长白落叶松人工林地位指数及立地形的比较研究
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摘要
【目的】以吉林省长白落叶松人工林为对象,分析立地形与地位指数及其与林分生产力之间的关系,检验立地形评价长白落叶松人工林立地质量的可行性。【方法】基于168块固定样地的314个观测数据,提出了基准胸径确定的方法,即以胸径-年龄的逻辑斯蒂方程为基础,求其拐点纵坐标(即为基准胸径)。以理查兹生长方程分别拟合优势高-年龄、优势高-优势胸径的导向曲线,分别计算各样地的地位指数与立地形,并分析立地形与地位指数以及二者与林分生产力之间的关系。【结果】立地形与地位指数回归方程的决定系数R2为0.362 7,RMSE为1.993 0 m,平均绝对误差MAE为1.563 2 m。地位指数、立地形与生产力的相关系数分别为0.676 4和0.320 3。采用等距划分的方法将计算所得的地位指数与立地形划分为8个等级,地位指数从1至8级各等级所占比例分别为0.64%、3.82%、12.74%、24.84%、32.48%、19.43%、5.10%、0.96%;立地形从1至8级各等级所占比例分别为0%、1.59%、9.24%、42.36%、44.90%、1.91%、0%、0%。【结论】对于落叶松人工林来说,立地形只能解释36.27%的地位指数变异;地位指数与生产力的相关性远大于立地形与生产力的相关性。对立地形与地位指数采用等距划分的方法进行立地质量等级划分,立地质量等级均呈现出中间多、两头少的趋势,但各等级的样地数量差异较大。总体来说,本研究中立地形不宜作为长白落叶松人工林立地质量评价的指标。
[Objective] This study aims to examine whether site form is a valid method for site quality evaluation of Larix olgensis plantations through analyzing the relationship between site form as well as site index and site productivity. [Method]We put forward the method of determining the reference diameter at breast height(DBH) on the basis of DBH-age logistic growth equation with 314 observation data from168 permanent sample plots of Larix olgensis plantations,and the reference DBH was calculated as the DBH at inflection point of the growth equation. We separately developed the dominant height-age and dominant height-DBH guide curves with the Richards growth equation,calculated the site index and site form for each plot,analyzed the correlation between site index and site form,and the correlation betweenboth of them and productivity. [Result]The result showed that the coefficient of determination R2 with the regression equation between site index and site form was 0. 362 7,RMSE was 1. 993 0 m and MAE was 1. 563 2 m. The correlation coefficients between site index,site form and productivity were 0. 676 4 and 0. 320 3,respectively. We successively classified the site index and site form into 8 grades at equal interval. The proportion from grade 1 to grade 8 by site index was 0. 64%,3. 82%,12. 74%,24. 84%,32. 48%,19. 43%,5. 10%,0. 96%; and the proportion from grade 1 to grade 8 by site form was 0%,1. 59%,9. 24%,42. 36%,44. 90%,1. 91%,0%,0%. [Conclusion]For Larix olgensis plantations,site form could only explain 36. 27% variation of site index, the correlation between site index and productivity was much larger than that of site form and productivity. The classified site quality grades by the site index and site form roughly showed the same trend in proportion at most grades,i. e. most sample plots were at the middle grade and few sample plots at both ends. But the number of sample plots in most site quality grades differs greatly. In general,we do not recommend site form as a method for site quality evaluation with Larix olgensis plantation.
