时移地震“相对差异法”定量预测疏松砂岩油藏含油饱和度——以西非深海泽塔油田为例
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摘要
针对传统时移地震绝对差异(监测地震与基础地震之差)的强弱不仅与含油饱和度变化有关、也与储集层厚度关系密切的弊端,通过流体置换正演模拟研究,提出一种不受储集层厚度影响、仅与流体饱和度变化有关的时移地震"相对差异法"(监测地震与基础地震之比)。相同的流体饱和度变化条件下,时移地震的绝对差异符合调谐效应及地震薄层反射规律,基于时移地震绝对差异的剩余油预测方法仅适用于储集层厚度小于调谐厚度但等厚,或储集层厚度大于调谐厚度的油藏。时移地震相对差异不受厚度影响,仅与流体饱和度变化有关,适用于可排除压力、温度、孔隙类型及孔隙度对地震影响的深海疏松砂岩油藏。故可以根据Gassmann流体置换地震正演模拟得到的相对差异与流体饱和度变化关系定量预测油藏含水饱和度变化,进而定量预测剩余油分布。该方法在西非安哥拉深海泽塔油田实际应用表明其合理有效。
In view of the disadvantage that the absolute difference of time-lapse seismic(the difference between monitoring data and base data) is not only related to the change of oil saturation, but also closely related to the thickness of reservoir, a time-lapse seismic "relative difference method"(the ratio of monitoring data to base data) not affected by the thickness of reservoir but only related to the change of fluid saturation, is proposed through seismic forward modeling after fluid displacement simulation. Given the same change of fluid saturation, the absolute difference of time-lapse seismic conforms to the law of "tuning effect" and seismic reflection of "thin bed",and the remaining oil prediction method based on absolute difference of time-lapse seismic is only applicable to the reservoirs with uniform thickness smaller than the tuning thickness or with thickness greater than the tuning thickness. The relative difference of time-lapse seismic is not affected by reservoir thickness, but only related to the change of fluid saturation. It is applicable to all the deep-sea unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs which can exclude the effect of pressure, temperature, pore type and porosity on seismic.Therefore, the relation between the relative difference of time-lapse seismic and the change of fluid saturation, which is obtained from seismic forward modeling after Gassmann fluid displacement simulation, can be used to quantitatively predict the change of reservoir water saturation and then the distribution of the remaining oil. The application of this method in deep sea Zeta oil field in west Africa shows that it is reasonable and effective.
In view of the disadvantage that the absolute difference of time-lapse seismic(the difference between monitoring data and base data) is not only related to the change of oil saturation, but also closely related to the thickness of reservoir, a time-lapse seismic "relative difference method"(the ratio of monitoring data to base data) not affected by the thickness of reservoir but only related to the change of fluid saturation, is proposed through seismic forward modeling after fluid displacement simulation. Given the same change of fluid saturation, the absolute difference of time-lapse seismic conforms to the law of "tuning effect" and seismic reflection of "thin bed",and the remaining oil prediction method based on absolute difference of time-lapse seismic is only applicable to the reservoirs with uniform thickness smaller than the tuning thickness or with thickness greater than the tuning thickness. The relative difference of time-lapse seismic is not affected by reservoir thickness, but only related to the change of fluid saturation. It is applicable to all the deep-sea unconsolidated sandstone reservoirs which can exclude the effect of pressure, temperature, pore type and porosity on seismic.Therefore, the relation between the relative difference of time-lapse seismic and the change of fluid saturation, which is obtained from seismic forward modeling after Gassmann fluid displacement simulation, can be used to quantitatively predict the change of reservoir water saturation and then the distribution of the remaining oil. The application of this method in deep sea Zeta oil field in west Africa shows that it is reasonable and effective.
引文
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[3]李景叶.薄互层油气藏时移地震反演数据解释[J].石油地球物理勘探,2012,47(3):442-451.LI Jingye.Time-lapse seismic interpretation on inversed impedance data of thin inter-layer reservoir[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2012,47(3):442-451.
[4]吴意明,凌云,张永江,等.海上拖缆时移地震采集设计实例[J].石油地球物理勘探,2016,51(1):1-12.WU Yiming,LING Yun,ZHANG Yongjiang,et al.Towed streamer time-lapse seismic survey design:A case study[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2016,51(1):1-12.
[5]薛东川,朱振宇,王小六.海上拖缆采集地震数据接收点位移校正[J].石油地球物理勘探,2017,52(1):1-7.XUE Dongchuan,ZHU Zhenyu,WANG Xiaoliu.A receiver motion correction method for streamer data[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2017,52(1):1-7.
[6]ROGGERO F,LERAT O,DING D Y,et al.History matching of production and 4D seismic data:Application to the Girassol field,offshore Angola[J].Oil&Gas Science and Technology,2012,67(2):237-262.
[7]HUANG Y,MACBETH C,BARKVED O,et al.Enhanced dynamic interpretation from correlating well activity to frequently acquired4D seismic signatures[J].Leading Edge,2011,30(9):1042-1050.
[8]GAINSKI M,MACGREGOR A G,FREEMAN P J,et al.Turbidite reservoir compartmentalization and well targeting with 4D seismic and production data:Schiehallion Field,UK[J].Geological Society London Special Publications.2010,347(1):89-102.
[9]ALVAREZ E,MACBETH C,BRAIN J.Quantifying remaining oil saturation using time-lapse seismic amplitude changes at fluid contacts[J].Petroleum Geoscience,2017,23(2):238-250.
[10]鲍祥生,张金淼,尹成,等.时移地震平均能量属性差异与储层速度变化的关系[J].石油物探,2008,47(1):24-29.BAO Xiangsheng,ZHANG Jinmiao,YIN Cheng,et al.Relationship between the difference in average energy of time-lapse and the change of reservoir velocity[J].Geophysical Prospecting for Petroleum,2008,47(1):24-29.
[11]张会来,范廷恩,胡光义,等.水驱油藏时移地震叠前匹配反演:西非深水扇A油田时移地震研究实例[J].石油地球物理勘探,2015,50(3):530-535,564.ZHANG Huilai,FAN Tingen,HU Guangyi,et al.Time-lapse seismic matching inversion in water flooding reservoir:A case of deep-water fan in the Oilfield A,West Africa[J].Oil Geophysical Prospecting,2015,50(3):530-535,564.
[12]DANAEI S,HERMANA M,GHOSH D P.4D seismic qualitative interpretation for water injection monitoring:Case study in Southeast Asia[J].Offshore Technology Conference Asia,2018.
[13]周水生,张波,伍向阳.流体替换方法研究及应用分析[J].地球物理学进展,2009,24(5):1660-1664.ZHOU Shuisheng,ZHANG Bo,WU Xiangyang.Research on fluid substitution method and its application[J].Progress in Geophysics,2009,24(5):1660-1664.
[14]AVSETH P,MUKERJI T,MAVKO G.Quantitative seismic interpretation[M].London:Cambridge University,2005.