裂缝性致密砂岩气藏出砂原因及对产气量的影响——以塔里木盆地克深气田为例
|
摘要
为了解决塔里木盆地克深气田面临的气井出砂问题,从储层改造方式、裂缝壁面上岩石颗粒脱落条件、产气量及井筒完整性等4个方面分析了该气田气井出砂的原因,并基于井筒内砂粒受力分析,建立气井临界携砂产气量计算公式,进而研究气藏出砂对产气量的影响。在此基础上,针对气井出砂的不同阶段提出了相应的治砂对策。研究结果表明:(1)引起裂缝性致密砂岩气藏出砂的原因包括储层裂缝发育、储层改造规模大、产气量高及井筒完整性差等方面,其中储层裂缝发育和产气量高是主要的出砂原因;(2)对于无游离砂的情况,当气井产气量大于21.2×10~4m~3/d时,近井区域裂缝壁面的砂粒逐渐脱落;(3)对于存在游离砂的情况,当气井产气量大于9.4×10~4m~3/d时,近井区域裂缝壁面砂粒逐渐脱落;(4)井口及井底积砂是影响气井产气量的关键因素,在出砂早期阶段井口积砂是导致产气量降低的主要因素,在出砂中后期阶段井底积砂是导致产气量降低的主要因素;(5)克深气田出砂临界产气量较低,临界携砂产气量相对较高,及时排砂以避免井筒大规模积砂是治理该类气藏出砂的关键。结论认为,该研究成果可以为裂缝性致密砂岩气藏治理出砂问题提供借鉴。
The gas wells in the Keshen Gas Field, Tarim Basin, suffer from severe sand production. In view of this, the causes of sand production were analyzed in this paper from four aspects, i.e., reservoir stimulation, falling condition of rock particle on the wall of fracture, gas production and wellbore integrity. Then, based on the force analysis of the sand in the borehole, the formula for calculating the critical sand carrying production rate was established, and the influence of sand production on gas production was investigated. Finally, the countermeasures corresponding to different sand production stages of gas well were put forward. And the following research results were obtained. First, the causes of sand production in fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs are developed reservoir fracture, high gas production rate, large-scale reservoir stimulation and poor wellbore integrity, among which the former two are the main causes. Second, if there is no free sand, the sand on the fracture wall near the well falls gradually when the gas production rate of the gas well is higher than 21.2×10~4 m~3/d. Third, if there is free sand, the sand on the fracture wall near the well falls gradually when the gas production rate of the gas well is higher than 9.4×10~4 m~3/d. Fourth, sand accumulation at wellhead and bottom hole is an important factor affecting the gas production rate of gas wells. In the early stages of sand production, sand accumulation at the wellhead is the main cause of gas production decline. In the middle and late stage of sand production, sand accumulation at the bottom hole is the main factor of gas production decline. Fifth, in the Keshen Gas Field, the critical production rate of sand production is lower and the critical sand carrying production rate is higher, so the key to treat the sand production of fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs is to discharge sand in time so as to avoid large-scale sand accumulation in the borehole. In conclusion, these research results can be used as a reference for the treatment of sand production in fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs.
The gas wells in the Keshen Gas Field, Tarim Basin, suffer from severe sand production. In view of this, the causes of sand production were analyzed in this paper from four aspects, i.e., reservoir stimulation, falling condition of rock particle on the wall of fracture, gas production and wellbore integrity. Then, based on the force analysis of the sand in the borehole, the formula for calculating the critical sand carrying production rate was established, and the influence of sand production on gas production was investigated. Finally, the countermeasures corresponding to different sand production stages of gas well were put forward. And the following research results were obtained. First, the causes of sand production in fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs are developed reservoir fracture, high gas production rate, large-scale reservoir stimulation and poor wellbore integrity, among which the former two are the main causes. Second, if there is no free sand, the sand on the fracture wall near the well falls gradually when the gas production rate of the gas well is higher than 21.2×10~4 m~3/d. Third, if there is free sand, the sand on the fracture wall near the well falls gradually when the gas production rate of the gas well is higher than 9.4×10~4 m~3/d. Fourth, sand accumulation at wellhead and bottom hole is an important factor affecting the gas production rate of gas wells. In the early stages of sand production, sand accumulation at the wellhead is the main cause of gas production decline. In the middle and late stage of sand production, sand accumulation at the bottom hole is the main factor of gas production decline. Fifth, in the Keshen Gas Field, the critical production rate of sand production is lower and the critical sand carrying production rate is higher, so the key to treat the sand production of fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs is to discharge sand in time so as to avoid large-scale sand accumulation in the borehole. In conclusion, these research results can be used as a reference for the treatment of sand production in fractured tight sandstone gas reservoirs.