[Objective] This study aims to examine whether site form is a valid method for site quality evaluation of Larix olgensis plantations through analyzing the relationship between site form as well as site index and site productivity. [Method]We put forward the method of determining the reference diameter at breast height(DBH) on the basis of DBH-age logistic growth equation with 314 observation data from168 permanent sample plots of Larix olgensis plantations,and the reference DBH was calculated as the DBH at inflection point of the growth equation. We separately developed the dominant height-age and dominant height-DBH guide curves with the Richards growth equation,calculated the site index and site form for each plot,analyzed the correlation between site index and site form,and the correlation betweenboth of them and productivity. [Result]The result showed that the coefficient of determination R2 with the regression equation between site index and site form was 0. 362 7,RMSE was 1. 993 0 m and MAE was 1. 563 2 m. The correlation coefficients between site index,site form and productivity were 0. 676 4 and 0. 320 3,respectively. We successively classified the site index and site form into 8 grades at equal interval. The proportion from grade 1 to grade 8 by site index was 0. 64%,3. 82%,12. 74%,24. 84%,32. 48%,19. 43%,5. 10%,0. 96%; and the proportion from grade 1 to grade 8 by site form was 0%,1. 59%,9. 24%,42. 36%,44. 90%,1. 91%,0%,0%. [Conclusion]For Larix olgensis plantations,site form could only explain 36. 27% variation of site index, the correlation between site index and productivity was much larger than that of site form and productivity. The classified site quality grades by the site index and site form roughly showed the same trend in proportion at most grades,i. e. most sample plots were at the middle grade and few sample plots at both ends. But the number of sample plots in most site quality grades differs greatly. In general,we do not recommend site form as a method for site quality evaluation with Larix olgensis plantation.
引文
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[6]李海奎,法蕾.基于分级的全国主要树种树高--胸径曲线模型[J].林业科学,2011,47(10):83--90.Li H K,Fa L.Height-diameter model for major tree species in China using the classified height method[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2011,47(10):83-90.
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[9]Buda N J,Wang J R.Suitability of two methods of evaluating site quality for sugar maple in central Ontario[J].Forestry Chronicle,2006,82(5):733-744.
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[11]Calama R,Barbeito I,Pardos M,et al.Adapting a model for even-aged Pinus pinea L.stands to complex multi-aged structures[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2008,256(6):1390-1399.
[12]Ahmadi K,Alavi S J,Kouchaksaraei M T.Constructing site quality curves and productivity assessment for uneven-aged and mixed stands of oriental beech(Fagus oriental Lipsky)in Hyrcanian forest,Iran[J].Forest Science&Technology,2017(3):1-6.
[13]邹得棉.马尾松天然林立地质量评价[J].福建林业科技,2001,28(1):76-78.Zou D M.Estimation for the site quality of Pinus massoniana natural forest[J].Journal of Fujian Forestry Science&Technology,2001,28(1):76-78.
[14]黄国胜,马炜,王雪军,等.基于一类清查数据的福建省立地质量评价技术[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(3):1-8.Huang G S,Ma W,Wang X J,et al.Forestland site quality evaluation of Fujian Province based on continuous forest inventory data[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(3):1--8.
[15]吴恒,党坤良,田相林,等.秦岭林区天然次生林与人工林立地质量评价[J].林业科学,2015,51(4):78-88.Wu H,Dang K L,Tian X L,et al.Evaluating site quality for secondary forests and plantation in Qinling Mountains[J]Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(4):78-88.
[16]王轶夫,孙玉军,郭孝玉.基于BP神经网络的马尾松立木生物量模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2013,35(2):17--21.Wang Y F,Sun Y J,Guo X Y.Single-tree biomass modeling of Pinus massoniana based on BP neural network[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2013,35(2):17-21.
[17]Nandy S,Singh R,Ghosh S,et al.Neural network-based modelling for forest biomass assessment[J].Carbon Management,2017,2:1-13.
[18]Castro R V O,Soares C P B,Leite H G,et al.Individual growth model for eucalyptus stands in Brazil using artificial neural network[J].ISRN Forestry,2013,2013(6):1--12.
[19]肖兴威,王祝雄,陈雪峰,等.国家森林资源连续清查技术规定[S].北京:国家林业局,2004.Xiao X W,Wang Z X,Chen X F,et al.National forest inventory technical regulations[S].Beijing:State Forestry Administration,2004.
