.The fractal dimension of particle size distribution was negatively correlated with soil sand(1~0.05 mm)(D=2.926~0.002 X_(sand)),and significantly negatively correlated with soil silt(0.05~0.002 mm)(D=3.05~0.008 X_(silt),p<0.01),and significantly positively correlated with soil clay(<0.002 mm)(D=2.595+0.009 X_(clay),p<0.01).The soil was disturbed obviously under the earthquake damage,soil gravel content increased,the fractal dimensions of micro-aggregates and soil particles increased gradually.The results from the study of soil structure characteristics could provide some references for post-quake reconstruction and natural ecological systems.
引文
[1]甘凤玲,何丙辉,王涛.人工模拟降雨下汶川震区滑坡堆积体产沙规律[J].农业工程学报,2016,29(6):158-164.
[2]Poesen J.Surface sealing as influenced by slope angle and position of simulated stones in the top layer of loose sediments[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1986,11(1):1-10.
[3]王佩将,戴全厚,丁贵杰,等.喀斯特植被恢复过程中的土壤分形特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):178-182.
[4]李德成,张桃林.中国土壤颗粒组成的分形特征研究[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(4):263-265.
[5]张超,刘国彬,薛萐,等.黄土丘陵区不同植被类型根际土壤微团聚体及颗粒分形特征[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(3):507-515.
[6]魏茂宏,林慧龙.江河源区高寒草甸退化序列土壤粒径分布及其分形维数[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(3):679-686.
[7]甘凤玲,何丙辉,王涛.汶川震区滑坡堆积体降雨入渗产流特征人工模拟试验研究[J].水利学报,2016,47(6):780-788.
[8]李天阳,何丙辉,雷廷武,等.汶川震区滑坡堆积体土石混合坡面细沟水动力学特征室内试验[J].水利学报,2014,45(8):892-902.
[9]徐小军.汶川地震新生水土流失对土壤与植被的影响[D].重庆:西南大学,2013.
[10]徐小军,何丙辉,胡恒,等.汶川地震区土壤物理性质与渗透性的坡面分布特征[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(6):34-39.
[11]黄冠华,詹卫华.土壤颗粒的分形特征及其应用[J].土壤学报,2002,39(4):490-497.
[12]吕文星,张洪江,王伟,等.重庆四面山不同林地土壤团聚体特征[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):192-197.
[13]唐骏,党廷辉,薛江,等.植被恢复对黄土区煤矿排土场土壤团聚体特征的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):1-11.
[14]邱莉萍,张兴昌,张晋爱.黄土高原长期培肥土壤团聚体中养分和酶的分布[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):364-372.
[15]邓浩俊,张广帅,俞伟,等.震后植被受损治理区土壤基本性状和分形维数变化及其相关性分析[J].植物资源与环境学报,2015,24(1):12-18.
[16]刘霞,姚孝友,张光灿,等.沂蒙山林区不同植物群落下土壤颗粒分形与孔隙结构特征[J].林业科学,2011,47(8):31-37.
[17]程曼,朱秋莲,刘雷,等.宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体水稳定及有机碳粒径分布的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(9):2835-2844.
[18]Gao F,Jia Z Z,Han Q F,et al.Effects of different organic fertilizer treatments on distribution and stability of soil aggregates in the semiarid area of South Ningxia[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(3):100-106.
[19]赵明月,赵文武,刘源鑫.不同尺度下土壤粒径分布特征及其影响因子:以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4625-4632.
[20]闫建梅,何联君,何丙辉,等.川中丘陵区不同治理模式对土壤微团聚体分形特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(11):1294-1300.
[21]赵世伟,苏静,杨永辉,等.宁南黄土丘陵区植被恢复对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(3):27-29.
[22]Zhou H,Peng X,Peth S,et al.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil aggregate microstructure quantified with synchrotron-based micro-computed tomography[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2012,124:17-23.