引文
[1]赵孟军,鲁雪松,卓勤功,李勇,宋岩,雷刚林,等.库车前陆盆地油气成藏特征与分布规律[J].石油学报,2015,36(4):395-404.Zhao Mengjun,Lu Xuesong,Zhuo Qingong,Li Yong,Song Yan,Lei Ganglin,et al.Characteristics and distribution law of hydrocarbon accumulation in Kuqa foreland basin[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2015,36(4):395-404.
[2]周鹏,唐雁刚,尹宏伟,赵双丰,莫涛,张星,等.塔里木盆地克拉苏构造带克深2气藏储层裂缝带发育特征及与产量关系[J].天然气地球科学,2017,28(1):135-145.Zhou Peng,Tang Yangang,Yin Hongwei,Zhao Shuangfeng,Mo Tao,Zhang Xing,et al.Relationship between characteristics of fracture belt and production of Keshen 2 gas reservoir in Kelasu tectonic zone,Tarim Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2017,28(1):135-145.
[3]张惠良,张荣虎,杨海军,寿建峰,王俊鹏,刘春,等.超深层裂缝-孔隙型致密砂岩储集层表征与评价--以库车前陆盆地克拉苏构造带白垩系巴什基奇克组为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(2):158-166.Zhang Huiliang,Zhang Ronghu,Yang Haijun,Shou Jianfeng,Wang Junpeng,Liu Chun,et al.Characterization and evaluation of ultra-deep fracture-pore tight sandstone reservoirs:A case study of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu tectonic zone in Kuqa foreland basin,Tarim,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(2):158-166.
[4]代春萌,曾庆才,郭晓龙,李璇,边海军.塔里木盆地库车坳陷克深气田构造特征及其对气藏的控制作用[J].天然气勘探与开发,2017,40(1):17-22.Dai Chunmeng,Zeng Qingcai,Guo Xiaolong,Li Xuan&Bian Haijun.Structural characteristics of Keshen Gasfield in Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin and their controlling effects on gas reservoirs[J].Natural Gas Exploration and Development,2017,40(1):17-22.
[5]张宝收,鲁雪松,孙雄伟,芦慧,卢玉红,田华.塔里木盆地迪北致密砂岩气藏储层物性下限研究[J].岩性油气藏,2015,27(1):81-87.Zhang Baoshou,Lu Xuesong,Sun Xiongwei,Lu Hui,Lu Yuhong&Tian Hua.Study on the lower limit of physical properties of tight sandstone gas reservoirs in Dibei area,Tarim Basin[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2015,27(1):81-87.
[6]王利华,邓金根,周建良,刘书杰,李萍,赵文龙,等.弱固结砂岩气藏出砂物理模拟实验[J].石油学报,2011,32(6):1007-1011.Wang Lihua,Deng Jingen,Zhou Jianliang,Liu Shujie,Li Ping,Zhao Wenlong,et al.A physical simulation experiment on sanding in weakly consolidated sandstone gas reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(6):1007-1011.
[7]Morita N&Whitfill DL.Realistic sand production prediction:Numerical approach[J].SPE Production Engineering,1989,4(1):790-809.
[8]Morita N&Boyd PA.Typical Sand Production Problems:Case Studies and Strategies for Sand Control[C]//Paper 22739-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,6-9 October 1991,Dzlias,Texas,USA.
[9]Nouri A&Vaziri H.Comprehensive transient modeling of sand production in horizontal wellbores[C]//Paper 84500-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,5-8 October 2003,Denver,Colorado,USA.
[10]Stein N,Kelly J&Baldwin WF.Sand production determined from noise measurements[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1972,24(7):790-809.
[11]张建国,程远方.射孔完井出砂预测模型的建立及验证[J].石油钻探技术,2001,29(6):41-43.Zhang Jianguo&Cheng Yuanfang.Foundation of sand prediction model in perforated-hole completion[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2001,29(6):41-43.
[12]雷征东,安小平,李相方.射孔完井出砂预测新模型及其在射孔优化中的应用[J].油气井测试,2006,15(6):10-13.Lei Zhengdong,An Xiaoping&Li Xiangfang.New model of forecasting sand entry of perforated well and its application in perforation optimized design[J].Well Testing,2006,15(6):10-13.