[20]马炜,孙玉军.长白落叶松人工林立地指数表和胸径地位级表的编制[J].东北林业大学学报,2013,41(12):21-25.Ma W,Sun Y J.Compilation of site index table and site class table for Larix olgensis plantations[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2013,41(12):21--25.
[21]Burhart H E,ToméM.Modeling forest trees and stands[M].New York:Springer,2012.
[22]沈琛琛.气候敏感的长白落叶松立地指数模型研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2012.Shen C C.Climate-sensitive site index model of Larix olgensis Henry[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2012.
[23]陈永富,杨彦臣,张怀清,等.海南岛热带天然山地雨林立地质量评价研究[J].林业科学研究,2000,13(2):134--140.Chen Y F,Yang Y C,Zhang H Q,et al.A study on site quality evaluation of natural tropical mountainous rain forest in Hainan Island[J].Forest Research,2000,13(2):134-140.
[24]Huang S,Titus S J.An index of site productivity for uneven-aged or mixed-species stands[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1993,23(3):558--562.
[25]高华喜,殷坤龙.降雨与滑坡灾害相关性分析及预警预报阀值之探讨[J].岩土力学,2007,28(5):1055-1060.Gao H X,Yin K L.Discuss on the correlations between landslides and rainfall and threshold for landslide early-warning and prediction[J].Rock&Soil Mechanics,2007,28(5):1055-1060.
[26]Zeide B,Vanderschaaf C.The effect of density on the heightdiameter relationship[C]∥Outcalt K W.Proceedings of the eleventh biennial southern silvicultural research conference,Gen.Tech.Rep.SRS-48.Asheville:USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station,2002:463-466.
[2]朱光玉,康立.森林立地生产力评价指标与方法[J].西北林学院学报,2016,31(6):275--281.Zhu G Y,Kang L.A review of forest site productivity evaluation indicators and methods[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2016,31(6):275-281.
[3]Kleinn C,Fernández B H,Campos J J.Site productivity estimation using height-diameter relationships in Costa Rican secondary forests[J].Investigación Agraria:Sistemas Recursos Forestales,2004,13:295--304.
[4]张超,彭道黎,黄国胜,等.基于森林清查数据的三峡库区林地立地质量评价[J].东北林业大学学报,2015,43(11):56-61.Zhang C,Peng D L,Huang G S,et al.Site quality evaluation in three gorges reservoir region based on forestry inventory data[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2015,43(11):56-61.
[5]Batho A,García O.De Perthuis and the origins of site index:a historical note[J].FBMIS,2006,1:1--10.
[6]李海奎,法蕾.基于分级的全国主要树种树高--胸径曲线模型[J].林业科学,2011,47(10):83--90.Li H K,Fa L.Height-diameter model for major tree species in China using the classified height method[J].Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2011,47(10):83-90.
[7]马建路,宣立峰,刘德君.用优势树全高和胸径的关系评价红松林的立地质量[J].东北林业大学学报,1995,23(2):20-27.Ma J L,Xuan L F,Liu D J.Site quality estimation for natural Korean pine forest using total height and diameter of dominant tree[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,1995,23(2):20--27.
[8]Vanclay J K,Henry N B.Assessing site productivity of indigenous cypress pine forest in southern Queensland[J].Commonwealth Forestry Review,1988,67:53-64.
[9]Buda N J,Wang J R.Suitability of two methods of evaluating site quality for sugar maple in central Ontario[J].Forestry Chronicle,2006,82(5):733-744.
[10]Wang G G.Is height of dominant trees at a reference diameter an adequate measure of site quality?[J].Forest Ecology&Management,1998,112(1--2):49-54.
[11]Calama R,Barbeito I,Pardos M,et al.Adapting a model for even-aged Pinus pinea L.stands to complex multi-aged structures[J].Forest Ecology&Management,2008,256(6):1390-1399.