[23]Hao X X,Dou S,AN F H,et al.Humus composition and structural characteristics of humis acid in soil aggregates under different utilization of land[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):248-252.
[2]Poesen J.Surface sealing as influenced by slope angle and position of simulated stones in the top layer of loose sediments[J].Earth Surface Processes and Landforms,1986,11(1):1-10.
[3]王佩将,戴全厚,丁贵杰,等.喀斯特植被恢复过程中的土壤分形特征[J].水土保持学报,2012,26(4):178-182.
[4]李德成,张桃林.中国土壤颗粒组成的分形特征研究[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(4):263-265.
[5]张超,刘国彬,薛萐,等.黄土丘陵区不同植被类型根际土壤微团聚体及颗粒分形特征[J].中国农业科学,2011,44(3):507-515.
[6]魏茂宏,林慧龙.江河源区高寒草甸退化序列土壤粒径分布及其分形维数[J].应用生态学报,2014,25(3):679-686.
[7]甘凤玲,何丙辉,王涛.汶川震区滑坡堆积体降雨入渗产流特征人工模拟试验研究[J].水利学报,2016,47(6):780-788.
[8]李天阳,何丙辉,雷廷武,等.汶川震区滑坡堆积体土石混合坡面细沟水动力学特征室内试验[J].水利学报,2014,45(8):892-902.
[9]徐小军.汶川地震新生水土流失对土壤与植被的影响[D].重庆:西南大学,2013.
[10]徐小军,何丙辉,胡恒,等.汶川地震区土壤物理性质与渗透性的坡面分布特征[J].水土保持学报,2011,25(6):34-39.
[11]黄冠华,詹卫华.土壤颗粒的分形特征及其应用[J].土壤学报,2002,39(4):490-497.
[12]吕文星,张洪江,王伟,等.重庆四面山不同林地土壤团聚体特征[J].水土保持学报,2010,24(4):192-197.
[13]唐骏,党廷辉,薛江,等.植被恢复对黄土区煤矿排土场土壤团聚体特征的影响[J].生态学报,2016,36(16):1-11.
[14]邱莉萍,张兴昌,张晋爱.黄土高原长期培肥土壤团聚体中养分和酶的分布[J].生态学报,2006,26(2):364-372.
[15]邓浩俊,张广帅,俞伟,等.震后植被受损治理区土壤基本性状和分形维数变化及其相关性分析[J].植物资源与环境学报,2015,24(1):12-18.
[16]刘霞,姚孝友,张光灿,等.沂蒙山林区不同植物群落下土壤颗粒分形与孔隙结构特征[J].林业科学,2011,47(8):31-37.
[17]程曼,朱秋莲,刘雷,等.宁南山区植被恢复对土壤团聚体水稳定及有机碳粒径分布的影响[J].生态学报,2013,33(9):2835-2844.
[18]Gao F,Jia Z Z,Han Q F,et al.Effects of different organic fertilizer treatments on distribution and stability of soil aggregates in the semiarid area of South Ningxia[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2010,28(3):100-106.
[19]赵明月,赵文武,刘源鑫.不同尺度下土壤粒径分布特征及其影响因子:以黄土丘陵沟壑区为例[J].生态学报,2015,35(14):4625-4632.
[20]闫建梅,何联君,何丙辉,等.川中丘陵区不同治理模式对土壤微团聚体分形特征的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2014,22(11):1294-1300.
[21]赵世伟,苏静,杨永辉,等.宁南黄土丘陵区植被恢复对土壤团聚体稳定性的影响[J].水土保持研究,2005,12(3):27-29.
[22]Zhou H,Peng X,Peth S,et al.Effects of vegetation restoration on soil aggregate microstructure quantified with synchrotron-based micro-computed tomography[J].Soil&Tillage Research,2012,124:17-23.
[23]Hao X X,Dou S,AN F H,et al.Humus composition and structural characteristics of humis acid in soil aggregates under different utilization of land[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2010,24(5):248-252.