[13]陈冬林,周天春,刘华杰,何灿,张保英.川西气田压裂井出砂机理及防砂技术[J].天然气工业,2007,27(8):91-93.Chen Donglin,Zhou Tianchun,Liu Huajie,He Can&Zhang Baoying.Mechanism and prevention of sanding in fractured wells in west Sichuan Gas Field[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(8):91-93.
[14]曾流芳,刘建军.裸眼井出砂预测模型的解析分析[J].石油钻采工艺,2002,24(6):42-45.Zeng Liufang&Liu Jianjun.Analytical analysis of sand production model of open-hole completion well[J].Oil Drilling&Production Technology,2002,24(6):42-45.
[15]董长银,张启汉,饶鹏.气井系统出砂预测模型研究及应用[J].天然气工业,2005,25(9):98-100.Dong Changyin,Zhang Qihan&Rao Peng.Model of systematic sanding prediction and its application for gas wells[J].Natural Gas Industry,2005,25(9):98-100.
[16]董长银,王爱萍.出砂水平井近井塑性区出砂半径预测研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2012,41(4):663-668.Dong Changyin&Wang Aiping.Distribution of plastic stress near wellbore and prediction of sanding radius for sanding horizontal wells[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2012,41(4):663-668.
[17]邓金根,王利华,李萍,曹砚锋,冯永存.中等胶结储层气井出砂临界流量实验测试技术[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2011,33(3):178-182.Deng Jingen,Wang Lihua,Li Ping,Cao Yanfeng&Feng Yongcun.The sand production critical flow test technology of gas well in moderate cemented formation[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2011,33(3):178-182.
[18]韩登林,李忠,韩银学,刘嘉庆,李维锋,李莎澜.库车坳陷克拉苏构造带白垩系砂岩埋藏成岩环境的封闭性及其胶结作用分异特征[J].岩石学报,2009,25(10):2351-2362.Han Denglin,Li Zhong,Han Yinxue,Liu Jiaqing,Li Weifeng&Li Shalan.Sealing feature of burial digenesis environment and its controls on differentiation of cementation in Cretaceous sandstone reservoir in Kelasu structure zone,Kuqa Depression[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2009,25(10):2351-2362.
[19]寿建峰,张惠良,沈扬,王鑫,朱国华,斯春松.中国油气盆地砂岩储层的成岩压实机制分析[J].岩石学报,2006,22(8):2165-2170.Shou Jianfeng,Zhang Huiliang,Shen Yang,Wang Xin,Zhu Guohua&Si Chunsong.Digenetic mechanisms of sandstone reservoirs in China oil and gas-bearing basins[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2006,22(8):2165-2170.
[20]杨向同,沈新普,王克林,沈国阳,耿海龙,邓鹏.完井作业油管柱失效的力学机理--以塔里木盆地某高温高压井为例[J].天然气工业,2018,38(7):86-92.Yang Xiangtong,Shen Xinpu,Wang Kelin,Shen Guoyang,Geng Hailong&Deng Peng.Mechanical mechanisms of tubing string failures in well completion operation:A case study from one HTHP well in the Tarim Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2018,38(7):86-92.
[21]李洪建,陈满,石祥超,唐鑫,王德玉.基于化学动力学的地层硫酸钡结垢模型研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(4):143-148.Li Hongjian,Chen Man,Shi Xiangchao,Tang Xin&Wang Deyu.Study on barium sulfate scale model based on chemical kinetics[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2016,38(4):143-148.
[22]江同文,腾学清,杨向同.塔里木盆地克深8超深超高压裂缝性致密砂岩气藏快速、高效建产配套技术[J].天然气工业,2016,36(10):1-9.Jiang Tongwen,Teng Xueqing&Yang Xiangtong.Integrated techniques for rapid and highly-efficient development and production of ultra-deep tight sand gas reservoirs of Keshen 8 Block in the Tarim Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2016,36(10):1-9.
[23]张杜杰,康毅力,游利军,周振寰,朱金智,李家学.超深致密砂岩储层裂缝壁面出砂机理及其对应力敏感性的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2017,24(6):72-78.Zhang Dujie,Kang Yili,You Lijun,Zhou Zhenhuan,Zhu Jinzhi&Li Jiaxue.Mechanisms of sand production from fracture wall and its effect on stress sensitivity in ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2017,24(6):72-78.
[24]潘光坦.适用于所有流态的广义曳力系数[J].国外油田工程,1990,6(3):1-11.Pan Guangtan.Generalized drag coefficient for all flow regimes[J].Foreign Oilfield Engineering,1990,6(3):1-11.