[12]Ahmadi K,Alavi S J,Kouchaksaraei M T.Constructing site quality curves and productivity assessment for uneven-aged and mixed stands of oriental beech(Fagus oriental Lipsky)in Hyrcanian forest,Iran[J].Forest Science&Technology,2017(3):1-6.
[13]邹得棉.马尾松天然林立地质量评价[J].福建林业科技,2001,28(1):76-78.Zou D M.Estimation for the site quality of Pinus massoniana natural forest[J].Journal of Fujian Forestry Science&Technology,2001,28(1):76-78.
[14]黄国胜,马炜,王雪军,等.基于一类清查数据的福建省立地质量评价技术[J].北京林业大学学报,2014,36(3):1-8.Huang G S,Ma W,Wang X J,et al.Forestland site quality evaluation of Fujian Province based on continuous forest inventory data[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2014,36(3):1--8.
[15]吴恒,党坤良,田相林,等.秦岭林区天然次生林与人工林立地质量评价[J].林业科学,2015,51(4):78-88.Wu H,Dang K L,Tian X L,et al.Evaluating site quality for secondary forests and plantation in Qinling Mountains[J]Scientia Silvae Sinicae,2015,51(4):78-88.
[16]王轶夫,孙玉军,郭孝玉.基于BP神经网络的马尾松立木生物量模型研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2013,35(2):17--21.Wang Y F,Sun Y J,Guo X Y.Single-tree biomass modeling of Pinus massoniana based on BP neural network[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2013,35(2):17-21.
[17]Nandy S,Singh R,Ghosh S,et al.Neural network-based modelling for forest biomass assessment[J].Carbon Management,2017,2:1-13.
[18]Castro R V O,Soares C P B,Leite H G,et al.Individual growth model for eucalyptus stands in Brazil using artificial neural network[J].ISRN Forestry,2013,2013(6):1--12.
[19]肖兴威,王祝雄,陈雪峰,等.国家森林资源连续清查技术规定[S].北京:国家林业局,2004.Xiao X W,Wang Z X,Chen X F,et al.National forest inventory technical regulations[S].Beijing:State Forestry Administration,2004.
[20]马炜,孙玉军.长白落叶松人工林立地指数表和胸径地位级表的编制[J].东北林业大学学报,2013,41(12):21-25.Ma W,Sun Y J.Compilation of site index table and site class table for Larix olgensis plantations[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2013,41(12):21--25.
[21]Burhart H E,ToméM.Modeling forest trees and stands[M].New York:Springer,2012.
[22]沈琛琛.气候敏感的长白落叶松立地指数模型研究[D].北京:中国林业科学研究院,2012.Shen C C.Climate-sensitive site index model of Larix olgensis Henry[D].Beijing:Chinese Academy of Forestry,2012.
[23]陈永富,杨彦臣,张怀清,等.海南岛热带天然山地雨林立地质量评价研究[J].林业科学研究,2000,13(2):134--140.Chen Y F,Yang Y C,Zhang H Q,et al.A study on site quality evaluation of natural tropical mountainous rain forest in Hainan Island[J].Forest Research,2000,13(2):134-140.
[24]Huang S,Titus S J.An index of site productivity for uneven-aged or mixed-species stands[J].Canadian Journal of Forest Research,1993,23(3):558--562.
[25]高华喜,殷坤龙.降雨与滑坡灾害相关性分析及预警预报阀值之探讨[J].岩土力学,2007,28(5):1055-1060.Gao H X,Yin K L.Discuss on the correlations between landslides and rainfall and threshold for landslide early-warning and prediction[J].Rock&Soil Mechanics,2007,28(5):1055-1060.
[26]Zeide B,Vanderschaaf C.The effect of density on the heightdiameter relationship[C]∥Outcalt K W.Proceedings of the eleventh biennial southern silvicultural research conference,Gen.Tech.Rep.SRS-48.Asheville:USDA Forest Service Southern Research Station,2002:463-466.