[2]周鹏,唐雁刚,尹宏伟,赵双丰,莫涛,张星,等.塔里木盆地克拉苏构造带克深2气藏储层裂缝带发育特征及与产量关系[J].天然气地球科学,2017,28(1):135-145.Zhou Peng,Tang Yangang,Yin Hongwei,Zhao Shuangfeng,Mo Tao,Zhang Xing,et al.Relationship between characteristics of fracture belt and production of Keshen 2 gas reservoir in Kelasu tectonic zone,Tarim Basin[J].Natural Gas Geoscience,2017,28(1):135-145.
[3]张惠良,张荣虎,杨海军,寿建峰,王俊鹏,刘春,等.超深层裂缝-孔隙型致密砂岩储集层表征与评价--以库车前陆盆地克拉苏构造带白垩系巴什基奇克组为例[J].石油勘探与开发,2014,41(2):158-166.Zhang Huiliang,Zhang Ronghu,Yang Haijun,Shou Jianfeng,Wang Junpeng,Liu Chun,et al.Characterization and evaluation of ultra-deep fracture-pore tight sandstone reservoirs:A case study of Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Kelasu tectonic zone in Kuqa foreland basin,Tarim,NW China[J].Petroleum Exploration and Development,2014,41(2):158-166.
[4]代春萌,曾庆才,郭晓龙,李璇,边海军.塔里木盆地库车坳陷克深气田构造特征及其对气藏的控制作用[J].天然气勘探与开发,2017,40(1):17-22.Dai Chunmeng,Zeng Qingcai,Guo Xiaolong,Li Xuan&Bian Haijun.Structural characteristics of Keshen Gasfield in Kuqa Depression of Tarim Basin and their controlling effects on gas reservoirs[J].Natural Gas Exploration and Development,2017,40(1):17-22.
[5]张宝收,鲁雪松,孙雄伟,芦慧,卢玉红,田华.塔里木盆地迪北致密砂岩气藏储层物性下限研究[J].岩性油气藏,2015,27(1):81-87.Zhang Baoshou,Lu Xuesong,Sun Xiongwei,Lu Hui,Lu Yuhong&Tian Hua.Study on the lower limit of physical properties of tight sandstone gas reservoirs in Dibei area,Tarim Basin[J].Lithologic Reservoirs,2015,27(1):81-87.
[6]王利华,邓金根,周建良,刘书杰,李萍,赵文龙,等.弱固结砂岩气藏出砂物理模拟实验[J].石油学报,2011,32(6):1007-1011.Wang Lihua,Deng Jingen,Zhou Jianliang,Liu Shujie,Li Ping,Zhao Wenlong,et al.A physical simulation experiment on sanding in weakly consolidated sandstone gas reservoirs[J].Acta Petrolei Sinica,2011,32(6):1007-1011.
[7]Morita N&Whitfill DL.Realistic sand production prediction:Numerical approach[J].SPE Production Engineering,1989,4(1):790-809.
[8]Morita N&Boyd PA.Typical Sand Production Problems:Case Studies and Strategies for Sand Control[C]//Paper 22739-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,6-9 October 1991,Dzlias,Texas,USA.
[9]Nouri A&Vaziri H.Comprehensive transient modeling of sand production in horizontal wellbores[C]//Paper 84500-MS presented at the SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,5-8 October 2003,Denver,Colorado,USA.
[10]Stein N,Kelly J&Baldwin WF.Sand production determined from noise measurements[J].Journal of Petroleum Technology,1972,24(7):790-809.
[11]张建国,程远方.射孔完井出砂预测模型的建立及验证[J].石油钻探技术,2001,29(6):41-43.Zhang Jianguo&Cheng Yuanfang.Foundation of sand prediction model in perforated-hole completion[J].Petroleum Drilling Techniques,2001,29(6):41-43.
[12]雷征东,安小平,李相方.射孔完井出砂预测新模型及其在射孔优化中的应用[J].油气井测试,2006,15(6):10-13.Lei Zhengdong,An Xiaoping&Li Xiangfang.New model of forecasting sand entry of perforated well and its application in perforation optimized design[J].Well Testing,2006,15(6):10-13.
[13]陈冬林,周天春,刘华杰,何灿,张保英.川西气田压裂井出砂机理及防砂技术[J].天然气工业,2007,27(8):91-93.Chen Donglin,Zhou Tianchun,Liu Huajie,He Can&Zhang Baoying.Mechanism and prevention of sanding in fractured wells in west Sichuan Gas Field[J].Natural Gas Industry,2007,27(8):91-93.
[14]曾流芳,刘建军.裸眼井出砂预测模型的解析分析[J].石油钻采工艺,2002,24(6):42-45.Zeng Liufang&Liu Jianjun.Analytical analysis of sand production model of open-hole completion well[J].Oil Drilling&Production Technology,2002,24(6):42-45.
[15]董长银,张启汉,饶鹏.气井系统出砂预测模型研究及应用[J].天然气工业,2005,25(9):98-100.Dong Changyin,Zhang Qihan&Rao Peng.Model of systematic sanding prediction and its application for gas wells[J].Natural Gas Industry,2005,25(9):98-100.
[16]董长银,王爱萍.出砂水平井近井塑性区出砂半径预测研究[J].中国矿业大学学报,2012,41(4):663-668.Dong Changyin&Wang Aiping.Distribution of plastic stress near wellbore and prediction of sanding radius for sanding horizontal wells[J].Journal of China University of Mining&Technology,2012,41(4):663-668.
[17]邓金根,王利华,李萍,曹砚锋,冯永存.中等胶结储层气井出砂临界流量实验测试技术[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2011,33(3):178-182.Deng Jingen,Wang Lihua,Li Ping,Cao Yanfeng&Feng Yongcun.The sand production critical flow test technology of gas well in moderate cemented formation[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2011,33(3):178-182.
[18]韩登林,李忠,韩银学,刘嘉庆,李维锋,李莎澜.库车坳陷克拉苏构造带白垩系砂岩埋藏成岩环境的封闭性及其胶结作用分异特征[J].岩石学报,2009,25(10):2351-2362.Han Denglin,Li Zhong,Han Yinxue,Liu Jiaqing,Li Weifeng&Li Shalan.Sealing feature of burial digenesis environment and its controls on differentiation of cementation in Cretaceous sandstone reservoir in Kelasu structure zone,Kuqa Depression[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2009,25(10):2351-2362.
[19]寿建峰,张惠良,沈扬,王鑫,朱国华,斯春松.中国油气盆地砂岩储层的成岩压实机制分析[J].岩石学报,2006,22(8):2165-2170.Shou Jianfeng,Zhang Huiliang,Shen Yang,Wang Xin,Zhu Guohua&Si Chunsong.Digenetic mechanisms of sandstone reservoirs in China oil and gas-bearing basins[J].Acta Petrologica Sinica,2006,22(8):2165-2170.
[20]杨向同,沈新普,王克林,沈国阳,耿海龙,邓鹏.完井作业油管柱失效的力学机理--以塔里木盆地某高温高压井为例[J].天然气工业,2018,38(7):86-92.Yang Xiangtong,Shen Xinpu,Wang Kelin,Shen Guoyang,Geng Hailong&Deng Peng.Mechanical mechanisms of tubing string failures in well completion operation:A case study from one HTHP well in the Tarim Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2018,38(7):86-92.
[21]李洪建,陈满,石祥超,唐鑫,王德玉.基于化学动力学的地层硫酸钡结垢模型研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2016,38(4):143-148.Li Hongjian,Chen Man,Shi Xiangchao,Tang Xin&Wang Deyu.Study on barium sulfate scale model based on chemical kinetics[J].Journal of Southwest Petroleum University(Science&Technology Edition),2016,38(4):143-148.
[22]江同文,腾学清,杨向同.塔里木盆地克深8超深超高压裂缝性致密砂岩气藏快速、高效建产配套技术[J].天然气工业,2016,36(10):1-9.Jiang Tongwen,Teng Xueqing&Yang Xiangtong.Integrated techniques for rapid and highly-efficient development and production of ultra-deep tight sand gas reservoirs of Keshen 8 Block in the Tarim Basin[J].Natural Gas Industry,2016,36(10):1-9.
[23]张杜杰,康毅力,游利军,周振寰,朱金智,李家学.超深致密砂岩储层裂缝壁面出砂机理及其对应力敏感性的影响[J].油气地质与采收率,2017,24(6):72-78.Zhang Dujie,Kang Yili,You Lijun,Zhou Zhenhuan,Zhu Jinzhi&Li Jiaxue.Mechanisms of sand production from fracture wall and its effect on stress sensitivity in ultra-deep tight sandstone reservoirs[J].Petroleum Geology and Recovery Efficiency,2017,24(6):72-78.
[24]潘光坦.适用于所有流态的广义曳力系数[J].国外油田工程,1990,6(3):1-11.Pan Guangtan.Generalized drag coefficient for all flow regimes[J].Foreign Oilfield Engineering,1990,6(3):1-11.